茶树油对香蕉果实的保鲜效果

研究茶树油（TTO）处理对香蕉果实采后病害控制和贮藏期果实品质的影响。结果表明：利用1.25 g/L TTO熏蒸处理能够有效控制香蕉果实的发病,推迟了果实果皮的褪绿变黄,延缓了果肉硬度和淀粉含量的下降,维持了较高的可溶性糖含量,有利于保持果实的外观和品质;同时随着果皮表面残留TTO的迅速挥发,果实保持了自身较好的风味。TTO作为一种天然的防腐剂,在果蔬采后防腐保鲜方面具有应用前景。     

香蕉炭疽病优势拮抗酵母菌的分离及筛选

采用稀释平板法和平板划线法从8个不同品种的香蕉果实上分离纯化酵母菌,并将其与香蕉炭疽病原菌进行平板对峙培养及离体防效试验,以筛选优势拮抗酵母菌.结果表明:从香蕉果实上共分离纯化酵母菌329株;平板对峙培养后获得3株拮抗香蕉炭疽病原菌作用明显的酵母菌;离体防效试验筛选出1株拮抗效果较好且稳定的优势拮抗酵母菌Z-BR-16,以无菌水为对照,接种7d后,其1.0×108 CFU/mL菌液对香蕉炭疽病的抑制率为75.94％.     

热处理后芒果、香蕉果皮PAL活性变化与炭疽病发生的关系

热处理后芒果、香蕉果实果皮苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ＰＡＬ）活性在贮藏期间的变化与炭疽病发生关系的研究结果表明,果实采后经热处理或接种炭疽病菌均可诱导芒果、香蕉果实果皮ＰＡＬ活性提高,处理后 ２ ｄ,果皮ＰＡＬ活性达到最大值。其后随着热效应的减弱,果实的后熟,酶活性逐渐下降,直至果实完熟时达最低值,然后随着炭疽病的出现,ＰＡＬ活性又有所上升。经热处理的果实,贮藏期间炭疽病发生速度较慢,发病率低,果皮ＰＡＬ活性处于最低值。      

香蕉五种栽培品种对炭疽病和轴腐病的感病性

3种Cavandish香蕉(3倍体芭蕉AAA)栽培品种Lacatan,Robusta和Valery果实自然伤口受香蕉炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum musae)和轴腐病菌感染后相互之间的感病性。青绿硬果实,在13℃温室下放置 2周,然后在20℃温度下用乙烯人工催熟,对潜伏的病害作出估计。在21℃温度下记录果实从成熟到产生斑点所需的天数。Robusta和Valery果实产生的轴腐病及成熟时产生的斑点比Lacatan严重。船运过程受伤,产生颈腐病和伤口炭疽病为任何潜在感病性的差异,这三个品种的表现相同。 四倍体香蕉(芭蕉AAAA)代号65—3405-1接种炭疽病菌,会对伤口炭疽病产生抗性;Lacatan接种后抗性中等,Valery和Gant Cavendish接种后抗性相同。     

银杏酸对6种蔬菜病原菌物的抑制作用

室内测定了银杏酸对5种蔬菜病原菌物菌丝生长的活性,结果表明:在70mg/mL浓度下,银杏酸对茄子立枯病菌、茄子白绢病菌24h的菌丝生长抑制率分别为65.2%、65.3%,对甘蓝黑斑病菌、白菜炭疽病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌48h的菌丝生长抑制率在63.6%～77.3%之间;加药后,稀薄菌丝沿培养基表面生长,气生菌丝少,有的菌丝变色;对黄瓜枯萎病菌、甘蓝黑斑病菌、苦瓜枯萎病菌、白菜炭疽病菌等孢子萌发抑制率均在86%以上,其中对黄瓜枯萎病菌的抑制率最好;显微观察说明:银杏酸处理后,菌丝细胞出现不规则膨大、凋亡、黄化、扭曲、液泡变多、节间缩短等异常现象;毒力测定显示:银杏酸对甘蓝黑斑病菌抑制作用较强,EC50为24.80mg/mL。     

正己醇对机械伤香蕉采后生理特性影响及磷脂酶D的抑制作用

为保持采后香蕉贮藏品质,延长贮藏期限,以桂蕉6号香蕉为实验材料,探究正己醇在常温贮藏条件下对采后香蕉果实品质和耐贮性的影响。挑选果实外观完好及成熟度、大小相近的香蕉果实,随机分成对照组和处理组2组,分别用蒸馏水和0.1%浓度正己醇处理,取出晾干后置于PE保鲜袋中扎口包装,于25℃下贮藏15 d,每3 d取样观察测定香蕉果实的硬度、可溶性固形物（TSS）含量、呼吸强度、病情指数、丙二醛（MDA）含量、膜透性和PLD活性的变化,利用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析贮藏期间PLDγ和PLDζ表达量的变化。研究结果显示：正己醇处理可显著延缓采后香蕉果实软化的进程（P<0.05）,其中,9、12 d延缓效果极显著（P<0.01）;在9 d后,正己醇处理极显著抑制TSS含量和病情指数的上升;6 d起,正己醇处理显著抑制呼吸强度,其中,9 d达到呼吸峰值,较对照组极显著降低33.93%;12 d后,与对照组相比,正己醇处理极显著降低MDA含量和膜透性的上升,分别于15 d降低了26.70%和62.20%。此外,正己醇处理显著抑制采后香蕉果实PLD活性,尤其是6～12 d,抑制效果...     

茶树炭疽病菌拮抗链霉菌的筛选及其抑菌特性研究

茶炭疽病菌刺盘孢菌（Colletotrichum camelliae）是引起茶树炭疽病的重要致病菌,为获得对C.camelliae具有拮抗作用的链霉菌,采用稀释涂布法和平板对峙法从茶园生境中分离筛选出对其具有明显拮抗作用的链霉菌菌株,并结合形态学观察、生理生化特征和16 SrRNA基因序列分析对其进行种属鉴定;开展基于链霉菌菌株的抗菌谱测定、茶炭疽病菌菌丝生长抑制试验和孢子萌发抑制试验;通过菌丝生长速率法测定其无菌发酵滤液对茶炭疽病菌的抑菌活性及其抑菌活性稳定性,并测定其产胞外降解酶能力、抗菌物质合成基因、挥发性与非挥发性代谢物抑菌活性。结果表明,筛选获得一株对茶炭疽病菌C.camelliae具有良好抑菌效果的菌株XS-4,对茶炭疽病菌的平板抑制效果为76.42%;结合形态学观察、生理生化特征,以及16 SrRNA基因序列分析,将菌株XS-4鉴定为多产色链霉菌（Streptomyces polychromogenes）;菌株XS-4对其他8种植物病原菌均具有较好的抑菌效果,抗菌性能具有广谱性。扫描电镜结果表明,菌株XS-4能抑制茶炭疽病菌菌丝生长。孢子萌发抑制试验发现,拮抗菌XS-4发...     

内生拮抗细菌BEB2的分子鉴定及其对香蕉枯萎病菌的抑制作用

利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法对细菌BEB2做进一步的分子鉴定,并研究不同温度、pH值和培养基下BEB2发酵液对香蕉枯萎病菌生长的抑制能力.以及应用BEB2对香蕉枯萎病进行防治测试.结果发现,香蕉内生拮抗细菌BEB2为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis);不同温度、pH值和培养基下的BEB2发酵液对香蕉枯萎病菌生长的抑制能力具显著差异,在King B2培养基上抑菌作用最强,最适抑菌温度为32℃,最适抑菌pH值为9.0.香蕉枯萎病盆栽防治实验结果发现,菌株接种离体叶片和植株均表现出一定的抑制活性,防治效果良好;该菌株连续20次转接培养,遗传稳定性高,抑菌谱较宽,具一定的生防应用价值.     

茉莉酸甲酯处理对采后芒果果实抗病性的影响

以"红芒6号"芒果为试材,研究用0、1、10和100μmol/L的茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)采后处理对芒果果实在常温(22~25℃)贮藏期间抗病性的影响,并探讨其与相关防御酶和抗性物质的关系,为寻找控制芒果采后病害的新技术提供理论依据。结果表明,采后Me JA处理显著降低了贮藏期芒果的病情指数和接种炭疽病菌芒果的病斑直径,其中以10μmol/L Me JA的处理效果最好。并且Me JA(10μmol/L)处理显著促进了贮藏期接种炭疽病菌芒果果实内源乙烯的释放,提高了防御酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性以及抗性物质总酚和木质素的含量。这些结果表明,内源乙烯、防御酶和抗性物质可能参与了Me JA诱导的芒果采后抗病性的过程。     

芒果炭疽病拮抗菌的筛选及防治效果研究

针对芒果炭疽病菌进行了拮抗菌的分离和筛选,并且采用有效菌株的发酵液进行了平板培养基抑菌试验以及采后芒果果实炭疽病防病试验。结果从24个菌株中筛选得到1株有效抑制炭疽病菌的芽孢杆菌M35,其抑菌圈大于13 mm,而且其发酵液对炭疽病菌也有明显的抑制作用;果实防病试验结果也显示,该菌株对于芒果采后炭疽病有显著的防治效果,且随着该拮抗菌菌悬液浓度的增加,防病效果提高,在浓度为l×l08 CFU/mL时,发病率为45%,病斑直径为14.1 mm。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).