用DNA斑点杂交法检测对虾及其饵料和环境生物携带白斑综合症病毒状况的调查

于1996-1998年采用DNA斑点杂交法,完成了共计836份养殖对虾,213份对虾饵料和环境生物样品的检测。结果显示,对虾在每年的4-10月都可检测出白斑综合症病毒（WSSV）,6月出现最高峰,阳性检出率达到42.6%;其次,为7月和5月,分别达31.6%和24.5%。在对虾不同生长阶段（包括亲虾、各期幼体、仔虾、幼虾及成虾）均可检出WSSV,其中以仔虾的带毒率最高,达36.4%,其次为糠虾幼体,达34.6%。体长范围1.1-2.0cm的仔虾阳性率最高,其次体长为5.1-6.0cm的幼虾样品。检测的中国对虾样品（625份）带毒率为16.8%,日本对虾样品（211份）带毒率为45.0%。对虾主要饵料及环境生物类群包括鱼类、虾类、蟹类、桡足类、端足类、沙蚕、卤虫均可检出WSSV,其中小型虾类、端足类、桡足类、蟹类样品的WSSV检出率均高于20%。     

白斑综合征病毒感染克氏原螯虾后的PCR检测及组织病理学研究

采用投喂感染白斑综合征病毒(White Spot Syndrome Virus,WSSV)对虾肌肉的方式,对养殖克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)进行人工感染,以确定WSSV对养殖克氏原螯虾的易感性。结果发现,投喂病虾感染组螯虾的死亡率达到90%,而对照组未出现死亡。采用PCR对试验组螯虾的肌肉进行WSSV检测,发现投喂感染组的阳性检出率为100%,对照组的阳性检出率均为0。PCR检测结果发现,濒死螯虾的肝胰腺、中肠、肌肉、鳃、性腺、心脏六种组织的PCR结果均为WSSV阳性,而对照组的各组织检测结果均为阴性。组织切片的光镜观察也证实,濒死螯虾的肝胰腺、中肠、肌肉、鳃、性腺、心脏及血淋巴等组织均发生了不同程度的病变。     

2022年宁波市南美白对虾主要病原流行病学调查

为了解虾肝肠胞虫(EHP)、十足目虹彩病毒1(DIV1)、白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)和致急性肝胰腺坏死病副溶血弧菌(Vp_AHPND)在宁波地区养殖南美白对虾中的致病途径和流行规律,采用PCR方法检测了该地区不同养殖模式下南美白对虾及其周边环境和生物中这4种病原的感染情况。结果显示：南美白对虾样本中,WSSV在整个养殖过程中未检出,Vp_AHPND阳性率最高,为14.6%,其次是EHP和DIV1,阳性率分别为10.2%和2.9%;土塘养殖模式下对虾病原检出率最高,为61.3%,其次为小棚模式和帆布池模式,病原检出率分别为26.3%和22.2%,大棚养殖的南美白对虾中未检出病原;水样中检出WSSV、EHP、Vp_AHPND、DIV1阳性批次数分别为1、14、8、6;底泥样品中未检出病原;周边环境生物中,仅1个批次的脊尾白虾检出EHP阳性。结果表明：4种病原在夏季有较强的流行趋势,需要针对性地加强防控;大棚养殖模式的抗风险能力要高于其他养殖模式,在该模式下水质相对稳定,受外界因素影响较小;病原在底泥和周边环境生物中检出率较低,而在...     

聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测养殖对虾的白斑症病毒（WSSV）感染

对虾WSSV病是亚洲对虾养殖业中的一个棘手问题。本研究采用Kimura引物 ,用PCR技术对不同生长期的中国对虾 (Penaeuschinensis)进行了WSSV的检测 ,同时也检测了对虾发病时养殖池中多见的野生厚蟹 (Helicesp .)和矛尾刺虎鱼 (Acanthogobiushasta)。检测结果表明 :分别在检测的 5尾亲虾中的 1尾 ,6尾仔虾中的 1尾 ,5尾稚虾中的 3尾及所检测的 5尾病虾和 2只厚蟹中获得到 982bp的PCR扩增产物 ,说明为WSSV感染阳性。在检测的 2尾矛尾刺虎鱼中均未获得PCR扩增产物 ,说明为WSSV感染阴性。在亲虾、虾苗以及虾池内的野生厚蟹中检测到WSSV感染的阳性结果表明 :WSSV感染的亲虾有可能是病毒的储主 ,WSSV感染的野生厚蟹有可能是病毒中间宿主或病毒的携带者 ,它们在对虾WSSV病的感染、传播中起了重要的作用     

粤西地区凡纳滨对虾虾肝肠胞虫、传染性皮下和造血组织坏死病毒感染情况的初步调查

针对近年来粤西地区养殖户普遍反映凡纳滨对虾长不大的情况,本实验室运用对虾EHP和IHHNV的荧光定量PCR检测方法,对该两种病原进行了流行性调查。结果显示,在87份样品中,EHP的检出率为41.38%,IHHNV的检出率为12.18%。在检测样品中,两份不同海域的海水样品有检测到EHP和IHNNV,而经处理过的养殖用水和育苗用水中未检测出上述病原;成虾的EHP检出率最高达93.75%,种虾的IHHNV检出率最高为38.10%。在本地选育的种虾和进口种虾中,均有检出EHP,检出率分别为80.00%和33.33%,进口种虾中未检测出IHHNV。在不同养殖场样品的检测结果中,EHP载量指数最高的对虾平均日增长体重最小,即载量指数为10的对虾样品日增长量为0.039 g;而EHP载量指数最低的日增量大,即载量指数为2的日增长量为0.90 g。对B养殖场不同养殖时长的对虾进行检测,结果发现3份样品的EHP载量指数分别为6、7和7;B养殖场20号池不同规格的对虾EHP载量指数均为4。     

湖北省潜江地区克氏原螯虾(procambarus clarkii)白斑综合征(White Spot Syndrome)PCR诊断及组织病理学观察

近年来在湖北省范围内人工养殖的克氏原螯虾暴发了严重的疾病,其中白斑综合征病毒（WSSV）已成为危害克氏原螯虾健康养殖的重要病原。2016年5月湖北省潜江市养殖区暴发了一种传染性疾病,为探究此次疾病病因和流行规律,将染病虾进行临床症状观察、对病料进行PCR检测、系统发育树分析、人工感染和组织病理学观察。结果显示,发病克氏原螯虾临床症状主要表现为摄食减少,活力下降,反应迟钝;组织病理学观察结果显示,克氏原螯虾的肝胰腺、肠、肌肉、鳃组织均出现不同程度变性和坏死以及炎性细胞浸润等典型病理学变化,与WSSV感染克氏原螯虾出现的病变相似;PCR检测患病克氏原螯虾样品,结果显示WSSV呈阳性,阳性检出率为55.56%（15/27）,未检测到斑节对虾杆状病毒（MBV）和传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒（IHHNV）;检测产物测序并进行系统发育树分析,结果显示,该基因序列与WSSV的EG3株（KR083866.1）核苷酸序列同源性为100%。将病虾的肝胰腺、肠和肌肉组织投喂健康克氏原螯虾,投喂组均表现为急性死亡（累积死亡率为100%）,并出现与自然发病虾相同的症状。WSSV的巢式PCR检测结果显示,人工感染病虾为WSSV阳性。根据以上显示,本次养殖克氏原螯虾大规模死亡的病原是WSSV。     

湖北省潜江地区克氏原螯虾白斑综合征PCR诊断及组织病理学观察

近年来在湖北省范围内人工养殖的克氏原螯虾暴发了严重的疾病,其中白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)已成为危害克氏原螯虾健康养殖的重要病原。2016年5月湖北省潜江市养殖区暴发了一种传染性疾病,为探究此次疾病病因和流行规律,将染病虾进行临床症状观察、对病料进行PCR检测、系统发育树分析、人工感染和组织病理学观察。结果显示,发病克氏原螯虾临床症状主要表现为摄食减少,活力下降,反应迟钝;组织病理学观察结果显示,克氏原螯虾的肝胰腺、肠、肌肉、鳃组织均出现不同程度变性和坏死以及炎性细胞浸润等典型病理学变化,与WSSV感染克氏原螯虾出现的病变相似;PCR检测患病克氏原螯虾样品,结果显示WSSV呈阳性,阳性检出率为55.56%(15/27),未检测到斑节对虾杆状病毒(MBV)和传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV);检测产物测序并进行系统发育树分析,结果显示,该基因序列与WSSV的EG3株(KR083866.1)核苷酸序列同源性为100%。将病虾的肝胰腺、肠和肌肉组织投喂健康克氏原螯虾,投喂组均表现为急性死亡(累积死亡率为100%),并出现与自然发病虾相同的症状。WSSV的巢式PCR检测结果显示,人工感染病虾为WSSV阳性。根据以上显示,本次养殖克氏原螯虾大规模死亡的病原是WSSV。     

基质加标法在水产动物不同价态无机砷定量分析中的应用

通过对流动相种类、浓度、p H和泵速等参数进行优化,确立了分析水产动物中不同价态无机砷的基质加标-液相色谱-原子荧光光谱联用测定方法,并应用该法测定了鱼类、虾类、贝类和蟹类等样品中的砷(Ⅲ)和砷(Ⅴ)含量。结果表明,在以p H 5.5、25 mmol·L-1磷酸氢二铵溶液为流动相,泵速为60 r·min-1的检测条件下,砷(Ⅲ)和砷(Ⅴ)的回收率在94.2%~101%之间;鱼、虾、蟹类中的砷(Ⅲ)和砷(Ⅴ)检出率较低,而贝类样品的检出率较高,且不同贝类样品的砷(Ⅲ)和砷(Ⅴ)含量差异较大。通过与外标法在标准曲线、精密度和回收率等方面的比较发现,该法能够较大限度的消除基质效应的影响,校正前处理过程中的误差,对砷(Ⅲ)和砷(Ⅴ)进行准确定量。     

南美白对虾白斑综合症病毒检测及其分析

用PCR方法对南美白对虾虾苗及养成期各阶段共613份样品进行了WSSV的检测，结果表明：在养殖各阶段南美白对虾均有WSSV的感染，虾苗的WSSV平均阳性比例为33．33％；养成期对虾的WSSV平均阳性比例为54．16％；水温27℃左右是南美白对虾最易感染WSSV的温度；海水养殖池对虾WSSV阳性比例远高于淡水池。     

2003年天津及周边地区南美白对虾病毒性疾病的检测

采用随机取样临床观察和实验室PCR检验技术相结合的方法检测天津及周边地区养殖的南美白对虾类白斑杆状病毒WSBV(或WSSV)[1]和桃拉病毒TSV的感染情况。检测WSBV215例,检出率为31 2%,4月份幼体、仔虾阶段,检出率最高为80 95%,其次为7月份仔虾和成虾养殖期,检出率为58 33%。检测TSV67例,检出率为0%。目前天津地区南美白对虾养殖中流行的主要病毒病为由WSBV感染引发的白斑综合症。因此,加强苗种检疫,切断病毒传播途径是非常必要的。     

白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)在拟穴青蟹体内增殖的研究

拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)因肉质鲜美、生长快速而成为我国主要的海水养殖经济蟹类,但是随着养殖规模的不断扩大,病害问题也越发严重。本研究通过流行病学调查和定量PCR跟踪检测的方法,研究了拟穴青蟹对白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)的易感性和WSSV在拟穴青蟹体内的增殖情况。结果表明,拟穴青蟹是WSSV的自然宿主,自然携带率为8.47%。WSSV可通过口服途径感染拟穴青蟹,并在拟穴青蟹体内快速增殖,注射感染5 d后,病毒量达到感染1d时的1.1×109倍,当病毒累积到一定量后即可致死拟穴青蟹。研究表明,拟穴青蟹是WSSV的天然宿主,在虾蟹混养过程中可以通过摄食WSSV感染虾而带毒或发病,并因此成为WSSV传播媒介,从而对虾蟹混养条件下WSSV的防治效果产生重要影响。     

Studies on pathogenicity and prevalence of white spot syndrome virus in mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forskal), in Zhejiang Province, China

Mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forskal), is the most commercially important marine crab species in China. In recent years, serious diseases have occurred in major mud crab culture regions in SE China. PCR detection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in diseased mud crabs collected from Zhejiang Province during 2006–2008 showed a prevalence of 34.82%. To study the pathogenicity of WSSV to mud crab, healthy mud crabs were injected intramuscularly with serial 10‐fold dilutions of a WSSV inoculum. The cumulative mortalities in groups challenged with 10^?1, 10^?2, 10^?3 and 10^?4 dilutions were 100%, 100%, 66.7% and 38.9% at 10 days post‐injection, respectively. All moribund and dead mud crabs except the control group were positive for WSSV by PCR. Based on the viral load of the WSSV inoculum by quantitative real‐time PCR, the median lethal dose (LD50) of WSSV in S. serrata was calculated as 1.10 × 10⁶ virus copies/crab, or 7.34 × 10³ virus copies g^?1 crab weight. The phenoloxidase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in haemolymph of WSSV‐infected moribund crabs, were significantly lower than the control group, whereas alkaline phosphatase, glutamate‐pyruvate transaminase and glutamic‐oxaloacetic transaminase were higher than in the control group. WSSV was mainly distributed in gills, subcuticular epithelia, heart, intestine and stomach as shown by immunohistochemical analysis with Mabs against WSSV. The epithelial cells of infected gill showed hypertrophied nuclei with basophilic inclusions. Numerous bacilliform virus particles were observed in nuclei of infected gill cells by transmission electron microscopy. It is concluded that WSSV is a major pathogen of mud crab with high pathogenicity.     

基于GFM和GAMM模型分析对虾白斑综合征(WSSV)对黄海和东海北部水域虾类生物量的影响

虾类是海洋生态系统功能群的重要组成部分,其生物量变化受到多重因素的影响。本研究在开展黄海和东海北部水域虾类白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus, WSSV)流行病学调查的基础上,利用梯度随机森林模型(gradient random forest model, GFM)和广义加性混合模型(generalized additive mixed models, GAMM),分析了2016—2018年间黄海和东海北部水域WSSV流行对虾类生物量的影响。分子检测结果显示,调查所获取的26种虾类中,11种被检测为WSSV阳性;2016、2017和2018年WSSV阳性采样站点的比率分别为48.40%、38.75%和21.74%,虾类样品中WSSV阳性检出比率分别为16.86%、9.60%和4.80%。GFM模型分析显示,解释变量“阳性样品数的对数(ln_posi)”对响应变量“虾类生物量的对数(ln_Abu)”的重要性最高。GAMM分析中,根据赤池信息准则(Akaike information criterion, AIC)最小原则筛选出的最优模型为：ln_Abu~WSSV阳性率(P_rate)+ln_posi+经度(Long),该模型中ln_posi和P_rate是影响虾类生物量的极显著相关因子,ln_Abu随着P_rate的升高而降低。研究表明,WSSV在黄海和东海北部水域虾类中流行,推测对该海域的虾类生物量存在影响。     

High efficacy of white spot syndrome virus replication in tissues of freshwater rice‐field crab,Paratelphusa hydrodomous (Herbst)

An attempt was made to determine the replication efficiency of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) of shrimp in different organs of freshwater rice‐field crab, Paratelphusa hydrodomous (Herbst), using bioassay, PCR, RT‐PCR, ELISA, Western blot and real‐time PCR analyses, and also to use this crab instead of penaeid shrimp for the large‐scale production of WSSV. This crab was found to be highly susceptible to WSSV by intramuscular injection. PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed the systemic WSSV infection in freshwater crab. The RT‐PCR analysis revealed the expression of VP28 gene in different organs of infected crab. The indirect ELISA was used to quantify the VP28 protein in different organs of crab. It was found that there was a high concentration of VP28 protein in gill tissue, muscle, haemolymph and heart tissue. The copy number of WSSV in different organs of infected crab was quantified by real‐time PCR, and the results revealed a steady increase in copy number in different organs of infected crab during the course of infection. The viral inoculum prepared from different organs of infected crab caused significant mortality in tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). The results revealed that this crab can be used as an alternate host for WSSV replication and production.     

Detection of the white spot syndrome virus in zooplankton samples collected off the coast of Sonora,Mexico

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in zooplankton organisms collected from an important shrimp‐culture area of the Gulf of California. Environmental water parameters (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH) were monitored, and zooplankton was collected. Samples were sectioned according to taxonomic groups (from Phylum to Family) for the detection of WSSV via PCR. A total of 52 zooplankton taxa were identified, of which crustaceans were the most abundant (82%). From the 228 WSSV diagnoses performed, 35% were positive. Moreover, from 32 taxa recorded at least one positive result was observed during the study, and only 13 were negative in all tests. The highest prevalence was observed in three taxa of copepods, brachyurous and bivalves. However, considering prevalence and frequency of occurrence, it was determined that up to 12 taxa could be considered as high‐risk vectors. Finally, a significant correlation was found between the number of diagnoses per station with biovolume (rs = 0.817) and taxa richness (rs = 0.995). The results suggest that zooplankton diversity and abundance are associated with virus dispersion; moreover, these results demonstrated that the dispersion capacity of the virus through different taxa has been probably underestimated in recent years.     

Experimental host range and histopathology of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in shrimp, prawns, crabs and lobsters from India

Experimental studies were conducted by injecting or feeding white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) derived from infected shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), collected from the south-east coast of India, to five species of shrimp, two species of freshwater prawns, four species of crabs and three species of lobsters. All species examined were susceptible to the virus. Experimental infections in the shrimp had the same clinical symptoms and histopathological characteristics as in naturally infected P. monodon . A cumulative mortality of 100% was observed within 5–7 days in shrimp injected with WSSV and 7–9 days in shrimp fed with infected tissue. Two species of mud crab, Scylla sp., survived the infection for 30 days without any clinical symptoms. All three species of lobsters, Panulirus sp., and the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man), survived the infection for 70 days without clinical symptoms. However, bioassay and histology using healthy P. monodon revealed that crabs, prawns and lobsters may act as asymptomatic carriers/reservoir hosts of WSSV. This is the first report to suggest the carrier/reservoir capacity of these hosts through histological and bioassay evidences. Ultrastructural details of the virus in experimentally infected shrimp, P. vannamei , (Boone), were also studied.     

A synthetic antibacterial peptide from Mytilus galloprovincialis reduces mortality due to white spot syndrome virus in palaemonid shrimp

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) isolated from Penaeus monodon was found to be highly infective for the western Mediterranean shrimp, Palaemon sp. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), it was demonstrated that such shrimp are not naturally carriers of WSSV. Following challenge with virus, mortality reached 100% 3.5-4 days after injection at 22 degrees C. Incubation of infected shrimp at 10 degrees C totally suppressed the mortality which rapidly developed when shrimp were returned to 18 or 22 degrees C. Preincubation of WSSV with mature synthetic mytilin significantly reduced shrimp mortality with a 50% efficient dose of about 5 microM. Survival of shrimp was not due to the development of an active mechanism of defence as re-injection of WSSV produced the same mortality pattern. Mortality was probably due to WSSV replication as dot blot failed to detect viral DNA in the injection sample but was positive 1 day post-injection. Protection by mytilin was by interaction at the virus level, preventing replication as no WSSV nucleic acid was detected by PCR even after 7 days in shrimp injected with WSSV preincubated with 10 or 50 microM mytilin.     

江苏地区对虾3种病毒病的流行病学调查及5株IHHNV的编码区基因序列分析

对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)、桃拉综合征病毒(TSV)、传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)是威胁对虾养殖的重要病毒。为了调查这3种病在江苏境内的流行情况,根据世界动物卫生组织(OIE)推荐的《水生动物疾病诊断手册》的PCR检测法对2015年5月—2016年5月采集的1436尾对虾样品进行3种疾病的流行病学调查。结果显示WSSV阳性率为17.20%,TSV阳性率为0%,IHHNV阳性率为39.48%。对江苏不同地区分离出的5株IHHNV进行基因序列分析,数据显示这5个地区的毒株均属于Ⅰ型感染株,与韩国株的进化关系较为接近。本研究通过调查以上3种病毒病在江苏境内的流行情况,并进行序列分析,发现江苏不同地区的凡纳滨对虾IHHNV感染均为Ⅰ型,研究结果对养殖虾的疾病防控有重要参考价值。     

Assessment of transmission risk in WSSV-infected shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei upon cooking

White spot syndrome virus has been a threat to the global shrimp industry since it was discovered in Taiwan in 1992. Thus, shrimp-producing countries have launched regulations to prevent import of WSSV-infected commodity shrimp from endemic areas. Recently, cooked shrimp that is infected with WSSV tested positive by PCR. However, there is no study to determine the infectivity of WSSV in cooked shrimp that tested positive by PCR. In the present study, WSSV-infected shrimp were cooked at boiling temperature for different times including 0, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 30 min. Upon exposure to boiling temperature, WSSV-infected shrimp were fed to SPF shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The result showed experimentally challenged shrimp from 0-min treatment (positive control) indeed got infected with WSSV. However, experimentally challenged shrimp that were fed tissues boiled at 1, 3, 5, 10 and 30 min were not infected with WSSV. Mortality data showed that only the positive control (0-min) treatment displayed high mortality, whereas no mortality was observed in any other treatment category. These findings suggest that cooking shrimp at boiling temperature for at least 1 min might prevent any potential spread of WSSV from endemic countries to other geographical areas where WSSV has not yet been reported.