The Photomotor Reflex as an Indicator of Consciousness in the Immobilized Dog

Abstract— When a relaxant is used in conjunction with light general anaesthesia, it is not possible to distinguish between true unconsciousness, and consciousness masked by immobilization, by the usual reflexes involving voluntary muscle. Experiments are described which show that the photo-motor reflex (contraction of the pupil of the eye with increase in intensity of light stimulus), unlike the other reflexes commonly used for testing anaesthesia, gave a reliable indication of returning consciousness in a dog immobilized by a relaxant. The reflex was not affected by premedication with atropine, provided that the dose of atropine did not exceed 0.032 mg./kg. body-weight. The reflex is valid when anaesthesia is induced by barbiturate alone, or by a combination of barbiturate and ether.     

Effects of Vasectomy on Seminal Plasma Alkaline Phosphatase in Male Alpacas (Vicugña pacos)

Azoospermia is a common finding in male alpacas which present for infertility. The challenge is to differentiate azoospermia of testicular origin from non‐testicular origin. In several species, alkaline phosphatase (AP) concentrations in seminal plasma have been used as a diagnostic marker of contributions of the testis and epididymis to the ejaculate. The purpose of this study was to determine whether AP assay could differentiate testicular from non‐testicular azoospermia in male alpacas. An experimental model of bilateral outflow obstruction (pre‐scrotal vasectomy) was used in 22 male alpacas, aged 2–9 years. No reproductive history was available. Animals were submitted for electroejaculation (EE) under general anaesthesia and vasectomy performed. Five weeks later, animals were submitted for EE. Vasectomy was not successful in one animal, which was removed from analysis. AP levels were compared in seminal plasma in the pre‐ and post‐vasectomy samples. The mean ± SEM concentration of AP in pre‐vasectomy seminal plasma was 504.29 ± 166.45 U/l (range 10–2910); the post‐vasectomy levels were 252.48 ± 81.77 U/l (range 0–1640; p = 0.06). In 71.4% of animals, AP levels decreased, varying from 18% to 100% reduction. Results of this study suggest that AP is not produced exclusively by the testis and epididymis in alpacas and that AP assay is not a valid diagnostic test for determination of origin of azoospermia; the gold standard for diagnosis of origin of azoospermia remains testicular biopsy.     

Simultaneous Bilateral Mastectomy in the Dog

Current reports advise against attempting simultaneous bilateral mastectomy in the dog. However, total mastectomy may be the most logical treatment for all dogs with mammary tumors in view of newer evidence suggesting a multicentric origin for this disease. A surgical technique for simultaneous bilateral mastectomy was evaluated in 22 dogs with mammary tumors. The procedure was successfully performed in selected patients and healing occurred without serious complications. The technique, rationale, and recommendations for use of this procedure are presented.     

黑羽乌骨鸡碱性磷酸酶的测定

试验以江苏省家禽科学研究所培育的黑羽乌骨鸡为试验素材，测定早期碱性磷酸酶的含量、碱性磷酸酶与早期增重的相关性，试验结果表明：饲养前期（0～6周）碱性磷酸酶的含量极显著地高于饲养后期（7～10周）；饲养全期碱性磷酸酶含量与早期增重呈极显著相关。     

鸡蛋黄碱性磷酸酶的性质

对鸡蛋黄碱性磷酸酶的热稳定性和抑制特性进行了测定，结果表明，蛋黄碱性磷酸酶对热不稳定，５６℃作用１５ｍｉｎ其活性丧失５５％，易受尿素，左旋咪唑和ＥＤＴＡ抑制，不易受Ｌ－苯丙氨酸和Ｌ－色氨酸抑制。     

碱性磷酸酶特性及其应用的研究进展

碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,AP）是一种非特异性磷酸单酯酶,能催化磷酸单酯的水解反应,产生无机磷酸和相应的醇、酚或糖,也能催化磷酸基团的转移反应。AP广泛存在于微生物和动物体内,在磷生物地球化学循环过程中有重要作用,并广泛应用于诊断学、生物化学及分子生物学等领域。作者对碱性磷酸酶的研究历史、催化作用机制及其应用进行了综述。     

Semen Characteristics and Plasma Levels of Testosterone after Bilateral Vasectomy in Bucks

The effects of bilateral vasectomy on the seminal characteristics were assessed in six bucks of the Canarian breed. In addition, we tried to establish the effects of vasectomy on the plasmatic concentrations of testosterone and the libido of the bucks. Semen samples were collected once a week from 8 weeks before to 16 weeks after vasectomy; blood samples were collected prior to vasectomy, and then at once and 1 week after vasectomy and every 2 weeks from the week 4 to the end of the experiment. One week after the vasectomy, ejaculated spermatozoa were non‐motile and the percentage of live spermatozoa was below 5% in all vasectomized males; in addition, the total number of cells/ejaculate was 3100 × 10⁶ and 30 × 10⁶ spermatozoa in the control and vasectomized males, respectively. Our results suggest that the vasectomized males may be used as oestrus detectors, without risks of accidental fecundating, only 1 week after vasectomy. Before vasectomy, no significant differences were observed in plasma levels of testosterone between the vasectomized and control males (5.4 ± 1.2 and 3.9 ± 1.4 ng/ml, respectively); from 4 to 12 weeks after vasectomy, a marked decrease in the testosterone concentration in all males (vasectomized and control bucks) was observed. From 12 weeks after vasectomy until the end of the experiment, four of the vasectomized males and the control males recovered their normal libido. The results suggest that vasectomy did not exert a remarkable effect on the steroidogenic functionality of the testicle.     

Unilateral and Bilateral Stifle Arthrodesis in Eight Dogs

Nine stifle arthrodeses in eight dogs were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate use of the limb, each dog's comfort, complications, and factors that may have influenced the final outcome. Ability to use the limb after unilateral fusion was good (limb used at all times) in three dogs, fair (limb used at all gaits except a gallop) in three dogs, and poor (limb used only when running) in one dog. Factors that appeared to affect the outcome included angle at which the stifle was fused and lesions in the ipsilateral coxofemoral joint. One dog with bilateral arthrodesis had a good outcome with minor limitations. The only potentially devastating complications occurred in one dog in which infection and premature implant loosening jeopardized the fusion. None of the dogs exhibited signs of pain and all owners were satisfied with the results.     

碱性磷酸酶同工酶与产蛋性能的关系

本文利用聚丙烯酰胺垂直板高压电泳分离了18周龄115只岩谷蛋鸡的血清碱性磷酸酶同工酶,其中快型35只,慢型80只,并就快慢两型的体重、血液中某些生化指标和产蛋性能进行比较。结果表明:快型同工酶的鸡,8周龄体重、血清碱性磷酸酶活力、开产蛋重、开产日龄、300日龄体重、300日龄蛋重,极显著的大于慢型鸡;而300日龄产蛋数极显著的低于慢型鸡。     

仪器法检测碱性磷酸酶的测量不确定度的评估

[目的]探讨仪器法检测碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,ALP）的测量不确定度的评估方法。[方法]结合ALP的检测原理,参照JJF 1059.1—2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》有关内容,评估检测中所涉及的不确定度分量的来源,并明确各分量的大小,从而确定合成不确定度与拓展不确定度。[结果]ALP的合成不确定度为5.89%,取95%置信水平时,拓展不确定度为11.78%（k=2）。[结论]通过对ALP检测分析过程中所涉及的环节进行分析,确定各环节的不确定度分量,可更系统全面地反映检测结果,并根据相关不确定度分量的大小有针对性地降低其量值,持续改进检测质量。     

PLasma Cholesterol in Swine Genetic Variations and Relation to Alkaline Phosphatase

A variety of environmental factors such as feeding and climate may influence the plasma cholesterol concentration. Earlier experiments have, however, indicated that genetic differences also exist (Heidenreich et al. 1964). The present study was undertaken to elucidate this possibility in pigs of Danish Land-race reared under strictly standardized environmental conditions. Besides, the plasma cholesterol concentration was compared with other genetically variable blood parameters to examine if any correlations existed. Only the relation to alkaline phosphatase (AP) will be dealt with here.     

乳制品中碱性磷酸酶检测的影响因素及控制措施

牛奶中含有大量的碱性磷酸酶（ALP）,由于其热稳定性略高于乳中的大部分致病微生物,比如结核杆菌、李斯特菌等,因此,乳品企业将其作为巴氏杀菌热处理评估的活性指标。但其不但易受到牛奶成分,尤其乳脂肪的影响,而且牛奶中微生物内源性ALP和贮存过程中ALP复活均会影响最终结果的判定。本文对影响ALP检测的影响因素进行分析,并就检验过程中人员培训、设备选定、检验比对、数据库建立等方面提出相关控制措施,确保检验结果的准确性。     

Quantitative Determination of Equine Alkaline Phosphatase lsoenzymes in Foal and Adult Serum

Automated and semiautomated assays were developed and validated for the determination of equine alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes including intestinal (IALP), bone (BALP), and liver (LALP). The addition of levamisole selectively inhibited more than 97%of LALP while inhibiting only 55% of IALP. Because these percentages were highly reproducible in an automated system, the IALP activity could be calculated in a sample. Bone alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme was selectively precipitated by adding an equal volume of wheat germ agglutinin (5 mg/mL), incubating for 30 minutes at 37C, and centrifugating. The LALP activity was determined from the supernatant fluid and BALP activity was calculated by subtraction from total ALP activity. The within-run coefficient of variation for determination of BALP activity was 4.7%.These assays were used to identify and quantify the isoenzymes present in pony foal sera through the first 21 days of life, in horse foal sera before colostrum ingestion and during the first 21 days of life, and in adult horse and pony sera. Intestinal ALP activity was not found in sera of any of the foals or adult ponies or horses. A majority of serum ALP activity of newborn foals is of bone origin (80 to 92%)which decreases markedly over the first 21 days. In adults, only 17.9% (51.2 ± 18.1 U/L) of serum ALP is derived from bone. The absolute LALP activity in foal serum is similar to that in adults.     

Clinical and Pathological Findings in Testis, Epididymis, Deferens Duct and Prostate following Vasectomy in a Dog

We report the case of a bilateral and multilocular spermatocele and sperm granuloma in a dog that was vasectomized 5 years before. Clinical examination revealed scrotal dermatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Orchiectomy was performed, and gross and histological examination showed testicular degeneration associated with epididymal sperm granuloma. In relation to this case, the literature about long-term effects of vasectomy in dogs has been reviewed. On the basis of these results, a preventive sonogram and physical assessment in prostate and other reproductive structures before vasectomy is recommended.     

Unilateral and Bilateral Brainstem Auditory-Evoked Response Abnormalities in 900 Dalmatian Dogs

In a survey of 900 Dalmatian dogs, brainstem auditory-evoked responses (BAER) and clinical observations were used to determine the incidence and sex distribution of bilateral and unilateral BAER abnormalities and their association with heterochromia iridis (HI). To assess the efficacy of BAER testing in guiding breeding programs, data from 749 dogs (subgroup A), considered to be a sample of the population at large, were compared with data from a subgroup (subgroup B; n = 151) in which selection of breeding stock had been based on BAER testing from the beginning of the 4-year survey. Brainstem auditory-evoked responses were elicited by applying click stimuli unilaterally, while applying a white noise masking sound to the contralateral ear. Under these conditions, BAER were either normal, unilaterally absent, or bilaterally absent. Dogs with bilaterally absent BAER were clinically deaf; dogs with unilaterally absent BAER were not clinically deaf but appeared dependent on their BAER-normal ears for their auditory-cued behavior. Dogs with unilaterally absent BAER often were misidentified as normal by uninformed observers. Among the 900 dogs, 648 (72.0%) were normal, 189 (21.0%) had unilateral absence of BAER, and 63 (7.0%) had bilateral absence of BAER or were clinically deaf and assumed to have bilaterally absent BAER (n = 4). Total incidence in the population sampled was assumed to be higher, because some bilaterally affected dogs that would have been members of subgroup A undoubtedly did not come to our attention. Among females, 24.0% were unilaterally abnormal and 8.2% were bilaterally abnormal whereas, among males, 17.8% were unilaterally abnormal and 5.7% were bilaterally abnormal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

乳牛胎盘硷性磷酸酶的提纯和性质

通过正丁醇抽提、硫酸铵沉淀、DE-52离子交换层析和Con.A—Sepharose4B亲和层析,从乳牛胎盘中提取出硷性磷酸酶(ALP)。提纯倍数为109倍,比活为87金氏单位/mg蛋白。乳牛胎盘提取液经薄层聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦电泳只出现1条酶带,pI值4.5;提取的ALP分子量为168000;对热稳定性差,于56℃下作用10min,其活性丧失84％;对磷酸苯二钠的km值为2.1mmol/L;L—苯丙氨酸和L—色氨酸对该酶有抑制作用,10mmol/L—苯丙氨酸使酶活性抑制27％,10mmol/L L—色氨酸使酶活性抑制49％;尿素对该酶的抑制作用随着尿素浓度的增加而逐渐加强,2mol/L尿素可使酶活性抑制87％;左旋咪唑对该酶有较强的抑制作用,10~(-4)mol/L左旋咪唑使酶活性抑制79％;该酶在pH<7的条件下不稳定,在pH7～11范围内较为稳定;最适pH为10.4;妊娠乳牛血清中不含有胎盘来源的ALP同工酶。     

Unilateral and Bilateral Congenital Sensorineural Deafness in Client-Owned Pure-Breed White Cats

Background: Congenital sensorineural deafness has been reported frequently in experimental mixed-breed white cats but there is a paucity of data on occurrence of deafness in client-owned pure-breed white cats.
Objective: To describe hearing status in client-owned pure-breed white cats.
Animals: Eighty-four pure-breed client-owned cats with white coat color of 10 registered breeds presented for routine hearing evaluation before breeding (1995–2008).
Methods: Hearing was assessed by click-evoked brainstem auditory evoked response.
Results: Overall deafness prevalence was 20.2%; 9 cats (10.7%) were bilaterally deaf and 8 cats (9.5%) were unilaterally deaf. There was no association between sex and deafness status ( P = .85). Deafness status was associated with iris color ( P = .04).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Congenital sensorineural deafness frequently occurs in pure-breed cats with white coat color. Unilateral sensorineural deafness was as common as bilateral deafness.