不同基因型冬小麦幼苗对缺锌的敏感性反应

采用砂培试验研究了不同小麦基因型对施锌的反应.通过比较小麦幼苗根冠比的大小(是否大于1),以及根据培养过程中植株的生长表现,将供试的25种小麦基因型划分为两类:即缺Zn敏感型和非敏感型.结果还表明,供Zn可以促进小麦地上部和根系的生长,均较大幅度提高了叶绿素SPAD值(25个小麦基因型中18个的增幅都超过10%),而根冠比则相对保持稳定.小麦种子中的锌含量、幼苗根冠比与小麦叶片叶绿素SPAD值之间均无显著性相关关系.由于地上部积累了较高浓度的Zn,缺Zn非敏感型可有效减轻缺Zn对其造成的危害.非敏感型与敏感型相比较,缺Zn条件下地上部和根系锌含量平均值分别高出96.6%和28.8%,而在供Zn条件下则高出47.6%和10.9%.施Zn对敏感型与非敏感型小麦体内磷含量并无显著性影响.小麦幼苗中P/Zn的大小主要受到小麦体内Zn含量变化的影响,与磷含量则无明显的关系.     

菠菜吸收累积重金属铜、锌、铅和镉的特征及调控措施研究

针对叶菜类蔬菜容易积累重金属引起重金属含量超标,在温室采用土培试验对代表叶菜类蔬菜的菠菜吸收累积重金属铜、锌、铅和镉的特征以及调控措施进行了研究。试验结果表明,随着土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量的增加,菠菜地上部Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量均明显增加。随着菠菜的生长,地上部重金属的含量有明显增加的趋势。在土壤加入重金属处理条件下,土壤中也只有很小部分的重金属能被菠菜的根系吸收,Cu和Pb元素被菠菜吸收后大部分累积在菠菜的根系中。Zn元素被菠菜根吸收后,一半以上向茎叶中迁移。Cd元素被菠菜根吸收后,有将近一半能向茎叶中迁移,一半滞留在根系中。施入石灰处理均显著降低了菠菜地上部的Zn吸收量和Zn含量。与对照相比,施入石灰菠菜地上部Zn吸收量和Zn含量分别降低42.50%和33.35%。     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

微量元素缺乏对党参幼苗表观特征和生长的影响及部分生理特性测定

为了探究微量元素缺乏对素花党参幼苗生长及部分生理特性的影响,本试验设置5个处理,分别为全营养(ck)、缺Fe、缺Mn、缺Cu、缺Zn,测定各处理条件下党参幼苗生长、生理及氮、磷、钾元素含量指标。结果表明,缺Fe处理素花党参幼苗的缺素表征明显,株高、根长、叶绿素与可溶性蛋白含量均显著降低,细胞膜脂质过氧化程度最高;缺Zn处理次之。各处理素花党参幼苗地上、地下部位全氮、全磷、全钾的含量差异达到显著水平,地上部分全磷、全钾的含量均升高,地下部分全氮、全磷的含量以缺Fe处理组为最低。研究表明,素花党参幼苗对缺Fe、缺Zn比较敏感,对缺Mn、缺Cu的耐性较高。     

小麦主要亲缘种籽粒的Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn含量及其聚类分析

以19份小麦亲缘种及普通小麦中国春为材料,测定比较了籽粒的Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn含量,并进行了聚类分析。结果表明,Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn含量平均值分别为50.94、34.89、6.96和33.21 μg g^-1,其改良潜力分别为121.94%、40.46%、41.17%和73.03%。根据Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn含量将供试材料均分为高、中、低3类,其中塔城高拉山小麦Fe含量高达124.32 μg g^-1,为富Fe材料。富Zn材料有野生一粒小麦、野生二粒小麦等6个品种（系）,均值为49.91 μg g^-1。富Cu材料有分枝小麦和小黑麦(8X),均值为8.66 μg g^-1。富Mn材料为斯卑尔脱小麦,含量高达63.85 μg g^-1。不同倍性染色体倍性材料间,Fe、Zn和Mn含量均以四倍体小麦最高,Cu含量以八倍体小麦最高。不同染色体组间,AABB染色体组材料的Fe、Zn和Mn含量最高,其次是AA染色体组材料,Cu以AABBDDRR染色体组最高。这些结果可为小麦营养品质育种的亲本选择和有利基因的发掘和利用提供参考依据。     

西安市耕地土壤有效态微量元素的空间变异特征

摘 要：研究旨在阐明研究区耕地土壤有效态微量元素的空间分布规律,进而为优化施肥管理提供一定的理论依据。利用GIS与地统计学相结合的方法分析了西安市耕地土壤中的铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)4种微量元素有效态含量的空间变异和分布特征。结果表明：土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn平均含量分别为9.84、12.95、1.82、2.61 mg/kg,较第二次土壤普查时有较大幅度提升;土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu含量在空间上均属中等程度变异,土壤有效Zn属强度变异;土壤有效Fe、Cu、Zn拟合的最优半方差模型为球状模型,土壤有效Mn拟合的最优半方差模型为高斯模型,块金系数分析表明,有效Fe、Cu、Zn具有强烈的空间相关性,Mn具有中等程度的空间相关性;土壤有效Fe的空间分布大体呈现南北含量高而中北部较低,土壤有效Cu的含量大体呈现西高东低的趋势,土壤有效Mn和Zn的空间分布较为复杂。总体来看,研究区Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn有效态含量整体较为丰富,绝大多数耕地土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn均处于中等以上水平,但仍然有一定比例的耕地中土壤微量元素较为缺乏,故在具体生产过程中需采用分区平衡施肥技术。     

硼对绿豆植株生长发育及矿质营养状况的影响

在生长室利用水培研究了不同供硼水平对绿豆生长及矿质营养状况的影响。结果表明缺硼抑制绿豆生长，对根系的影响比对地上部的影响更大，表现在根冠比变小；供硼水平对植株的矿质营养含量也有明显的影响，缺硼降低了地上部和根系中的P，K，Fe的含量，促进Ca在根系中的积累，但地上部Ca的含量降低；缺硼时有利于Mg在植物体内的累积；硼对Mn的含量影响不大；严重缺硼时地上部Zn含量最高，但供硼正常时，Zn在根系中含量较高。     

高碳酸钙条件下供锌对不同基因型小麦生长和养分吸收的影响

为了探明CaCO3对不同基因型小麦Zn吸收的影响,采用人工春化后的小麦幼苗在温室中进行了水培试验。结果表明:缺Zn和在营养液中添加100 mg/L CaCO3对小麦分蘖和生长发育未表现出明显的不良影响,而供试的3种基因型小麦(远丰998、中育6号及小偃22)的分蘖数及长势有明显的差异。与缺Zn相比,供Zn使小麦根部P吸收量增加25.6%,但对N,K吸收无明显影响。供Zn显著提高了小麦植株各部分尤其是根中的Zn含量和吸收量,而不同基因型间无显著差异,添加CaCO3未降低对Zn的吸收。添加CaCO3后,小麦叶片叶绿素SPAD值降低21.4%,但对小麦植株的Fe吸收无明显影响。据此推测叶绿素SPAD值的降低并非由于CaCO3降低小麦对Fe的吸收而引起的,其原因有待进一步研究。而供Zn仅能增加小麦根部Fe吸收量,对地上部无明显影响。无论是否供Zn,Fe主要累积在小麦的根部,而供Zn加剧了这种累积。     

降尘和酸雨对芹菜中重金属分布特征的影响

在温室条件下模拟酸雨、降尘对芹菜进行不同的受试处理,并对茎、叶中重金属元素的含量进行了测试。结果表明,对于芹菜茎,酸雨使Zn,Cu,Ni,Pb含量增加,Fe的含量减少,Mn,Cd含量几乎不受影响;降尘使Zn,Mn,Ni,Fe,Cd含量增加,使Cu,Pb含量减少;酸雨和降尘联合作用使7种元素含量都增加。对于芹菜叶,酸雨使Cu,Zn,Mn含量增加,Fe的含量减少,Pb,Ni,Cd的含量对不同pH有增有减;降尘使Zn,Mn,Cd,Fe的含量增加,使Cu,Pb,Ni含量减少;联合作用使叶的Zn,Cu,Mn,Cd,Fe含量增加,Pb,Ni含量减少。7种元素在茎、叶中的聚类分析表明,茎中Cu-Ni协同作用显著,Fe-Cu拮抗作用显著;叶中Cu-Pb协同作用显著,Fe-Mn拮抗作用显著。     

辽宁和陕西富士苹果若干微量元素的比较与分析

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP—MS）对辽宁省和陕西省富士苹果中Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn、Ni五种微量元素的含量进行了测定分析。结果显示．富士苹果中五种人体必需微量元素的平均含量由高到低依次为：Fe〉Zn〉Mn〉Ni〉Cu;辽宁样品的Fe、Mn和Ni含量高于陕西样品,而Cu和Zn含量低于后者。辽宁和陕西两省样品中的Fe、Mn、Zn三种元素含量差异显著（P〈0．05）,Cu和Ni含量无显著差异：两省苹果样品中的Fe和Zn含量呈极显著正相关。本研究结果可为我国苹果的进一步开发和利用提供科学依据。     

Differential tolerance to Fe and Zn deficiencies in wheat germplasm

Tolerance to Fe deficiency of wheat genotypes exhibiting differential tolerance to Zn deficiency is not known, even though the relationship between Fe nutrition and differential tolerance of wheat genotypes to Zn deficiency has been hypothesised frequently. In the present experiment, eight Triticum aestivum and two T. turigidum L. conv. durum cultivars were grown in nutrient solution deficient in either Znor Fe. Three indices of tolerance to nutrient deficiency were compared: relative [(-nutrient/+nutrient) × 100] shoot growth, shoot dry weight under nutrient deficiency and relative shoot/root dry weight ratio. Genotypes Aroona, Excalibur, Stilleto and Trident were classified as tolerant to both Zn and Fe deficiency, while durum wheats Durati and Yallaroi were sensitive to Zn deficiency and moderate to sensitive to Fe deficiency. Genotypes Excalibur, Stilleto and Trident come from the same breeding programme and have the common parent (line MEC3 =Sonora64//TZPP/YAQUI54) that could have been the donor of the genes for tolerance to Zn deficiency. When Fe-deficient, all wheat genotypes were severely chlorotic but kept producing shoot and root dry matter at a relatively high rate, making the relationship between the relative shoot growth and the relative leaf chlorophyll content poor. This is the first report of wheat genotypes exhibiting multiple tolerance to Zn and Fe deficiencies. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小麦种子中磷锌比与对缺磷敏感性关系的研究

应用中子活化分析（Ｎｅｕｔｒｏｎ Ａｃｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎ Ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ）和磷钼蓝的比色法,分析了不同品系小麦种子中的锌和磷的含量。从种子中的Ｐ／Ｚｎ比,分析了不同品系小麦之间对缺乏磷肥反应的敏感性关系。实验证明了１８个不同品种小麦对缺磷有不同的敏感性,其中８０－５５品系小麦对缺磷最为敏感,其种子中的Ｐ／Ｚｎ比为６３：１。从分析结果发现小麦种子中的Ｐ／Ｚｎ比有两种类型,即１２８：１和６６：１。Ｐ／     

Genotypic differences in Zn efficiency of Medicago species

Nineteen annual Medicago genotypes from eight species were grown in Mt. Compass sand at three levels of soil Zn application (0, 0.1 and 0.9 mg Zn kg^-1) to achieve Zn status from deficiency to adequacy. Genotypes differed in growth response: under Zn deficiency, those classified as Zn-efficient had less reduction in shoot growth, a higher root mass, greater concentration of Zn in the shoot and total Zn content per plant, and a stable shoot/root ratio compared with Zn-inefficient genotypes. While seed Zn content did not influence the Zn-efficiency ranking, it did affect yield, and so it plays an important role in yield response and Zn accumulation as Zn supply decreases. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Zinc Deficiency and Drought on Grain Yield of Field-grown Wheat Cultivars in Central Anatolia

Drought stress and zinc (Zn) deficiency are serious abiotic stress factors limiting crop production in Turkey, especially in Central Anatolia. In this study, the effects of Zn deficiency and drought stress on grain yield of 20 wheat cultivars (16 bread wheat, Triticum aestivum; four durum wheat, Triticum durum cultivars) were investigated over 2 years under rainfed and irrigated conditions in Central Anatolia where drought and Zn deficiency cause substantial yield reductions. Plants were treated with (+Zn: 23 kg Zn ha⁻¹, as ZnSO₄·7H₂O) and without (−Zn) Zn under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Both Zn deficiency and rainfed treatments resulted in substantial decreases in grain yield. Significant differences were determined between both bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars in terms of drought stress tolerance. Considering drought sensitivity indices over 2 years, the bread wheat cultivars Yayla‐305, Gerek‐79, Dagdas‐94 and Bolal‐2973 were found to be more drought‐tolerant than the other cultivars under both −Zn and +Zn treatments. Especially the durum wheat cultivars Cakmak 79 and Selcuklu 97 showed much greater drought susceptibility under Zn deficiency, and irrigation alone was not sufficient to obtain satisfying grain yield without Zn application. The results indicate that sensitivity to Zn deficiency stress became more pronounced when plants were drought‐stressed. The effect of irrigation on grain yield was maximized when Zn was adequately supplied, leading to the suggestion that efficient water use in Central Anatolia seems to be highly dependent on the Zn nutritional status of plants.     

小麦不同生育期磷-锌关系研究

采用田间试验方法,在土壤中施用不同水平组合的磷、锌肥,在小麦的不同生育时期(苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期以及成熟期)分器官对磷-锌营养关系进行了研究.结果表明,施磷降低了小麦地上部各器官锌含量,且水平越高效果愈明显,在作用时间上主要表现在生长前期(苗期、拔节期和抽穗期);小麦苗期、拔节期和成熟期地上部各器官磷含量在施锌...     

Morphological and physiological differences in the response of cereals to zinc deficiency

Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments were carried out using seven bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), three durum wheat (T. durum), two rye (Secale cereale), three barley (Hordeum vulgare), two triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) and one oat (Avena sativa) cultivars to study response to zinc (Zn) deficiency and Zn fertilisation in nutrient solution and in a severely Zn deficient calcareous soil. Visual Zn deficiency symptoms, such as whitish-brown necrotic patches on leaf blades, developed rapidly and severely in the durum wheat and oat cultivars. Bread wheat showed great genotypic differences in sensitivity to Zn deficiency. In triticale and rye, visual deficiency symptoms were either absent or appeared only slightly, while barley showed a moderate sensitivity. When grown in soil, average decreases in shoot dry matter production due to Zn deficiency were 15% for rye, 25% for triticale, 34% for barley, 42% for bread wheat, 63% for oat and 65% for durum wheat. Differential Zn efficiency among and within cereal species was better related to the total amount of Zn per shoot, but not to the Zn concentration in the shoot dry matter. However, in leaves of Zn efficient rye and bread wheat cultivars, the activity of Zn-containing superoxide dismutase was greater than in Zn inefficient bread and durum wheat cultivars, suggesting higher amounts of physiologically active Zn in leaf tissue of efficient genotypes. When grown in nutrient solution, there was a poor relationship between Zn efficiency and release rate of Zn-chelating phytosiderophores from roots, but uptake of labelled Zn (⁶⁵Zn) and its translocation to the shoot was higher in the Zn efficient rye and bread wheat cultivars than in inefficient bread and durum wheat cultivars. The results demonstrate that susceptibility of cereals to Zn deficiency decline in the order durum wheat > oat > bread wheat > barley > triticale > rye. The results also show that expression of high Zn efficiency in cereals was causally related to enhanced capability of genotypes to take up Zn from soils and use it efficiently in tissues. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

锌胁迫对三种柑橘砧木的生理特性和锌分配的影响

为了探究锌胁迫对柑橘砧木生长的影响,本文采用溶液培养的方法,测定了不同锌浓度如0 mg?L-1(锌缺乏)、0.005 mg?L-1(锌低量)、0.05 mg?L-1(锌适量)、0.5mg?L-1(锌过量)条件下枳壳、酸橙与红橘的相关生理指标及不同部位锌含量变化。结果表明：1）锌胁迫显著抑制了枳壳及酸橙的生长,而对红橘生长的影响较小。2）与锌适量处理相比,锌缺乏和锌低量处理时枳壳、酸橙根系POD活性均明显降低,各锌处理间红橘根系CAT活性无显著性差异;锌胁迫下三者叶片与根系脯氨酸含量均显著高于适量锌处理,不同锌处理下枳壳叶片MDA及其根系脯氨酸含量均相对低于酸橙与红橘。3）随着锌处理浓度的升高,三者根、茎、叶的锌含量均趋上升,且根系锌含量显著较高。锌过量处理下三者的叶/根、叶/茎、茎/根比均显著低于其他锌处理。可见,三种柑橘砧木对锌胁迫的反应存在明显的差异。     

大豆苗期耐低磷性及其QTL定位

利用来自波高和南农94-156（耐低磷种质）的重组自交系群体NJ(SP)BN（151个家系）通过盆栽试验研究与耐低磷有关的性状,并进行耐低磷性状的QTL定位。初步结果表明,不施磷处理的总干重主要由单株P吸收量决定,而与磷利用效率无关;而单株P吸收量与根干重、根效率均极显著正相关,单株P吸收量变异的76.2%由根效率决定。不施磷处理的根冠比（R/S）显著增加主要是茎干重无显著变化而根干重显著增加所致。在D1b+W、F、G、N和O等5个连锁群上共检测到7个QTL与耐低磷有关。分别可解释所对应性状表型变异的4.8%~17.0%,其中5个QTL的增效基因来自亲本波高,2个QTL的增效基因来自亲本南农94-156。