天然茶秆竹不同垦复措施的效果研究

对天然茶秆竹采取不同垦复措施后的出笋数、成竹数、成竹率进行统计分析,结果表明:(1)不同年度的天然茶秆竹采取相同的垦复措施,垦复效果一年比一年好;(2)茶秆竹林采取不同的垦复措施效果不同:采取劈山+全锄+施肥处理,2a出笋数10995株·hm-2,比其它2种措施提高15 5%～16 0%。成竹数7455株·hm-2,提高20 5%～23 3%;成竹率67 8%,提高4%～5 9%,明显高于其它2种措施;(3)经过劈山+全锄处理的茶秆竹发笋个数和新竹株数与劈山处理的差异不明显。     

茶秆竹生长规律及经营改造技术的研究

研究结果表明 :(1)“谷雨”至“立夏”是茶秆竹的出笋期 ,历时 40d左右 ,在出笋后 10～ 2 5d ,是出笋高峰期 ,约占出笋总数的 71%～ 84%。幼竹高生长呈慢—快—慢 3个阶段。 (2 )竹鞭垂直分布浅 ,一般在 0～ 30cm的土层中。全劈、全锄、浅翻、浅翻加施肥可明显促进竹鞭生长和笋芽分化 ,且以浅翻加施肥效果最佳。 (3)立竹度与新竹数量、平均胸径、平均高均呈现开口向上的二次抛物线关系。 (4 )合理留笋长竹时间应为出笋盛中期。施用发笋肥可提高笋产量。 (5 )竹 阔叶树混交林经营应保留一些固氮树种和珍稀树种 ,清除“老狼木”、“霸王木” ,对影响竹林繁衍和发育的伴生树种要进行强度修枝。 (6 )野生茶秆竹林 ,应在留足新竹基础上采收春笋 ,积极进行抚育性采伐 ,调整竹林结构 ,选择合适的垦复措施。 (7)丰产竹林的合理年龄结构是 1～ 3年生立竹各占 1/ 3,或 1～ 4年生立竹比例为 3∶3∶3∶1。中下坡合理立竹数为 10 5 0 0～ 135 0 0株 /hm2 ,上坡为 15 0 0 0～ 16 5 0 0株 /hm2 。     

低产毛竹林改造及竹刺瘿螨的防治

采用劈杂除草不施肥、劈杂垦复后 1次施肥、劈杂垦复后 1次施药肥、劈杂垦复后 2次施肥、劈杂垦复后 2次施药肥等 5种低产林改造措施防治竹剌瘿螨表明 ,劈杂垦复后施药肥防治竹剌瘿螨效果达到 78 9～85 8% ,竹林螨害指数显著下降。劈杂除草后不施肥使螨害指数有所上升。 5种措施改造后新竹数量、胸径、新竹产量、叶面积、百叶鲜重、百叶干重分别比对照增加 ;投入产出比分别为 1∶2 4、1∶3 3、1∶3 6、1∶5 7、1∶6 1 ,经济效益显著。防治低产毛竹林中的竹刺瘿螨要与林分改造结合进行 ,要因地制宜 ,螨害发生严重的实施劈杂垦复施药物肥料 ;轻度发生的实施劈杂垦复施肥。     

抚育模式对茶秆竹林年度新竹生长影响

为优化茶秆竹林抚育模式,探明抚育后的新竹生长总体影响与动态变化规律,研究在福建明溪天然茶秆竹林进行抚育模式(常规全面锄草模式、浅翻模式、浅翻施肥模式)试验,就其抚育后1-3年度新竹生长、总体生长情况进行分析,并采用主成分分析法进行综合评价。研究结果表明抚育模式显著影响着新竹数量、胸径、竹高、单株秆鲜重和秆产量等5个新竹生长性状,不同抚育模式的年度间新竹数量、胸径、竹高、单株秆鲜重与秆产量等5个新竹生长性状的促进作用大小、呈现显著影响的时间明显不同,综合评价结果表明浅翻施肥模式最佳。3种抚育模式年度间新竹生长情况均越来越好、呈现随抚育后时间推移而逐渐增加的变化。     

茶秆竹低产林改造技术初探

作者分析了茶秆竹生产发展现状和存在问题，提出了对茶秆竹低产林改造采取合理砍伐，加强抚育，垦复施肥和防治病虫害等技术措施，对促进竹林良性循环有现实意义。     

不同经营措施对毛竹林春笋生长的影响

开展3种经营措施（浅锄+穴施复合肥、浅锄、不抚育管理）对毛竹春笋生长的影响试验。结果表明：不同的经营措施对毛竹林的出笋期、春笋产量和成竹数均有极显著的影响,对平均退笋高度影响不显著。采用劈草、浅锄、施肥和喷灌等经营措施的毛竹林出笋最早、结束出笋最迟、出笋周期最长、出笋量也最多,同时成竹数和成竹率也最高。     

笋竹两用丰产林不同经营模式评价

本文通过在长汀县四都乡青山林场设置毛竹笋竹两用林的试验地,采用施肥,深翻、全锄、劈草、对照５种不同的经营措施进行随机区组试验设计,研究表明：施肥对新竹产量、胸径、株数和增加出笋量的效果最显著,笋竹两用丰产林除了要强调全锄深翻外,而且还要强调科学施肥。     

雨雪冰冻受灾毛竹林恢复效应的研究

以雨雪冰冻受灾毛竹林为研究对象,研究受灾前毛竹林经营密度和灾后救护措施的灾后恢复效应。究结果表明:灾前经营密度、施肥量和抚育措施对灾后恢复均有显著影响。随着竹林经营密度的增加,灾后毛林的新生竹株数、胸径和秆重也增加,3 000株·hm~(-2)是一个较适宜的经营密度;随着施肥量的增加,新竹株数、胸径和新竹秆鲜重逐渐增多,施肥量750 kg·hm~(-2)时,灾后竹林的恢复效果最好;合理的抚育措施能提高出笋量和成竹量,其中以深翻+施肥的新生竹株数、胸径和竹秆鲜重最大。     

永安市天然糙花少穗竹林垦复改造初期效果研究

永安市分布有大面积的天然糙花少穗竹林,采取3种不同的垦复措施,结果表明:在改造初期采用浅锄+盖草与施农家肥+盖草+浅锄2种措施的效果差异不显著,而采取施复合肥+盖草+浅锄改造措施,其出笋成竹产量高,效果最明显。竹木混交林,乔木层郁闭度0 7对少穗竹蔓延成竹较适宜。     

台江采育场竹木混交林丰产措施试验

对台江林业采育场现有竹木混交林进行施肥和土壤垦复两种试验，结果表明，不同施肥处理虽有一定增产效果，但经方差分析未达到显著水平；不同土壤垦复措施的增产效果，以深翻加施肥的新竹产量最高，锄草松土居第二，单纯深翻并不理想，效果不如劈山抚育。因而，新兴竹木混交林应以调整竹林结构和护笋养竹为主，每年锄草松土即可达到材用丰产林标准，不宜盲目深翻、施肥。     

Components of Tree Stability in Sitka Spruce on Peaty Gley Soil

The stability of 20 m tall trees was investigated by pullingthem over with a winch. The turning moment at the stem basewas resolved into two components, one due to the applied force,and the other to the horizontally displaced weight of the stemand crown. Vertical displacement of the root-soil system wasmeasured and observations made of the progressive failure ofthe soil around and underneath the root-soil plate. When trees were pulled from the crown region, the soil failedwhen the crown had deflected c. 4 rn horizontally and when theapplied force wasonly about 70% of that required for uprooting.By the time that the maximum turning moment at the stem basedue to the applied force had been reached, many roots had broken,crown deflection was c. 8 m and the deflected weight of thestem and crown made a substantial contribution to the uprootingforces. By repeatedly pulling trees during a sequence of cutting orbreaking the roots and soil, the total resistive turning momentafforded by the anchorage was resolved into the following components:i. soil resistance (the resistance to uprooting afforded bythe soil underneath and at the sides of the root system); ii.the resistance of roots placed under tension on the windwardperimeter; iii. the weight of the root-soil plate; and iv. resistanceto bending at the hinge on the leeside. The importance of these components varied between trees andchanged during the course of uprooting. Soil resistance wasthe largest component in the early stages, but when the turningmoment due to the applied force was maximal, the componentsof anchorage were in the order windward roots < weight <hinge < soil resistance. The major effect of the windwardroots on anchorage in these shallow root systems highlightsthe importance of features which interfere with their lateraldevelopment, such as the furrows produced by spaced ploughing.     

Winter wheat pests and their natural enemies under organic farming system in Slovakia: Effect of ploughing and previous crop

Organic farming system of winter wheat was investigated in Solvakia over three years, 1995–1997. The system was carried out on a small scale (four plots of 50 m²). Neither pesticides nor inorganic fertilisers were applied. Effect of two treatments, ploughing and previous crop, on the community of pests and natural enemies was surveyed. There were two types of ploughing (shallow and deep) made in autumn before sowing. As previous crops, silage-maize and alfalfa were used each season. The effect of all factors was analysed by multivariate method, redundancy analysis (RDA) and Monte Carlo permutation to assess statistical significance. During three years, 37 taxons of pests and 27 taxons of natural enemies were recorded. The results of RDA showed that the community of insects (pests and natural enemies) was mainly influenced by temporal variation. The highest abundance of all insects was observed in 1996. The effect of the two treatments on the community of pests and natural enemies was less obvious. Pests were found to be significantly more influenced by ploughingthan by previous crop. Most of pests occurred more abundantly on plots with shallow ploughing and on plots after maize. Abundance of natural enemies were, however, significantly affected by previous crop. Majority of them were more abundant on plots after maize than after alfalfa. Ploughing had only marginally significant effect on natural enemies that were more abundant on shallow ploughed plots. Both ploughing and previous crop had only negligible effect on species diversity of natural enemies.     

龙脑型阴香轻基质扦插中不同激素效果比较研究

龙脑樟原料林培育导致龙脑型阴香Cinnamomum burmannii chvar.borneol优良无性系苗木市场需求旺盛,而扦插育苗是目前培育低成本无性苗木的唯一方式。研究以轻基质为扦插基质,应用2种不同的生根促进剂开展扦插育苗技术研究。结果表明:采用轻基质扦插龙脑型阴香,可以获得57.87%以上的扦插成活率,利用生根剂处理插穗,成活率可提高13.59个百分点,选用的2种生根剂(自配生根粉和强效生根壮苗剂)处理效果无显著差异,平均成活率分别为71.11%和71.91%,表明以轻基质培育龙脑型阴香扦插苗是可行的,但成活率仍有提高的空间,相关配套技术需要继续深入开展研究。     

不同抚育方式对毛竹林土壤化学性质的影响

对毛竹林分别采用不同的抚育措施,测定土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量、土壤pH值等指标,研究毛竹不同抚育方式的土壤化学性质。结果表明：以劈草抚育方式最好,化学锄草次之,深翻抚育最差。在毛竹林的抚育方式上应大力推广劈草抚育,谨慎采用化学除草和浅锄抚育,杜绝深翻抚育。     

4种花灌木乔木化育苗技术研究

为了摸索如何把花灌木育成树状小乔木的育苗技术,选择了园林常见多花的扶桑、红花夹竹桃、黄花夹竹桃、紫薇等4个树种,采用保留单一中轴主枝,并按主枝全苗、主枝中截和主枝截顶三个处理方法,通过头年密植育干,第二年疏植养干,第三年储冠的育苗技术,育成了树状小乔木,改进了育苗期整形修剪技术.进一步提高了园林观赏效果.     

THE IMPORTANCE OF SHELTER TO EARLY TREE GROWTH ON UPLAND MOORS

A comparison of the effects of differing methods of cultivationcarried out on typical Calluna moor in the Cleveland (Yorkshire)massif has revealed that single-furrow deep forestry ploughing,by reason of its pronounced plough-ridges, has advantages overother more shallow and complete deep methods of ploughing ingiving shelter from cold off-shore winds which cause die-back.Orientation of the plough-ridges transverse to the wind directionand the use of leeward ridge slopes as planting positions enhancesthis shelter effect. The paper ends by drawing attention tothe need for forest meteorological reasearch upon the wind-treegrowth relationship.     

营建油茶换冠采穗圃的嫁接技术试验初报

以普通油茶作砧木和接穗进行大树嫁接换冠,研究不同嫁接条件对油茶接穗成活及生长的影响。结果表明:砧木年龄、嫁接时期、接穗保存时间对接穗成活有显著影响,断砧高度对接穗成活没有显著影响;砧木年龄、断砧高度、嫁接时期对接穗新梢长度有显著影响,接穗保存时间在接穗成活后对新梢长度没有显著影响。选择20 a砧木+25～50 cm断砧高度+6月上旬+采穗当天嫁接,最有利于提高油茶的嫁接成活率和新梢长度。     

An Experiment in Intensive Cultivation of an Upland Heath

Results at 30 years are reported for a cultivation experimenton an upland heath with a podzolic ironpan soil with induratedsubsoil. The main species tested were Scots pine and Japaneselarch and lodgepole pine, the latter two species in mixture.Cultivation included two spaced furrow ploughing treatments,two shallow complete and two deep complete ploughing treatments.For the first 8 or 10 years height growth was rapid in all treatments,with the deep complete ploughing giving greatest response. Inthe next 10 years height growth was much slower and the orderof the treatments was temporarily reversed. At 30 years heightdifferences between treatments are small but differences involume production between the best and the poorest treatmentare about 20 per cent. In the unplanted heathland the soil abovethe ironpan is frequently waterlogged and has small concentrationsof oxygen; under the forest waterlogging does not occur andthe soil is now well areated.     

Effect of ploughing and previous crop on winter wheat pests and their natural enemies under integrated farming system in Slovakia

The effects of ploughing and previous crop on winter wheat pests and their natural enemies under an integrated farming system was investigated in an experimental area in Slovakia. The experiment consisted of 4 small plots (50?m² each) to which both organic and inorganic fertilisers were applied. Moreover, there was one application of herbicide and a fungicide on each plot. The ploughing was either deep or shallow, and either silage-maize or pea was used as a previous crop. The effects of the ploughing and previous crop was studied by means of multivariate redundancy analysis (RDA) and subsequent Monte-Carlo permutation test. The results showed that there was a considerable temporal variation in the abundance of insect pests and their natural enemies. Of the two husbandry treatments, only ploughing caused significant difference in the composition and abundance of both pests and natural enemies. However, while most of the pests favoured deep ploughing, the majority of natural enemies occurred more abundantly on shallowly ploughed plots. The previous crop did not affect numbers of either pests or natural enemies. Two systems, integrated and organic, which have been surveyed previously, were mutually compared with respect to the abundance of insect pests. The organic farming system turned out to be more sustainable.     

毛脉树胡椒扦插繁殖试验

毛脉树胡椒（Piper hispidnervum ）扦插繁殖试验表明：用1～2年生树的主干和侧枝带叶插条（生根率分别为90%～95%、85%～88%）；3～5月扦插（生根率分别为78%～87%）；用中穗插条（10～20cm，生根率高，为78%）；粗砂床插条（生根率高达93%）；干热季插条荫蔽度80%或全光照喷雾（生根率＞78%）；都有利于生根，提高成活率．