HACCP食品安全预防体系及其在水产养殖中的应用

HACCP (HazardAnalysisandCriticalControlPoint,即危害分析与关键控制点 )监测系统 ,是一种建立在良好操作规范和卫生标准操作规程基础之上的控制危害的预防体系 ,是用来保护食品在整个生产过程中免受可能发生的生物、化学、物理因素危害的安全保证系统。其宗旨是将这些可能发生的食品安全危害消除在生产过程中 ,而不是靠最后的检验来保证产品的可靠性。HACCP体系最早出现在 2 0世纪六十年代 ,美国的Pillsbury公司在为美国太空计划提供食品期间 ,率先应用HACCP概念。他们认为现存的质量控制技术 ,在食品生产中不能提供充分的安全…     

HACCP质量管理体系推广应用

一、ＨＡＣＣＰ质量管理体系的发展历史 什么是ＨＡＣＣＰ？它是一组英文字母缩写，含义是危害分析和关键控制点，是一种控制食品安全危害的预防性体系。它由７个原理组成：进行危害分析和确定预防性措施；确定关键控制点；建立关键限值；监控每个关键控制点；建立当发生关键限值发生偏离时，可采用的纠偏措施；建立记录保存系统；建立验证程序。 它最早出现于２０世纪６０年代，美国Ｐｉｌｌｓｂｕｒｙ公司为美国太空项目尽其努力提供安全卫生食品时，率先使用了ＨＡＣＣＰ的概念，美国ＦＤＡ于１９７３年决定于低酸罐头食品中采用。１９８…     

HACCP体系在烤鳗生产中的应用

HACCP(HazardAnalysisandCriticalontrolPoint)即危害分析与关键控制点，是对可能发生在食品加工环节中的危害(如生物的、化学的、物理的)进行评估，进而采取控制的一种预防性食品安全控制体系。在烤鳗生产加工中，通过实施HACCP体系，将鳗鱼原料接收、蒸煮、金属探测设置为关键控制点(CCP)，分别控制药物残留等化学性危害、细菌性病原体等生物性危害及金属异物等物理性危害，并遵循GMP(良好操作规范)和SSOP(卫生标准操作规程)，能有效消除或降低食源性危害，保证产品的质量。一、烤鳗生产工艺流程原料鳗→蓄养→选别→冰昏→剖杀…     

Pyocyanin as a safe aquaculture drug for the control of vibriosis in shrimp recirculating aquaculture system (RAS)

Diseases are one of the most critical limiting factors in aquaculture. Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are one of the most functionally viable sustainable aquaculture production systems adopted world over. In the event of any eventuality caused by bacterial pathogens, antibiotics or other antibacterial agents cannot be applied due to the vulnerability of biological filters which form an integral part of the RAS. Because of this, newer drugs are required for the effective control of diseases in RAS which would not interfere with the activity of nitrifying bacteria used in the biological filters. The antagonistic activity of pyocyanin, a bioactive compound produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, against vibrios is well established. The purpose of this study was to prove the effectiveness of pyocyanin as an aquaculture drug for application in RAS by employing a pilot-scale shrimp culture under RAS. It was noted that at the concentration of 5 mg L^?1, pyocyanin could significantly bring down the population of Vibrio spp. in RAS without affecting noticeably the other natural heterotrophic bacteria. Also, pyocyanin at this concentration did not inhibit the activity of nitrifying bacterial consortia used in the SBSBR (stringed bed suspended bioreactor) of RAS. The reared shrimp (Penaeus monodon) showed 100% survival after the application of pyocyanin, besides exhibiting normal health signs. Pyocyanin was non-toxic to the shrimp hybrid cell line (PmLyO-Sf9) at the concentration required for its application in disease management (IC₅₀?=?419.26 mg L^?1). The present study has demonstrated that pyocyanin is effective as an environment-friendly and safe aquaculture drug for the application in RAS-based shrimp culture to control Vibrio spp. without impeding nitrification established through the deployment of nitrifying bioreactors.

     

复合池塘循环水养殖系统生态足迹分析

生态足迹模型已广泛应用于可持续发展的评估中。将生物塘、人工湿地、生态沟渠等生态工程系统与传统养殖塘有机结合而构建形成的复合池塘循环水养殖系统,作为一种新养殖模式,它具有循环微流水养殖、种养结合、水陆交互作用的特点。本文运用生态足迹方法对这一新养殖模式进行了定量分析。结果表明:就单位利润生态足迹量而言,复合池塘循环水养殖模式为2.92 ghm2/万元,而传统池塘养殖模式为4.91ghm2/万元,复合模式具有更高的生态经济综合效益,更符合可持续发展要求。     

Variability of the nitrifying bacteria in the biofilm and water column of a recirculating aquaculture system for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production

The aim of this study was to evaluate variability of nitrifying bacterial community in the biofilm and in the water of a recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) in a tilapia farming in order to determine if nitrification process is dependent, or not, of nitrifying bacteria abundance. Biofilm and water samples were collected periodically for 30 days and analysed with the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, used to quantify ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Ammonia presented the peak in the first week, while the nitrite's maximum was recorded in the second week. Nitrate increased steadily, indicating nitrification activity. Total bacterial abundance in biofilm increased continuously, while in water, it did not change significantly. In the biofilm, number of AOB was high at beginning, decreased after few days and increased again following augment of ammonia. Number of NOB also showed an increase in abundance in biofilm following the increment of nitrite and nitrate. In water, AOB and NOB did not show major variability. Relative abundance of nitrifying bacteria represented more than 30% of total bacteria in biofilm at beginning of the experiment. Their contribution decreased to >3% in last days. It indicates that nitrifying bacteria are biofilm colonizers, and that their activity seems to be directly related to the concentration of nitrogen compounds. However, contribution of nitrifying bacteria did not vary much along the time. We may conclude that the biofilm‐nitrifying bacteria plays major role in nitrification process in RAS and that the activity of these organisms is dependent of their abundance in response to the concentration of nitrogen compounds.     

生物控制法在水产养殖水质净化中的综合应用

随着水产养殖业的快速发展以及集约化程度的不断加深,养殖水体的污染日益严重,由此造成的病害问题也越来越严重。文章综述了常见的几种生物控制方法—微生态制剂、光合细菌、大型藻类和水生植物在水产养殖水质净化中的调控作用。养殖业者应结合本身的养殖条件进行选择,不要盲目照搬,以求达到净化水质,促进水产养殖业快速发展的目的。     

A computerized environmental monitoring and control system for use in aquaculture

A computerized environmental monitoring and control system (CEMACS) has been controlling environmental parameters in finfish broodstock maturation systems for three years, including successful maturation regimes for gag grouper (Mycteroperca microlepis), red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), and common snook (Centropomus undecimalis). The system monitors and controls photoperiod and temperature, and provides a continuous record of these parameters in digital form. It also monitors critical support equipment and notifies key personnel by telephone in event of equipment failure. Data may be analyzed using the system's computing capabilities or transferred to a more powerful computer for more sophisticated analysis. Similar systems could have wide application in commercial aquaculture, especially in intensive systems where equipment failure can be disastrous in only a matter of minutes.     

An automated recirculation aquaculture system based on fuzzy logic control for aquaculture production of tilapia (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis niloticus</Emphasis>)

The development of an automated recirculation aquaculture system (ARAS) is presented here. The production system facility was built in a 672-m² polyethylene greenhouse using four 20-m³ tanks, each of which was stocked with 1,000 tilapia (O. niloticus). The growth of the fish was evaluated from a starting weight of 2 g to a final average weight of 418 g, during a production cycle from July 2008 to January 2009. Our objective was to develop new technological approaches, based on fuzzy logic control, to integrate into novel automated equipment for recirculation aquaculture systems used for fish production under intensive conditions. This technique allows farmers to incorporate their knowledge and experience into the control system. The results demonstrated a substantial water savings of 97.42%. There was a total fish biomass production of 1,655.3 kg and an average feed conversion rate of 1.55. The environmental variables were kept within acceptable ranges for tilapia production. We conclude that it is possible to increase the productivity and profitability of aquaculture systems, by applying new approaches based on modern control techniques, such as fuzzy logic control, that promote resource optimization.     

Comparative analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus budgets in a bioflocs aquaculture system and recirculation aquaculture system during over-wintering of tilapia (GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus)

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) budgets in a bioflocs technology (BFT) aquaculture system and a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) during over-wintering of tilapia (GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)for 64 d were compared in the current study. Fish feed was the major input of N in both systems, specifically, 94±0 % and 82±4 % for the RAS and BFT aquaculture system, respectively. The rate of N recovery in the BFT aquaculture systems was estimated to be 48±5 % of input N, which was significantly different from that of the RAS (37±4 %). There was no significant difference between the RASs and BFT aquaculture systems in terms of P recovery rate. The regular backwashing of the drum filter and biological filter in RAS accounted for 41 ± 2 % of input N and 39 ± 2 % of input P. Approximately 54 % of unassimilated nitrogen N was removed by nitrification in the BFT aquaculture systems. The results from the present study suggest that nitrification may be the dominant pathway for ammonia removal in a BFT aquaculture system rather than by heterotrophic bacterial assimilation.     

澳大利亚水产养殖质量安全管理与监控对我国的借鉴意义

本文在实地走访、考察调研和座谈交流等调查基础上,总结阐述了澳大利亚水产养殖质量安全管理与监控的现状及成功经验,并通过对比分析,对国内的相应工作提出了立法保障、管理协调、监督自律和强化支撑等措施建议。     

工厂化水产养殖水体的pH值在线自动控制系统

工厂化水产养殖水体的pH值在线自动控制系统=Automatic control system of pH value in the recirculating aquaculture[刊,中]/朱明瑞(中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所,黑龙江 哈尔滨150070),曹广斌,蒋树义,韩世成//水产学报,－2007,31（3）,－335～342 根据鱼类养殖的水体适合pH值范围为6.5～8.5,硝化细菌进行硝化反应去除氨氮的pH值在7.0以上,养殖水体的pH值大于8.75就会产生大量对鱼类有毒的非离子态氨的生产实际情况,进行了工厂化水产养殖水体的pH值控制研究。由于pH值的中和过程是非线性的,很难控制,所以本文根据水产水体养殖的要求确定将pH值控制在7.0～7.5之间的稳定范围内,确保整个控制过程在pH值变化的线性范围,降低控制难度。控制采用PID算法,以占空比方式控制电磁阀添加中和剂,实现对pH值的控制。中和剂选择NaOH和NaHCO3,并进行了稳定控制配比试验,浓度分别为2 g•L-1和20 g•L-1的配比组,获得满意效果。本控制系统使用电磁阀而不是变频器或是调节阀之类昂贵作为执行元件,方法简单,成本低廉,控制准确可靠,是一种非常适用于工厂化水产养殖的pH值在线自动控制系统。图8表6参9     

鱼类多倍体育种技术及其在水产养殖中的应用

多倍体技术就是通过增加染色体组的方法来改造生物的遗传基础,从而培育出符合人们需要的优良品种.多倍体育种方法简单,技术可行,易于操作,与性控、选育等技术结合可以生产具有生长速度快、抗病力强、成活率高和饲养管理方便的新品种.     

水产养殖自动投饵装备研究进展与应用

自动投饵系统可应用于大型网箱养殖和高密度工厂化养殖等,是提高饲料利用率,控制养殖成本和强化产品质量控制的重要手段。文章概述了国内外自动投饵装备的发展进程,着重介绍了国外深水网箱自动投饵装备的研究进展与应用情况,分析了国内自动投饵装备研究使用现状,对国内自动投饵装备的发展提出了建议。     

工厂化养殖大菱鲆质量安全控制体系的研究与建立

大菱鲆工厂化养殖模式已在我国北方得到推广和普及,由于养殖设施、养殖技术等细节上的不同,造成产品的质量参差不齐,还偶发质量安全问题。通过研究养殖环境及养殖生产中影响大菱鲆质量安全的主要因素,以及调研国内多家大型养殖企业,针对养殖场设计、苗种、水质、饲料、药物、日常管理6个方面,提出了操作性、适用性更强的大菱鲆质量安全控制措施,这将对规范大菱鲆养殖技术与提高大菱鲆质量安全起到重要作用。     

大型观赏鱼暂养池池水降温系统的设计与应用

针对冰块降温和自然对流降温等传统降温方法无法满足观赏鱼养殖的特殊要求,设计了包含机械制冷系统、热交换系统、给水系统和自控系统的降温系统,采用混合式直接传热的方法对暂养池池水进行降温。通过热工计算得到降温所需的制冷量、供回水温差和冷媒流量;采用流量控制阀和电动三通阀调节循环水流量、冷媒流量,控制供回水温差达到传热降温的要求;设计给水系统满足供回水要求。实现降温速度1.0~1.5℃/h的目标。实践证明,本方法应用于养殖琉金、红狮、珍珠等观赏鱼,出池存活率在98%以上。     

石斑鱼循环水养殖系统微生物群落结构

通过16S rRNA基因片段高通量测序研究了褐点石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)和东星斑(Plectropomus leopardus)循环水养殖系统水体细菌种群结构。结果显示石斑鱼循环水养殖系统中优势细菌类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospira)。其中养殖塘、固液分离池、沉淀池和蛋白分离池中主要优势细菌为γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria),紫外消毒池和补氧池中则以a-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)为主,而生物滤池中两者比例接近,均为优势种群。从养殖塘到补氧池细菌多样性指数先降低后升高,生物滤池中达到最高值,之后再次下降至紫外消毒池中达到最低值,补氧池中有所回升。PCoA分析和聚类分析结果表明,养殖水在紫外消毒前后其细菌群落组成有着明显的差异。水质理化指标检测表明,经过净化处理后,循环系统的养殖水溶解氧含量上升,氨氮和亚硝酸盐含量下降并维持在较低的浓度。环境因子与细菌群落结构相关性分析结果表明,磷酸盐、pH、溶解氧和温度等指标可能对细菌群落结构影响相对较大,但未发现两者间有很显著的相关性,这可能与实验样本较少有关。     

An integrated recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for land-based fish farming: The effects on water quality and fish production

To mitigate the serious water pollution caused by the rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry in recent years, the development of improved aquaculture systems with more efficient water usage and less environmental impact has become essential. In this study, a land-based recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) was established that consisted of purification units (i.e., a primary biological pond, two parallel horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands [CWs], and a long ecological ditch) and 4-5 series-connected recirculating ponds. This system was mainly designed to stock channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), fifteen spine stickleback (Spinibarbus sinensis) and yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), and the culture efficacy was evaluated based on a 2-year field experiment covering two growing seasons. According to the results, the primary biological pond played a role in sedimentation or nutrient retention, although this was not as evident when the CWs were functioning. The water flowing through the wetland system at a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 600 mm/day displayed lower values for the temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), suspended solids, organic matter and nutrients, whereas the electrical conductivity (EC) was higher, suggesting the accumulation of dissolved solids in the system. Due to the recirculation treatment, the trophic status of the recirculating ponds increased gradually along the direction of the flow and was notably lower in comparison to the control. As a result, the fish production responded to the variation of the water quality, which was reflected in the measurements of culture efficacy (final weight, survival rate, SGR and yield). The three main rearing species showed a decreasing trend along the direction of the flow, which was higher compared to the control, whereas an opposite trend was observed for filter-feeding fish. A Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the main culture species were inclined to live in meso- or oligotrophic conditions, and the silver carp adapted to more eutrophic conditions. Because RAS can provide better environmental conditions year-round, the present culture method could be more suitable for species that are sensitive to water quality in typical subtropical areas.     

EM产品在水产养殖中的应用现状和前景

EM产品由光合细菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌、放线菌以及发酵型丝状真菌等80余种有益菌种复合培养而成,与一般生物制剂相比,它具有结构复杂、性能稳定、功能齐全的优势.将EM用作饵料添加剂,其中的有益微生物能分解饵料中的粗纤维,使这些不易被消化吸收利用的粗纤维转化成能被动物吸收的营养物质,提高动物对饵料的消化吸收利用率;这些微生物还能生产品种全、数量多的各种抗生素,提高动物的抗病力,杀死病原微生物,提高成活率;还能在肠道内形成优势菌群,改善肠道微生态环境;能抑制腐败菌生长,去除粪便恶臭,改善生态环境.因此它是一种集经济、社会、生态效益为一体的多功能饵料添加剂,是目前最有发展前途的无害、无毒的新型饵料添加剂,可取代或部分取代抗生素的作用.EM技术在日本已经得到了广泛的应用,它于1992年引入我国,在农业生产中的多个领域所表现出来的应用效果引人注目.EM技术在畜禽业中的应用和研究较多,而在水产养殖业中的应用和研究尚处于起步阶段,报道较为少见.而其研究结果对于我们进行饵料的研究并且改良目前的养殖方式、推广水产业健康养殖有着重要的意义.下面就其使用方法、使用效果及其在水产养殖中的应用等方面进行阐述.期望能使读者对EM技术有一个清晰的认识.