Irrigation with brackish water under desert conditions I. Problems and solutions in production of onions (Allium cepa L.)

To identify the problems and suggest solutions for onion production under brackish water irrigation in a desert environment, a series of trials with brackish water (electrical conductivity, EC_i = 4.4 dS/m) and fresh water (EC_i = 1.2 dS/m) was conducted, using both sprinkler and drip irrigation systems.Under sprinkler irrigation with brackish water the mean electrical conductivity of the saturated soil extract ($\text{EC}$_e) was about 6.0 dS/m and the yield reduction was 60%. With drip irrigation, the $\text{EC}$_e under the drippers was about 5.0 dS/m and the yield reduction was 30%. Sprinkler irrigation affected yield through a reduction in both bulb size and bulb number per unit area. Drip irrigation affected the bulb number only. In the latter system seedling death occurred during the first 40 days following field emergence. Yield reduction was completely prevented by germinating and establishing the field with freshwater irrigation before transferring to brackish water irrigation, 45 days after sowing.With the sprinkler system, onion yield with brackish water irrigation could be increased by either increasing the sowing density or by alternating between brackish and fresh water irrigation.     

土壤酶活性对微咸水与再生水混合滴灌的响应与评估

为了探讨淡水资源不足地区微咸水与再生水的合理利用方式,通过盆栽试验,以当地地下水灌溉为对照(CK),研究了3种不同比例微咸水与再生水混合灌溉(再生水灌溉T1,5 g/L微咸水与再生水等量混合灌溉T2,5 g/L微咸水灌溉T3)对土壤水盐、水溶性离子离子以及土壤酶活性的影响,并利用第2代生物综合响应(IBRv2)指数法评估土壤酶活性对微咸水与再生水混合灌溉效应的响应.结果表明,(1)随着微咸水与再生水混合液中微咸水占比提升,土壤含水率和含盐量越高.(2)微咸水-再生水混合灌溉处理对土壤酶活性的影响不同,土壤碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性较微咸水和再生水灌溉处理均有所提升,土壤蔗糖酶活性较再生水灌溉略低,但却高于微咸水灌溉.(3)基于IBRv2指数法,与CK相比较,处理T1引起的酶活性偏差最低,IBRv2值为2.12;处理T2次之,值为2.42;处理T3最高,值为2.92.处理T3中S-AKP/ALP,S-SC,S-UE活性均受到抑制;处理T2对S-AKP/ALP,S-UE活性具有诱导作用,但对S-SC略有抑制;处理T1对S-AKP/ALP,S-SC活性具有诱导作用,但对S-UE活性具有一定的抑制.因此,基于IBRv2,并综合考虑土壤酶活性指标以及再生水资源量量大、日排放量小等自身局限性,在干旱缺水地区,可以考虑用再生水与微咸水配合使用.     

Effect of brackish water irrigation and straw mulching on soil salinity and crop yields under monsoonal climatic conditions

Fresh water shortages are severally restricting sustainable agriculture development in the North China Plain. The scarcity of fresh water has forced farmers to use brackish water from shallow underground sources, which helps to overcome drought and increase crop yields but also increases the risk of soil salinization. To identify safe and effective ways of using brackish water in this region, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of brackish water irrigation and straw mulching on soil salinity and crop yield in a winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system. The experiment was in a split-plot design. Six rates of straw mulching (0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0 Mg/ha) were assigned to the main plots and two irrigation water qualities (i.e. brackish water with salt content of 3.0-5.0 g/L and fresh water with only 1.27 g salt/L) were applied to subplots. The brackish water irrigation significantly increased the salt content at different soil depths in the upper 1 m soil layer during the two growing seasons. Straw mulching affected the vertical distribution of salt in the brackish water irrigation plots and the average salt content of straw mulch treatments (4.5, 6.0, 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0 Mg/ha) within the 0-20, 20-40 and 0-100 cm soil depths was 10.2, 14.0 and 1.8% lower than that without straw mulch (A₀). No salt accumulation occurred to a depth of 1 m in the brackish water irrigation plots and there was no correlation between the value of SAS (salt accumulated in 1 m of soil) and straw mulch rate. In 2000 and 2001, the salt content within the 0-40 cm soil layer in brackish water irrigation plots increased due to high evaporation rates during April-June, and then decreased up to September as salts were leached by rain. For the fresh water irrigation plots, the salt content remained relatively stable. Straw mulching affected the salt content in the 0-40 cm soil layer in brackish water irrigation plots in different periods of 2000 and 2001, but no correlation between salt content and straw mulch rates was observed except in September of 2000. Unlike for wheat, the yield of maize increased as the straw mulch rate increased according to the equation, y = 0.1589x + 5.3432 (R² = 0.6506). Our results would be helpful in adopting brackish water irrigation and straw mulching in ways that enhance crop yields and reduce the risk of soil salinization. However, long-term effects of brackish water irrigation and straw mulching on soil salinity and crop yield need to be further evaluated for sustainability of the system.     

Numerical evaluation of subsurface trickle irrigation with brackish water

In this study, an assessment for a proposed irrigation system in the El-Salam Canal cultivated land, Egypt, was conducted. A numerical model (HYDRUS-2D/3D) was applied to investigate the effect of irrigation amount, frequency, and emitter depth on the wetted soil volume, soil salinity levels, and deep percolation under subsurface trickle irrigation (SDI) of tomato growing with brackish irrigation water in three different soil types. The simulations indicated that lower irrigation frequency increased the wetted soil volume without significant increase in water percolates below the plant roots. Deep percolation decreased as the amount of irrigation water and emitter depth decreased. With the same amount of irrigation water, the volume of leached soil was larger at lower irrigation frequency. The salinity of irrigation water under SDI with shallow emitter depth did not show any significant effect on increasing the soil salinity above tomato crop salt tolerance. Based on the results, it appears that the use of SDI with brackish irrigation water is an effective method for growing tomato crop in El-Salam Canal cultivated land especially with shallow emitter depth.     

Effects of timing and duration of brackish irrigation water on fruit yield and quality of late summer melons

Brackish water (7 dS m⁻¹) is frequently utilized to drip-irrigate crops in the Negev desert of Israel, the practice being to use deep sandy soils (96% sand) to avoid soil salinization. When muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.), a moderately salt-sensitive crop species, was grown using brackish irrigation under these conditions, yields declined due to a significant reduction in fruit size, but fruit quality parameters improved markedly. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the use of fresh irrigation water during the early vegetative phase would increase canopy size and leaf area index (LAI) and hence the potential productivity of the melon plant. The application of brackish water during the reproductive phase, on the other hand, would improve fruit quality. Using multiple irrigations within a 24-h period, applied with drip irrigation, we examined the timing, the duration, and the concentration of brackish irrigation water as tools to optimize fruit yield and quality in late-summer melons. Indeed, the combination of fresh (1.2 dS m⁻¹) and brackish (7 dS m⁻¹) irrigation water increased the yield level to that of fresh water plants whereas it brought about the improvement of fruit quality typical to brackish water plants, thus providing an attractive approach to optimize late-summer melon production. Our results demonstrate the trade-off between fruit size and fruit quality as related to the timing and the duration of brackish irrigation water. The use of a milder (<4.5 dS m⁻¹) salinity level of irrigation water from plant emergence until harvest may be considered as well.     

Simulated crop production under saline high water table conditions

Summary Many irrigated lands in semi-arid regions of the world are underlain with saline high water tables. Water management is critical to maintain crop productivity under these conditions. A multi-seasonal, transient state model was used to simulate cotton and alfalfa production under various irrigation management regimes. The variables included in-season water application of 1.0 or 0.6 potential evapotranspiration (PET), and 18 or 33 cm pre-irrigation amounts for cotton. The water table was initially at a 1.5m depth and a 9 dS/m salinity. A impermeable lower boundary at 2.5 m depth was imposed. Irrigation water salinity was 0.4 dS/m. Climatic conditions typical to the San Joaquin Valley of California were used for PET and precipitation values. The simulations were for no-lateral flow and also lateral flow whereby the water table was raised to its initial level prior to each irrigation event. Uniform application of 1.0 PET provided for relative cotton lint yields and alfalfa yields of 95% or more for at least 4 years. In-season irrigation of cotton with 0.6 PET had higher yields when associated with a 33 cm rather than an 18 cm pre-irrigation. Lateral flow provided for higher cotton lint yields production than the no-lateral flow case for each pre-irrigation treatment. The beneficial effects of lateral flow diminished with time because of the additional salt which accumulated and became detrimental to crop production. Substantial alfalfa yield reductions occurred after the first year when irrigation was set at 0.6 PET regardless of other conditions. Evaporation losses from the soil during the cotton fallow season were higher when the soil water content entering the fallow season were higher.Research was supported by the University of California Salinity/ Drainage Task Force     

Irrigation with brackish water under desert conditions II. Physiological and yield response of maize (Zea mays) to continuous irrigation with brackish water and to alternating brackish-fresh-brackish water irrigation

The physiological behavior and yield response of maize under irrigation with saline water was studied in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, the germination rate decreased only when the electrical conductivity (EC) of the substrate solution was above 17 dS/m. The osmotic potential of germinating maize seedlings decreased in proportion to the decrease in osmotic potential of the substrate.In the field, two maize cultivars (a field maize and a sweet maize) were irrigated alternately with saline (11 days from sowing), fresh (21 days from emergence), and saline (from day 33 to harvest) water and compared with maize irrigated with saline water continuously throughout the season. Four levels of irrigation water salinity were used (EC_i = 1.2, 4.5, 7.0 and 10.5 dS/m).In the field no osmotic adjustment by the leaf sheaths of plants in response to salinity was observed. The osmotic potential of corn leaf sheaths (π) decreased with ontogeny in all treatments. The midday leaf water potential (ψ_L) in maize irrigated with 10.5 dS/m water was 0.75 MPa lower than in plants irrigated with 1.2 dS/m water.In the continuous treatment grain yield was reduced significantly with each increase in salt concentration, and the relationship between relative yield (y) and EC_i could be expressed as y = 100?8.7 (EC_i-0.84). With alternating irrigation and 7.0 dS/m treatment the grain yield was the same as in the low EC treatment (6.98 kg/m²).     

咸淡轮灌和生物炭对滨海盐渍土水盐运移特征的影响

为利用滨海地区微咸水改良盐渍土,进行了不同咸淡水轮灌(淡淡、淡咸、咸淡、咸咸)和施用生物炭(0、15、30 t/hm2)的室内入渗试验,探讨了咸淡轮灌和生物炭施用下滨海盐渍土水盐运移过程.结果表明:滨海盐渍土水分运动主要受初始入渗水质的影响,先咸后淡的轮灌方式更有利于土壤水分入渗,入渗速率增加了8.2％～46.9％,并...     

微咸水造墒对棉花生长发育及产量的影响研究

采用小区对比试验方法,研究了河北低平原区旱地等雨播种（HD）、播前淡水造墒（S1）以及矿化度为2.2g/L（S2.2）和5g/L（S5）微咸水造墒等不同处理对棉花生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,棉花生育期内HD处理0～100cm土壤含水率明显低于3种造墒处理;S5处理0～40cm土壤盐分含量最高,但降雨淋洗效果较为显著...     

Evapotranspiration of citrus as affected by soil water deficit and soil salinity

Summary The extent to which evapotranspiration (ET) of Valencia citrus trees is affected by differing soil water depletions (SWD) and soil salinity regimes was determined during five seasons during which soil salinity levels varied. Three weighing lysimeters, each with a 14 year old tree, were used to measure daily ET and to schedule irrigation to maintain SWD at maxima of 15, 75 and 150 mm respectively. Tensiometers and salinity sensors were used to indicate the in situ soil matric and soil solution osmotic potentials. Total soil water potential was calculated from tensiometer and salinity sensor readings weighted for root density with depth. The total of these for the summer months was found to be linearly related (Fig. 5) to the mean ET/Ep (Ep=A-pan evaporation). The slope and threshold of ET reductions with decreasing soil water potential for the low frequency irrigation treatment (150 mm SWD) show good agreement with the slope and threshold of yield decrease that is calculated from soil salinity in the lysimeter using previously reported salinity-yield relationships. The reduced water uptake due to increasing soil salinity has important implications for soil salinity control, since the lower uptake should in theory increase the leaching fraction. This implies a degree of self adjustment to the leaching fraction when irrigating with increasingly saline waters if water applications are scheduled as for non-saline conditions.     

咸淡水交替灌溉对土壤盐分分布及夏玉米生长的影响

为了研究不同咸淡交替灌溉制度对各层土壤盐分含量、夏玉米生长的影响,采用3种矿化度(1、3、5 g/L)微咸水和3种不同生育期(壮苗期、拔节期、灌浆期)咸淡交替灌溉方式("咸淡淡"、"淡咸淡"、"淡淡咸")开展避雨盆栽试验研究。结果表明,全生育期灌溉淡水处理(CK)各层土壤盐分含量最低,随着灌溉微咸水矿化度增加,各层土壤盐分含量增大,相同矿化度下,同一深度土壤盐分含量由大到小依次为"淡淡咸"、"淡咸淡"、"咸淡淡"。3 g/L和5 g/L"淡淡咸"处理的土壤含盐量由大到小依次为下层、上层、中层,其他处理由大到小依次为下层、中层、上层。不同生育期灌溉微咸水对夏玉米的株高、叶面积及产量的抑制程度由大到小依次为拔节期、壮苗期、灌浆期,即"淡咸淡"、"咸淡淡"、"淡淡咸",抑制作用随灌溉微咸水矿化度增加而增大,5 g/L"淡咸淡"处理与CK相比减产最多,减产率为34.85%。在滨海地区进行夏玉米种植,应考虑在生育后期灌溉微咸水,同时利用非生育期淡水灌溉降低土壤次生盐碱化的风险。     

增氧淡水与微咸水对小麦萌发特性的影响

为合理开发利用微咸水、提高微咸水利用效率、降低微咸水灌溉下的次生盐碱化风险,将增氧技术与微咸水灌溉相结合,基于理论分析与试验研究相结合的方法,研究了微咸水、增氧淡水、增氧微咸水对小麦种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明:在不同矿化度的微咸水条件下,矿化度2 g/L较利于小麦种子的萌发。增氧淡水(溶解氧质量浓度9.5～22.5 mg/L)能够增加萌发4 d的小麦种子萌发数量,但却抑制了小麦种子萌发过程中的单粒根质量和幼芽平均高度;当溶解氧质量浓度超过22.5 mg/L时,发芽率有所下降,说明过高的溶解氧质量浓度会抑制种子的萌发。不同矿化度微咸水增氧处理下的小麦种子表现出不同的较适宜溶解氧质量浓度,1、3、5 g/L矿化度下的较适宜溶解氧质量浓度分别为19.5、22.5、12.5 mg/L。根据增氧微咸水处理的耦合试验数据,建立了增氧微咸水处理条件下小麦种子发芽率与矿化度、溶解氧质量浓度之间的经验模型,经回归分析,相关系数为0.900 2,决定系数为0.810 3,说明模型拟合程度较好。     

Optimizing the yield of winter wheat by regulating water consumption during vegetative and reproductive stages under limited water supply

To ensure sustainable agricultural water use in water shortage regions, practices of deficit irrigation should be adopted. This study investigated the performance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under limited water supply from 2005 to 2011, a six-season field test on the North China Plain. The test was comprised of four treatments: rain-fed, single irrigation applied at sowing to obtain a good level of soil moisture at the start of crop growth (I1s), single irrigation applied during recovery to jointing (I1r), and full irrigation supplied as three irrigations (control, I3). The results showed that grain yield was significantly correlated with rainfall before heading and with evapotranspiration (ET) after heading (P < 0.01) under rain-fed conditions. The average contribution of soil water stored before sowing to seasonal ET was 90, 103, and 145 mm for rain-fed, I1s, and I1r, respectively, during the six seasons. A smaller root length density (RLD), which restricted utilization of deep soil water by the crop, was one of the reasons for the lower yield with rain-fed and I1s treatments compared with the I1r treatment in dry seasons. The results also showed that the limited irrigation applied from recovery to jointing stage (Treatment I1r) significantly promoted vegetative growth and more efficient soil water use during the reproductive (post-heading) stage, resulting in a 21.6 % yield increase compared with that of the I1s treatment. And although the average yield of the I1r treatment was 14 % lower than that of the full irrigation treatment, seasonal irrigation was reduced by 120–140 mm. With smaller penalties in yield and a larger reduction in applied irrigation, I1r could be considered a feasible irrigation practice that could be used in the NCP for conservation of groundwater resources.     

春棚西瓜利用微咸水滴灌与畦灌的应用研究

通过对春棚西瓜利用浅层地下微咸水膜下滴灌及覆膜畦灌的对比试验 ,结果表明 :3g/ L微咸水膜下滴灌比覆膜畦灌节水 6 7.7% ,增产 30 .7% ,每立方米水产量提高了 18.2 7kg,棚内温度升高 1.1℃左右 ,早上市 16 d左右 ,西瓜含糖量增加了 9.73% ,增收 12 0 15元 / hm2 。试验期间 0～ 6 0 cm土层盐分含量低于 0 .2 % ,不会对西瓜生长构成威胁。     

微咸水对生物炭作用下盐碱土水盐运移特征影响

为了合理利用微咸水资源并结合生物炭改良剂,在节水基础上探究施用生物炭微咸水矿化度对盐碱土水盐运移规律影响.以黄三角中度盐碱土为研究对象,在室内进行一维垂直入渗试验,包括对照共设置8个处理:CK,W1,W2,W3,C1,W1C,W2C,W3C.结果表明:相同入渗时间下,累积入渗量和湿润锋运移深度随微咸水矿化度增加先增加后降低;低矿化度条件下,掺生物炭的土壤入渗性能优于未掺生物炭的,提升幅度2.16%~8.54%,且处理W2C效果最优,W1C略小于W2C,Kostiakov模型能够更好地描述微咸水矿化度对生物炭作用下盐碱土的土壤水分入渗过程.相同土壤条件下,各处理0~20 cm土层土壤含水率随着微咸水矿化度增加先增加后降低,掺生物炭的土壤含水率比未掺生物炭高2.53%~3.95%,且处理W2C增幅显著,W1C略小于W2C.各处理的土壤含盐量随着微咸水矿化度增加而增加,生物炭处理的脱盐效果略小于未掺生物炭的,其中2 g/L微咸水处理的脱盐效果最优,脱盐率高达47.4%.综合考虑,对黄河三角洲地区中度盐碱土,建议掺加生物炭并采用2 g/L微咸水进行灌溉.     

Water and leaching requirements of industrial tomatoes irrigated with brackish water

Summary The objective of the study was to examine the production functions of industrial tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. M-82) with saline and nonsaline water and to determine their water and leaching requirements. The experiment was conducted in small field plots on a sandy loam soil. Water was applied by drip irrigation at three different salinity levels (EC_i) in amounts ranging from about 30 to 120% of the optimum with nonsaline water.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, No. 1439-E 1984 series     

矿区农田土壤重金属分布特征与污染风险研究

对渭北旱原矿区130个农田土壤样品的Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn含量进行了测定,结果显示,Cd、Cu、Pb平均含量均高于陕西省土壤背景值,而Cr和Zn含量低于背景值。利用地统计方法得到的土壤重金属含量分布图显示,土壤各重金属含量由西向东呈下降趋势,水泥厂周边土壤重金属含量最高。相关性分析和主成分分析结果表明,5种重金属之间呈极显著正相关,说明其存在较高的同源性或复合关系。第1主成分主要由Cd构成,且主要反映了人为活动的影响,而第2主成分中的Cr所占负荷最高,体现了成土母质的作用,Cu、Pb和Zn含量受人为活动和成土母质共同影响。分别利用污染负荷指数(PLI)法和潜在生态危害指数(PER)法对研究区域土壤污染风险进行了评价,评价结果为煤矿区呈无污染或轻微到中度污染,水泥厂区土壤呈中度污染水平,单一元素污染程度由高到低依次为Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn。     

黄淮海平原播前土壤水分对冬小麦产量的影响

通过2个生长季的田间试验,研究了黄淮海平原播前土壤水分对冬小麦生长发育、籽粒产量及水分利用的影响。结果表明,在播前不灌水条件下,越冬期或返青期灌水都可以获得较高的籽粒产量和水分利用效率,表明播前土壤贮存的水分可以满足冬小麦返青以前对水分的需求。在播前储水灌溉条件下,越冬期不需要灌溉,返青期是适宜的灌水时间;在拔节期或灌浆期灌水都会降低冬小麦的产量和水分利用效率。     

Evapotranspiration,pan evaporation and soil water relationships for wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Controlled irrigation experiments were conducted for wheat grown in lysimeters having undisturbed soil profiles and protected from rainfall with transparent plexiglass roofs. Crop evapotranspiration during different crop growth stages and its relationships with Class A pan evaporation and soil water parameters were studied. The actual evapotranspiration during different crop growth stages was greatly influenced by amount and time of irrigation. The ratio of the maximum evapotranspiration and Class A pan evaporation increased linearly from germination to 46 days after sowing and remained constant at 1.45 from 46 to 76 days. Then the ratio decreased linearly towards the crop ripening. The actual evapotranspiration was equal to the maximum evapotranspiration up to the critical value of relative soil water, and then the actual evapotranspiration decreased at a very fast rate with further decrease in relative soil water. The critical value of the relative soil water varied from 0.65 to 0.84 during the crop growth-stage periods late tillering-heading and dough ripe-ripe, respectively.     

人工补水促进侧柏林地的种子萌发及天然更新

随着侧柏(Platycludus orientalis)林进入中成熟龄阶段,其更新和健康经营问题逐渐凸显出来。【目的】解决侧柏林内土壤湿度不足、籽苗稀少的问题并确定最佳补水时期。【方法】依据山地水土汇集面、沟谷两侧和集水池周边侧柏籽苗较密集的现实,进行人工促进侧柏林地种子萌发和天然更新的研究,应用小穴整地、模拟天然下种、人工灌水和林地模拟育苗等手段。【结果】于2017年秋季在济南燕子山上成功地促生许多侧柏苗。侧柏种子成熟期林地土壤水分不足是种子萌发的限制性因素之一。【结论】秋季9月为灌溉补水人工促进侧柏种子萌发的关键期,在适宜的光照条件下,可以有效地促进林地种子萌发和籽苗存活。