苯甲酸与赤霉素对中国水仙切花保鲜效果的影响

本研究以中国水仙‘金盏银台’切花为材料,在基础瓶插液（1%蔗糖）中分别添加不同浓度苯甲酸与赤霉素,通过观测切花的瓶插寿命筛选适宜的保鲜剂配方;同时测定了这一过程中切花的鲜重变化,丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）、游离脯氨酸（proline, PRO）和可溶性蛋白质的含量,超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）和过氧化氢酶（catalase, CAT）活性,分析保鲜剂发挥作用的生理生化基础。结果表明,1%蔗糖溶液添加200 mg/L苯甲酸的复合瓶插液可延长中国水仙切花瓶插寿命1.6 d;瓶插期间MDA含量呈上升趋势;瓶插过程中SOD和CAT活性、可溶性蛋白含量等高于同期对照组。1%蔗糖溶液添加200 mg/L赤霉素可延长切花瓶插寿命2.5 d;瓶插过程中SOD和POD活性、可溶性蛋白含量等高于同期对照组;但PRO含量在第15天较对照下降了40%。综合来看,1%蔗糖溶液添加200 mg/L赤霉素对中国水仙切花的保鲜效果最好。     

1-MCP复合瓶插液对洋桔梗切花保鲜效果的研究

以洋桔梗[Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners]切花为试验材料,用1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)、蔗糖、柠檬酸(CA)、水杨酸(SA)和氯化钙(CaCl2)按五因素四水平的正交设计配制复合瓶插液,通过测定瓶插寿命、鲜重变化率、水分平衡值、相对电导率和POD活性,研究不同复合瓶插液的保鲜效果.结果表明:600 mg/L 1-MCP +400 mg/L CA+3％蔗糖+20 mg/L SA+100 mg/L CaCl2和800 mg/L1-MCP +100 mg/L CA+3％蔗糖+40 mg/L SA+200 mg/L CaCl2保鲜液处理,分别比对照明显延长瓶插寿命8.83和8.41 d,使切花鲜重、水分平衡值、相对电导率和POD活性变化比较缓慢,适于洋桔梗切花瓶插保鲜.     

两个鹤蕉切花品种的贮藏保鲜技术

在室内空气相对湿度为80%～85%、温度为18～28℃的条件下,研究'巧舞女'(Choconian Dancer)和'阳光'(Strawberries and Cream)2个鹤蕉(Heliconia psittacorum Linn.)品种的切花贮藏保鲜技术.结果表明:鹤蕉‘巧舞女'预处理以花枝在浓度为1 mmoI/L的STS中浸泡10min的效果最佳,贮藏寿命较对照的延长了6.5 d;瓶插处理以处理组合3 g,L蔗糖+400 mCL 8-HQ(8-Hydroxyquinoline)+2 mg/L 6-BA的保鲜效果最佳,瓶插寿命较对照的延长了7 d.鹤蕉‘阳光'预处理以1 mmol/L SiX3浸泡8 min的贮藏效果最佳,贮藏寿命比对照的延长了4.5 d;瓶插处理以处理组合2g/L,蔗糖+200mg/L 8-HQ+2mg/L 6-BA的保鲜效果最好,瓶插寿命较对照的延长了5 d.说明鹤蕉品种间的贮藏和瓶插寿命存在一定的差异.     

文心兰唇瓣花色表型及类黄酮色素组成

利用分光色差计测定了文心兰唇瓣的花色表型,采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术分析唇瓣中类黄酮色素的组成,探讨了花色表型与类黄酮含量之间的关系.结果表明:文心兰唇瓣花色主要集中在紫红色和黄色区域,唇瓣中总花青素苷和总黄酮含量与花色的明度L*和色相b*值呈显著负相关.此外,从文心兰唇瓣中共检测出5种花青素苷(为矢车菊素和芍药花素的糖苷)和23种黄酮和黄酮醇苷(苷元有木犀草素、槲皮素、山奈酚、异鼠李素和金圣草黄素5种),在黄色和橙色唇瓣中几乎检测不到类黄酮成分,可见类黄酮色素主要对除黄色和橙色外的文心兰花色有贡献.     

不同保鲜液对黄花美冠兰切花生理及瓶插寿命的影响

通过不同浓度的蔗糖(SUC)、硫代硫酸银(STS)和八羟基喹啉柠檬酸(8-HQC)组合对黄花美冠兰3个采切期(第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ采切期)花枝的处理,研究了黄花美冠兰切花瓶插过程中的生理变化及瓶插寿命长短。结果表明:试验中以配方为10g/L SUC+100mg/L 8-HQC+3mmol/L STS的保鲜液应用于第Ⅱ采切期的黄花美冠兰切花的效果最佳,期望瓶插寿命达6.4d。3个采切期的黄花美冠兰切花在衰老过程中,EC值均呈上升趋势,其中第Ⅱ采切期EC值上升较缓慢;可溶性蛋白含量在第Ⅰ采切期和第Ⅱ采切期先升高后降低,在第Ⅲ采切期呈整体下降趋势。     

成品保鲜剂对芍药切花保鲜效果的影响

[目的]研究不同成品保鲜剂及其组合对切花芍药瓶插保鲜效果的影响.[方法]选取进口芍药'珊瑚魅力'为试材,选择2种成品保鲜剂及其组合对切花芍药进行处理,调查瓶插期间切花芍药的瓶插寿命、花朵直径和花朵开放进程等指标.[结果]保鲜剂组合(可利鲜:花之寿=1:1)处理的效果最好,瓶插期比对照CK增加3 d.保鲜剂可利鲜对芍药切...     

文心兰响应软腐病菌胁迫的生理生化分析

通过细菌性软腐病菌液针刺接种文心兰‘小樱桃’假鳞茎,分别在0、8、16、24、32 h时取假鳞茎上第一片叶,测定其叶绿素荧光特性[最大光合效率F_v/F_m、实际光合效率Y(Ⅱ)、调节性能量耗散的量子产额Y(NPQ)、非调节性能量耗散的量子产额Y(NO)],超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）,过氧化物酶（POD）,过氧化氢酶（CAT）,多酚氧化酶（PPO）的酶活性,丙二醛（MDA）,木质素及可溶性糖含量的变化。结果表明,随着侵染时间的延长,F_v/F_m、Y(Ⅱ)、Y(NPQ)逐渐下降,Y(NO)逐渐升高,光合系统受损;PPO活性及木质素含量逐渐下降;SOD、POD活性逐渐升高;CAT活性与可溶性糖含量先上升后下降;MDA含量在0~24 h逐渐下降,24 h后趋于平缓。探明文心兰感染软腐病后其抗性机制,建立抗性鉴定的生理方法。     

采收期内不同采收时间人参内在成分变化的对比分析

以吉林省长白县5年生人参为研究对象,研究其在采收期内不同采收时间的质量与生理状况相关性,为人参采收提供理论基础。研究发现,参根总皂苷含量、内含物含量以及折干率变化均与人参最佳采收期均有一定的相关性。淀粉含量与人参总皂苷含量呈正相关,还原糖、可溶性糖则与人参总皂苷含量呈负相关;淀粉酶和蔗糖酶活性的变化,与还原糖、可溶性糖等含量变化同步。综合各因素的变化情况,确定吉林省长白县5年生人参最佳采收期为9月7日到9月20日。     

文心兰组培苗与野生兰科植物内生真菌共培养的生长效应研究

将从野生华石斛、铁皮石斛、美花石斛及五唇兰根系中分离出的28种有益内生真菌,接种于文心兰组培瓶苗上进行共生培养,测定共生培养4个月后瓶苗的生长效果,以及瓶苗移出盆栽3个月后的生长变化规律。结果表明:(1)在组培瓶苗上筛选出8株对文心兰具有促生作用的内生真菌,其中1株属华石斛内生真菌,1株属铁皮石斛,3株属美花石斛,3株属五唇兰;(2)接种了促生真菌的瓶苗移出盆栽后也同样表现出促生效果。表明兰科促生真菌不存在严格的专一性,但对兰科不同种类的促生效应存在一定的差异。     

龙船花切花瓶插保鲜液配方研究

通过测定龙船花瓶插寿命、鲜重、花瓣质膜透性和花瓣蛋白质含量,研究不同浓度配比的蔗糖、硫酸铝、漂白粉和抗坏血酸的保鲜液对龙船花切花瓶插寿命的影响。结果表明:75 mg/L硫酸铝+3%蔗糖+100 mg/L漂白粉+100 mg/L抗坏血酸为较理想的龙船花瓶插保鲜液,切花瓶插寿命比处理1延长5 d,其鲜重变化和蛋白质变化均比较缓慢,相对电导率上升也比较慢。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).