光谱预处理及不同光谱区对黑土有机碳近红外光谱模型的影响

在目前土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)的测量方法中,定量燃烧法虽具有很高的精度,但是价格比较昂贵;烧失法和湿氧化法比较费时,且测定中使用的化学药剂容易产生环境问题。化学试剂的使用和测定条件的专一也使得化学方法容易产生偏差,因此,需要一种快速、准确、低耗和环保的方法来测量土壤样品SOC含量。近红外光谱(Near infrared spectroscopy,NIRS)技术作为一种无损、快速的分析手段,在农业很多领域都有广泛的应用[1-2],但是利用NIRS对土壤成分进行定量分析最近才刚刚开始[3][5]。近红外光谱由被测样品的近红外特征光谱主导,包含了噪声、各种外界干扰     

应用近红外光谱法测定土壤的有机质和pH值

为了满足精细农业对土壤快速实时测试的需要,对未经过粉碎、过筛等处理的土壤,采集了4000～12500 cm-1范围的近红外光谱。研究了土壤的光谱特性,并采用偏最小二乘回归分析方法建立了一阶微分光谱的光谱吸光度与有机质含量和pH值之间的定量分析模型。试验分析表明：有机质的预测相关系数为0.818,预测标准偏差SEP为0.069,预测均方根误差为RMSEP为0.085;pH值的预测相关系数为0.834,SEP为0.095,RMSEP为0.114。表明采用近红外光谱仪经一阶微分处理可以很好地预测经过简单处理的土样中的有机质含量和pH值, 该结论为今后田间快速土壤特性光谱测量奠定了基础。     

Near‐infrared spectroscopy can predict the composition of organic matter in soil and litter

The usefulness and limitations of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for the assessment of several soil characteristics are still not sufficiently explored. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of visible and near‐infrared reflectance (VIS‐NIR) spectroscopy to predict the composition of organic matter in soils and litter. Reflectance spectra of the VIS‐NIR region (400–2500 nm) were recorded for 56 soil and litter samples from agricultural and forest sites. Spectra were used to predict general and biological characteristics of the samples as well as the C composition which was measured by ¹³C‐CPMAS‐NMR spectroscopy. A modified partial least‐square method and cross‐validation were used to develop equations for the different constituents over the whole spectrum (1st to 3rd derivation). Near‐infrared spectroscopy predicted well the C : N ratios, the percentages of O‐alkyl C and alkyl C, the ratio of alkyl C to O‐alkyl C, and the sum of phenolic oxidation products: the ratios of standard deviation of the laboratory results to standard error of cross‐validation (RSC) were greater than 2, the regression coefficients (a) of a linear regression (measured against predicted values) ranged from 0.9 to 1.1, and the correlation coefficients (r) were greater than 0.9. Satisfactorily (0.8 ≤ a ≤ 1.2, r ≥ 0.8, and 1.4 ≤ RSC ≤ 2.0) assessed were the contents of C, N, and production of DOC, the percentages of carbonyl C and aromatic C and the ratio of alkyl C to aromatic C. However, the N‐mineralization rate and the microbial biomass were predicted unsatisfactorily (RSC < 1.4). The good and satisfactory predictions reported above indicate a marked usefulness of NIRS in the assessment of biological and chemical characteristics of soils and litter.     

Use of mid‐infrared spectroscopy in the diffuse‐reflectance mode for the prediction of the composition of organic matter in soil and litter

Mid‐infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) is assumed to be superior to near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the prediction of soil constituents, but its usefulness is still not sufficiently explored. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of MIRS to predict the chemical and biological properties of organic matter in soils and litter. Reflectance spectra of the mid‐infrared region including part of the near‐infrared region (7000–400 cm^–1) were recorded for 56 soil and litter samples from agricultural and forest sites. Spectra were used to predict general and biological characteristics of the samples as well as the C composition which was measured by ¹³C CPMAS‐NMR spectroscopy. A partial least‐square method and cross‐validation were used to develop equations for the different constituents over selected spectra ranges after several mathematical treatments of the spectra. Mid‐infrared spectroscopy predicted well the C : N ratio: the modeling efficiency EF was 0.95, the regression coefficient (a) of a linear regression (measured against predicted values) was 1.0, and the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.98. Satisfactorily (EF ≥ 0.70, 0.8 ≤ a ≤ 1.2, r ≥ 0.80) assessed were the contents of C, N, and lignin, the production of dissolved organic carbon, and the contents of carbonyl C, aromatic C, O‐alkyl C, and alkyl C. However, the N mineralization rate, the microbial biomass and the alkyl–to–aromatic C ratio were predicted less satisfactorily (EF < 0.70). Limiting the sample set to mineral soils did generally not result in improved predictions. The good and satisfactory predictions reported above indicate a marked usefulness of MIRS in the assessment of chemical characteristics of soils and litter, but the accuracies of the MIRS predictions in the diffuse‐reflectance mode were generally not superior to those of NIRS.     

中国滇池流域土地利用方式对土壤侵蚀和养分状况的影响

Soil erosion and loss of soil nutrients have been a crucial environment threat in Southwest China. The land use and its impact on soil qualities continue to be highlighted. The present study was conducted to compare soil erosion under four land use types(i.e.,forestland, abandoned farmland, tillage, and grassland) and their effects on soil organic carbon(SOC), total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) in the Shuanglong catchment of the Dianchi Lake watershed, China. There were large variations in the erosion rate and the nutrient distributions across the four land use types. The erosion rates estimated by137 Cs averaged 2 133 t km-2year-1under tillage and abandoned farmland over the erosion rate of non-cultivated sites, and the grasslands showed a net deposition. For all sites, the nutrient contents basically decreased with the soil depth. Compared with tillage and abandoned farmland, grassland had the highest SOC and TN contents within 0–40 cm soil layer, followed by forestland. The significant correlations between137 Cs, SOC and TN were observed. The nutrient loss caused by erosion in tillage was the highest. These results suggested that grassland and forestland would be beneficial for SOC and TN sequestration over a long-term period because of their ability to reduce the loss of nutrients by soil erosion. Our study demonstrated that reduction of nutrient loss in the red soil area could be made through well-managed vegetation restoration measures.     

Effect of land‐use on soil nutrients and microbial biomass of an alpine region on the northeastern Tibetan plateau,China

Land‐use patterns affect the quantity and quality of soil nutrients as well as microbial biomass and respiration in soil. However, few studies have been done to assess the influence of land‐use on soil and microbial characteristics of the alpine region on the northeastern Tibetan plateau. In order to understand the effect of land‐use management, we examined the chemical properties and microbial biomass of soils under three land‐use types including natural grassland, crop‐field (50 + y of biennial cropping and fallow) and abandoned old‐field (10 y) in the area. The results showed that the losses of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were about 45 and 43 per cent, respectively, due to cultivation for more than 50 y comparing with natural grassland. Because of the abandonment of cultivation for about a decade, SOC and TN were increased by 27 and 23 per cent, respectively, in comparison with the crop field. Microbial carbon (ranging from 357·5 to 761·6 mg kg⁻¹ soil) in the old‐field was intermediate between the crop field and grassland. Microbial nitrogen (ranging from 29·9 to 106·7 mg kg⁻¹ soil) and respiration (ranging from 60·4 to 96·4 mg CO₂‐C g⁻¹ C_mic d⁻¹) were not significantly lower in the old‐field than those in the grassland. Thus it could be concluded that cultivation decreased the organic matter and microbial biomass in soils, while the adoption of abandonment has achieved some targets of grassland restoration in the alpine region of Gansu Province on the northeastern Tibetan plateau. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有机无机肥配合生化抑制剂抑制土壤有机碳的转化

【目的】有机肥部分替代化肥是确保土壤地力提升、兼顾农田养分高效利用的有效途径。脲酶和硝化抑制剂可有效抑制尿素水解和土壤硝化过程。研究硝化抑制剂[2-氯-6(三氯甲基)-吡啶(nitrapyrin,CP)]和脲酶抑制剂[正丁基硫代磷酸酰胺(N-butyl thiophosphamide,NB)]对土壤有机碳素转化的影响,为有机无机肥配合施用提供科学依据。【方法】在25℃和35℃条件下进行土壤培养试验。试验共设不施肥对照(CK)、单施尿素(U)、尿素+牛粪(UM)、尿素+牛粪+NB(UMNB)、尿素+牛粪+CP(UMCP)、尿素+牛粪+NB+CP(UMNB+CP)6个处理。除CK外,所有处理氮素用量一致,均为N 0.35 g/kg,除单施尿素处理,其余处理中牛粪氮的比例均为40%。在培养第7、32、81天取样,测定土壤有机碳组分含量,分析土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、β-D-葡萄糖苷酶、多酚氧化酶4种酶活性。【结果】在25℃和35℃条件下,培养后第7、32、81天UMNB、UMCP和UMNB+CP处理的土壤有机碳量(SOC)与UM间无显著差异,但均显著高于单施尿素处理;与UM相比,UMNB、UMCP、UMNB+CP处理的土壤易氧化碳(EOOC)平均分别降低了7.6%、5.4%和15.4%;UMNB、UMCP、UMNB+CP处理的微生物生物量碳(MBC)平均值为190 mg/kg(25℃)和286 mg/kg(35℃),与UM相比分别降低了47%(25℃)和13.9%(35℃)。在25℃条件下,培养第7和81天时,UMNB、UMCP、UMNB+CP处理的EOOC值与UM差异不显著,而在第32天时,均显著低于UM,3个抑制剂处理间差异不显著;在35℃下3个抑制剂处理与UM处理差异未达显著水平,只在32天时UMNB+CP处理显著低于其他两个抑制剂处理(P<0.05)。微生物生物量碳下降的幅度在3个培养期和两个温度下,均表现为UMNB相似文献