氮肥运筹对稻茬小麦干物质、氮素转运及氮素平衡的影响

为给稻茬小麦高产、优质栽培中合理施氮提供依据,以低蛋白小麦品种宁麦9号和高蛋白小麦品种豫麦34号为材料,设置不同施氮水平(0、150、225和300 kg·hm-2)及基追比(基肥∶追肥为1∶9、3∶7、5∶5和7∶3),研究氮肥运筹对小麦植株C-N积累与转运规律、产量、蛋白质含量及氮素利用的影响。结果表明,适当增加施氮量及追肥比例可同步提高两小麦品种籽粒产量和蛋白质含量。随施氮量和追肥比例的增加,两品种干物质转运量均呈先增后降的趋势,而干物质转运效率及其对籽粒产量的贡献率则显著降低。营养器官氮素转运量随施氮量增加而增加,随追肥比例增加先增后降;氮素转运率及其对籽粒氮素贡献率则随施氮量和追肥比例增加而下降。相关分析表明,提高花后干物质积累是提高小麦产量的重要途径,而促进花前营养器官贮存氮素向籽粒的转运是提高小麦蛋白质含量的重要措施。增加施氮量和基肥比例显著增加了两品种氮素的表观损失量并降低了氮素利用效率。本试验条件下,增施氮肥至225 kg·hm-2,追肥比例宁麦9号≤50%、豫麦34号为50%～70%可同步提高两品种籽粒产量、品质和氮素利用效率,降低氮素损失。     

氮素形态对豫麦34地上器官游离氨基酸和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

为给小麦优质生产中合理施用氮肥提供理论依据,以小麦品种豫麦34为材料,采用盆栽方法研究了三种氮素形态对豫麦34地上器官游离氨基酸和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,小麦叶片、茎、鞘和籽粒中游离氨基酸含量均以开花期最高;穗轴和颖壳中游离氨基酸含量以花后10 d最大;各叶位游离氨基酸含量高低表现为旗叶>倒二叶>倒三叶>倒四叶。三种氮素形态处理比较,各器官中（开花期倒三叶、倒四叶、穗轴和颖壳除外）游离氨基酸含量于花后30 d前均以酰胺态氮处理最大,铵态氮和硝态氮处理下互有高低,花后30 d以酰胺态氮处理最低;硝态氮处理下籽粒球蛋白含量最高,铵态氮处理下醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量最高,酰胺态氮处理下清蛋白含量、麦谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值、蛋白质含量最高,氮素形态间差异显著。说明施用酰胺态氮肥能够提高籽粒灌浆前、中期地上各器官中游离氨基酸含量,促进灌浆后期游离氨基酸向籽粒中的转运,提高籽粒蛋白质含量,因此,酰胺态氮肥是豫麦34品质栽培中首选的氮源。     

追氮时期对强筋小麦产量、品质及其相关生理指标的影响

为研究追氮时期对强筋小麦产量、品质及相关生理指标的影响,以强筋小麦济麦20为材料在大田进行不同追氮时期的试验.结果表明,在总施纯氮量270 kg/ha、基追比为5:5的条件下,不同时期追施氮肥对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量、籽粒产量以及旗叶的生理指标有一定的调节作用.后期追施氮肥有利于抑制旗叶叶绿素的降解,提高旗叶硝酸还原酶的活性,延长旗叶的功能期,且以开花期追氮最为显著.旗叶展开21～28d时,叶片的叶绿素含量和硝酸还原酶活性分别与粒重和籽粒蛋白含量具有显著的相关性.籽粒总蛋白质含量随着追氮时期的后移而增加,并于开花期达到最大值.籽粒蛋白组分的含量有随追氮时期的后移而增加的趋势,最大值集中出现在春5叶～开花这一时期.开花期追施氮肥有利于籽粒产量和籽粒蛋白质产量的协同提高.为实现高产和优质的统一,强筋小麦在开花期追施氮肥较为合适.     

施氮模式对冬小麦花后氮素同化转运及品质性状的影响

为给小麦高产优质栽培中氮肥的合理应用提供参考,以宁麦14号和宁麦9号为材料,在全生育期总施氮量均为225kg.hm-2条件下,设置基肥∶苗肥∶拔节肥为7∶1∶2和5∶2∶3两种施氮模式,研究了小麦花后氮素同化转运及籽粒品质性状的特点。结果表明,不同施氮模式下,小麦花后氮素的同化转运趋势基本一致,花后15d的茎鞘和叶片氮含量最高,随后迅速向籽粒转运,叶片是氮同化转运最主要的器官。与7∶1∶2施氮模式相比,5∶2∶3的施氮模式提高了花后茎鞘、叶片和籽粒的氮含量,以及旗叶硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,但施氮模式间籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、淀粉糊化参数、面筋强度和饼干加工品质差异不显著。与宁麦9号相比,宁麦14号有较高的氮同化转运能力,其花后各时期的茎鞘、叶片和籽粒的氮含量,以及旗叶NR活性均高于宁麦9号。宁麦14号的淀粉糊化参数和面筋强度显著高于宁麦9号,但饼干直径显著低于宁麦9号。说明在本研究条件下,小麦淀粉品质、面筋强度和饼干加工品质均显著受品种影响,而施氮模式及其与品种的互作对产量和品质性状均无显著影响。     

稻田套播和施氮对弱筋小麦产量和品质的调节效应

为研究稻田套播及不同施氮量对小麦产量和品质的效应,采用稻田套播与传统条播两种栽培方式比较的方法,研究稻田套播和氮肥对优质弱筋小麦宁麦9号籽粒产量和品质的调节效应.结果表明,与传统条播方式相比,在相同的氮肥运筹下稻田套播弱筋小麦除籽粒总淀粉及其组分含量高于条播处理外,籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、磨粉品质、面粉品质以及淀粉糊化特性的主要指标均低于传统条播,且差异显著.在江淮地区采用稻田套播方式较利于弱筋小麦优质的形成.增加施氮量则宁麦9号的产量、蛋白质含量、面粉品质和磨粉品质的主要指标提高,但不利于弱筋专用品质的优化.稻田套播弱筋小麦宁麦9号在总施氮(纯氮)量为225 kg/ha、基蘖肥与拔节追肥比例为5:5:0的条件下可实现高产与优质相协调.     

施氮量对稻茬小麦秸秆干物质和养分垂直分布的影响

为给秸秆资源合理开发利用提供依据,以弱筋小麦品种宁麦9号和强筋小麦品种豫麦34为材料,研究了不同施氮水平(0、75、150、225、300kg·hm-2)下成熟期小麦植株干物质、氮、磷和钾的积累垂直分布特点。结果表明,小麦籽粒产量随施氮量增加呈先增后降的趋势,以施氮225kg·hm-2处理的产量最高。小麦冠层干物质和养分存在明显的垂直梯度,增加施氮量显著提高了冠层各层次干物质、氮、磷和钾素的积累量。随冠层层次的降低,叶片干物质积累量先降后增,氮、磷积累量降低,钾积累量升高。茎鞘干物质和钾素积累量则随冠层层次的降低而升高,氮、磷积累量先增后降,以倒2、倒3层较高。各叶层、茎鞘层干物质、氮、磷、钾积累量与籽粒产量均呈极显著正相关关系。在施氮225kg·hm-2处理下,小麦秸秆全量还田对土壤氮、磷、钾养分的贡献分别为3.7、2.8、9.9kg·hm-2;留茬15cm时,残茬干物质、氮、磷、钾还田量占整株秸秆量的比例分别为40%、50%和40%左右。     

不同施氮方式对强筋小麦群体及产量和品质的影响

以优质专用强筋小麦品种豫麦34为材料,在豫南地区生态条件下研究了不同氮肥基追比例及追氮时期对小麦群体及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在总施纯氮量为165kg／hm^2的条件下,与氮肥全部基施相比,基追比6：4与4：6的施肥方式有利于小麦分蘖成穗,增加有效穗数,促进基部节间缩短,从而降低株高和提高抗倒伏性能。另外,追肥比不追肥提高了产量,改善了籽粒和面粉品质。两个基追比相比,基追比4：6更有利于小麦群体动态的合理发展,以及产量的提高和品质的改善．尤其在拔节期追肥效果最佳,既可获得小麦籽粒最高产量,面粉品质也相对较高。     

氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦产量、品质及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为了探讨淮北地区晚播冬小麦合理高效的氮肥运筹模式,以济麦22为材料,研究了氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦产量、品质及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,拔节期追氮或孕穗期追氮减少了群体透光率,提高了灌浆期旗叶SPAD值和生育后期叶面积指数,改善了小麦旗叶PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ),降低了非光化学猝灭系数(qN）,有利于叶片吸收的光能较充分地用于光合作用。光化学效率的提高进而促进了小麦的干物质积累与成穗率。氮肥运筹对籽粒产量的影响达到显著水平,其中拔节期追氮且基追比6∶4的施肥方式显著提高了每公顷穗数和籽粒产量,其籽粒产量显著高于其他追氮处理,增幅达到5.5%~10.8%。此外,氮肥后移和增加基追比例可明显提高籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值和硬度。本试验条件下,总施氮量270 kg·hm^-2,拔节期追氮且基追比6∶4和孕穗期追肥且基追比4∶6的氮肥运筹模式是晚播冬小麦实现高产、优质的理想施肥方式。     

氮肥运筹对稻茬麦区弱筋小麦生理特性、品质及产量的调控效应

为探索有效改善弱筋小麦生理特性、品质和产量的氮肥运筹方式,于2016—2017年设置不同施氮量N0(0kg·hm^-2)、N1(120kg·hm^-2)、N2(180kg·hm^-2)、N3(240kg·hm^-2)和不同基追比(7∶3、6∶4、5∶5)试验,研究不同施氮量和基追比对小麦光合效应、产量及品质的影响。结果显示,相同施氮量下,基追比为6∶4时,小麦的叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、冠层叶绿素密度、光合速率均最高;相同基追比下,施氮量增加120kg·hm^-2(N1比N0、N3比N1)能显著提高小麦的叶绿素含量(灌浆中期基追比6∶4除外)、叶面积指数、冠层叶绿素密度和光合速率。施氮量为120kg·hm^-2和180kg·hm^-2时,3个基追比下小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值(N2下基追比5∶5的处理除外)和硬度指数均符合弱筋小麦国家标准;施氮量为240kg·hm^-2时,基追比5∶5处理的籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉淀值均不符合弱筋小麦国家标准,且各基追比间的品质指标差异不显著。总体上,施氮量相同时以基追比6∶4最利于高产,但施氮量为240kg·hm^-2时小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉淀值均不符合弱筋小麦国家标准,因此,施氮量180kg·hm^-2左右、基追比6∶4是安徽省稻茬麦区适宜的氮肥运筹方式。     

追氮时期和基追比例对强筋小麦产量和品质的调控效应

为给小麦高产优质栽培中氮肥合理运筹提供依据,以济麦20号为材料,在施氮量为240kg·hm-2下,研究追氮时期(起身、拔节、孕穗、开花)和基追比例(1∶1、3∶7和3∶17)对强筋冬小麦产量和品质的调控效应。结果表明,起身期和拔节期追氮处理间产量差异不显著,但二者显著高于孕穗期和开花期追氮处理。起身和拔节期增加追氮比例可提高产量,孕穗和开花期增加追氮比例则使产量降低。在起身和拔节期追氮时,籽粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和清、球蛋白含量随追氮比例增加均呈下降趋势;在孕穗和开花期追氮时,籽粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和清、球蛋白随追氮比例增加呈上升趋势。在各时期增加追氮比例均可提高谷蛋白、HMW-GS、LMW-GS含量和面团稳定时间。在一定的基追比条件下,拔节期追氮处理的谷蛋白、HMW-GS、LMW-GS含量和面团稳定时间均高于起身期追氮处理,追氮时期自拔节期后移至孕穗和开花期时谷蛋白、HMW-GS、LMW-GS含量和面团稳定时间均不同程度降低。本试验条件下,综合考虑产量和品质,强筋小麦济麦20号以基肥∶拔节肥比例为3∶17为最佳氮肥运筹方式。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.