三北防护林工程区气候变化分析

利用三北防护林工程区内气象站点近52 a气温与降水资料,研究了工程建设前后该区的气候变化特征。结果表明:(1)近52 a工程区增温趋势明显,增温速率为0.346℃/10 a; 1960-1977年为相对低温期,1978-1995年气温逐渐上升,建设后期1996-2011年气温显著增高;增温趋势具有明显的南北分异特征,显著升温区主要分布在工程区北部内蒙古高原、松嫩平原和吉林西部平原。(2)年降水量呈下降趋势,下降速率为3.554 mm/10 a;建设之前降水偏少,建设初期有所增加,1996年以来又呈明显减少趋势;降水变化东西差异明显,东部除嫩江平原、内蒙古阴山地区降水增多外,其他地区普遍减少,而西部大部降水呈增加趋势。(3)工程区气候变化空间差异明显,暖湿化区域主要集中在西部阿勒泰地区、柴达木盆地和东部内蒙古阴山地区、河套平原和松嫩平原,而其他地区如呼伦贝尔草原、大兴安岭山区、辽嫩平原则暖干化趋势显著。     

晋中市近40年气候变化特征及其对玉米生产的影响

运用数理统计方法,对晋中市1961-2000年实测气温和降水资料进行分析.结果表明：近40a晋中市的年平均气温呈上升趋势,20世纪90年代末增温明显;但不同季节气温升高速率不同,冬季增温尤其明显;春季气温升高使≥10℃初日有提前的趋势.年降水量则呈下降趋势,平川玉米需水关键期的降水明显减少,山区相反.这种气候变化特点会对晋中市玉米生产产生多方面的影响.     

西北地区气候变化与风速响应特征

依据西北地区105个气象站点近51a逐年气温、降水及风速资料,利用趋势线法、Mann—Kendall突变检验法及ArcGIS空间差值法分析了该地气候变化特征及其对风速的影响。结果表明:(1)近51a来,西北地区增温趋势明显,气温经历了相对低温期—大幅上升期—上升趋势减缓期的转变;增温趋势空间差异明显。(2)该区降水呈下降趋势,呈现出由显著变化—趋于稳定—波动加快的转变;降水变化东西差异明显。(3)综合气温和降水来看,西北地区东部呈暖干化趋势,西、中部地区呈相对暖湿趋势。(4)近51a平均风速整体以每10a降低0.11m/s的速率变化,1974年之前呈增强趋势,之后减弱趋势明显,1993—2011年趋于稳定;风速变化空间上呈现出东南部、西部与中部的差异。(5)气温和风速呈极显著负相关关系。     

新疆东部地区气候变化及对生态环境的影响

采用线性回归分析以及Mann-Kendall和累积距平等突变检验方法对新疆东部地区1961—2011年的气温和降水两个指标进行研究,从而揭示该地区气候变化的事实及趋势,探讨了其对区域生态环境的影响。研究显示新疆东部地区及各站点年平均和四季平均气温在过去50多年内均呈上升趋势,达0.42℃/10 a,增温率是IPCC第四次报告中全球近50 a增温率的三倍多,高于中国和西北干旱区的增温率,并且在1993年发生增温速度的突变。四季气温中,冬季气温升高对年气温上升贡献最大。新疆东部地区各站点年降水量在研究时段内有增有减,巴里坤站呈较为明显增加趋势,增幅为9.77 mm/10 a,而十三间房站年降水量呈微弱的下降趋势,下降了1.97 mm/10 a,其余各站均有增加趋势,但趋势不显著,并且在1976年发生了增湿突变。新疆东部地区温度升高,降水量增加,总体向暖湿化发展,这种变化对该地区水资源和沙尘暴天气事件等生态环境有重要的影响,具体的影响评估需要进一步研究。     

川滇地区气候特征与旱涝灾害变化趋势分析

以川滇地区70个气象观测站点1961-2011年的降水、气温资料为基础,采用线性回归、M-K突变检验、反距离加权空间插值、小波变换等方法,分析了川滇地区近51a来气候变化特征和旱涝灾害趋势。结果表明:(1)近51a来川滇地区气温总体上呈增加趋势,气温倾向率为0.21℃/10a,增温趋势系数高达0.71,气温存在极其显著的长期增温趋势。川西高原年平均气温最低,云南省南部地区气温最高,海拔高度是影响该区气温空间差异的重要因素。(2)近51a来川滇地区降水量总体上呈减少趋势,平均递减率为10.76mm/10a。受西南季风与海拔高度的影响,降水量在空间分布上差异极大,川西高原与四川盆地西南周边地区降水量相对较少,四川盆地降水相对丰富,滇西南地区降水量最为充沛。(3)川滇地区气候暖干化趋势明显,分别在1997和1999年发生了增温和降水量减少的突变,旱涝灾害存在10~15a和28a的周期振荡,该区涝灾向旱灾转化的趋势明显。     

天山北麓近50年气温和降水的变化特征

根据天山北麓8个气象站1961—2010年气温和降水资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验、Hurst指数等方法,分析了天山北麓气温和降水的变化特征。结果表明:（1）50 a来,天山北麓年平均气温和年降水量均呈增加趋势,其变化率分别为0.26 ℃/10 a、15.67 mm/10 a;冬季增温最为明显,升温幅度达0.49℃/10 a左右,降水倾向率表现为夏季最大,为5.44 mm/10 a;（2）年平均气温和年降水量的突变年份分别在1996年和1983年;未来两者整体上呈增加趋势;（3）极端高（低）温指数在近50 a呈现增加（减少）趋势;极端降水指数中零降水日数和最长连续无降水日数呈不同程度的递减趋势,1日最大降水量和极端强降水日数以1.36 mm/10 a和1.81 d/10 a的速率递增,各极端气候指数空间差异明显;极端气温指数与年平均气温、极端降水指数与年降水量均有很好的相关性。     

1961-2010年锡林郭勒盟气温和降水时空变化特征

[目的]分析内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟气温和降水量时空变化规律,为草原区环境演化提供科学支撑,同时也对气温和降水的短期预警提供依据。[方法]利用研究区境内15个气象站点1961—2010年的逐月平均气温和月降水资料,结合一元线性回归分析、趋势分析、M K突变检验以及M o rlet小波分析方法,分析近50 a来锡林郭勒地区气温和降水时空变化特征及周期。[结果]近50 a来锡林郭勒地区气温以0．44℃／10 a的速率呈显著上升趋势,其中冬季温度上升最明显;年均气温有较明显的突变特征,突变点出现在1991年,突变前后2个时段平均气温相差1．32℃;存在28,9和5 a的周期律,未来几年仍处于暖期。降水呈波动下降趋势,速率为3．9 mm／10 a ,夏季降水下降最明显;年降水量没有明显的突变点,存在25和7 a的震荡周期,未来几年仍处于少雨阶段。[结论]近50 a来锡林郭勒盟地区气候呈明显干旱化趋势。     

宁夏地区气候暖干化与旱涝灾害趋势的关系

依据宁夏地区11个气象站点1961—2012年实测气象数据,利用趋势线法、Z指数法、Mann—Kendall突变检验法及马尔科夫模型对宁夏地区气候变化特征和旱涝趋势进行了分析和预测。结果表明:(1)近52a来宁夏地区气候经历了冷湿—暖湿—暖干的转变,气温呈显著波动上升趋势(0.36℃/10a),远高于西部平均变暖率(0.2℃/10a);降水呈波动下降趋势,下降速率为9.94mm/10a。(2)旱涝灾害发生频次与气温变化具有一定的同步性。20世纪60—80年代中期气温变化不明显,旱涝趋势稳定;80年代中期到2006年气温大幅上升,旱涝灾害同步增加;2006—2012年增温趋势有所减缓,旱涝灾害相应减少。(3)运用马尔可夫模型对未来5a的旱涝状态进行了预测,结果表明,2013—2017年该地区降水处于"正常"的概率较大。在气候暖干化的大背景下,未来宁夏地区旱涝灾害发生频率有可能进一步增加。     

1959-2009年秦岭山地气候变化趋势研究

以秦岭山地39个气象站点1959—2009年近50a来的气温、降水资料为基础,分析研究了秦岭南北坡半个世纪气温与降水的变化趋势及特征。结果表明:(1)近50a来研究区气温总体上呈增加趋势,北坡气温倾向率为0.24℃/10a,南坡为0.15℃/10a;20世纪80年代中期以后,年均温呈极显著的增加趋势,特别是北坡地区气温倾向率高达0.74℃/10a,1993年后秦岭地区气候暖化趋势显著。(2)近50a来除夏季季均气温呈微弱的减少趋势外,研究区春、秋、冬3季均温均呈极显著的上升趋势(p<0.01),尤以冬、春两季平均气温上升更为显著;但1983—2009年27a间秦岭夏季气温呈上升趋势。(3)在50a尺度内秦岭北坡年均降水量在增加,而南坡年均降水量在减少,导致南北降水量差值减少;但近15a来秦岭南北坡年均降水量均有所增加,且北坡降水量增加速度更快(230.4mm/10a),说明秦岭北坡地区气候有暖湿化趋势。     

1961-2016年江西省气候时空变化特征

利用中国气象数据网提供的江西省及周边地区30个气象站点的月气候数据,采用ANUSPLIN软件对各气象要素进行插值获得江西省空间数据,通过对1961—2016年江西省地区降水量、平均气温、最高气温、最高气温进行了时空变化特征分析,结果表明:近56年来,江西省气候变化特征以增温为主,特别是20世纪80时代之后更为显著,最低气温是平均气温增温的主要贡献者;降水量呈波动变化趋势,20世纪60年代为枯水期,而90时代为丰水期;夏季气候变化以降水增加为主,增加速率为20.0 mm/10 a （p<0.05）,其他季节以增温为主;空间上,江西省北部地区增温增湿趋势更为显著;各气象要素变化特征在季节上具有一定的空间差异性,春、秋、冬季在江西省北部地区表现为显著增温趋势,夏季在江西省东北部地区增湿增温显著。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.