The effect of dietary n-3 HUFA levels and DHA/EPA ratios on growth, survival and osmotic stress tolerance of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis larvae

The effect of varying levels of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) and docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) ratios on growth, survival and osmotic stress tolerance of Eriocheir sinensis zoea larvae was studied in two separate experiments. In experiment I, larvae were fed rotifers and Artemia enriched with ICES emulsions with 0, 30 and 50% total n-3 HUFA levels but with the same DHA/EPA ratio of 0.6. In experiment II, larvae were fed different combinations of enriched rotifers and Artemia, in which, rotifers were enriched with emulsions containing 30% total n-3 HUFA, but different DHA/EPA ratio of 0.6, 2 and 4; while Artemia were enriched with the same emulsions, but DHA/EPA ratio of 0.6 and 4. In both experiments, un-enriched rotifers cultured on baker's yeast and newly-hatched Artemia nauplii were used as control diets. Larvae were fed rotifers at zoea 1 and zoea 2 stages; upon reaching zoea 3 stage, Artemia was introduced.Experiment I revealed no significant effect of prey enrichment on the survival of megalopa among treatments, but higher total n-3 HUFA levels significantly enhanced larval development (larval stage index, LSI) and resulted in higher individual dry body weight of megalopa. Furthermore higher dietary n-3 HUFA levels also resulted in better tolerance to salinity stress. Experiment II indicated that at the same total n-3 HUFA level, larvae continuously receiving a low dietary DHA/EPA ratio had significantly lower survival at the megalopa stage and inferior individual body weight at the megalopa stage, but no negative effect was observed on larval development (LSI). The ability to endure salinity stress of zoea 3, zoea 5 and megalopa fed diets with higher DHA/EPA ratio was also improved.     

Effects of dietary vegetable oils and varying dietary EPA and DHA levels on intestinal lipid accumulations in Atlantic salmon

High dietary content of vegetable oil (VO) has been associated with increased intestinal lipid accumulations in fish. The extent of this in aquacultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and its health effects are not certain. Samples were therefore collected from two separate feeding trials to investigate the effect of high dietary VO on intestinal lipid accumulations in Atlantic salmon. In the first trial, the fish were fed diets high in plant protein and with fish oil or ~80% of the fish oil replaced with either olive oil, rapeseed oil or soybean oil in a land‐based experimental set‐up. The second trial was performed in sea cages under commercial production conditions, and the fish were fed two dietary concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (9.7% or 5.5% EPA + DHA of total fatty acids). Neither dietary VO nor variations in EPA and DHA led to any significant effects on intestinal health or lipid accumulations. There were, however, indications of a delayed lipid transport in the rapeseed oil‐fed fish of the first trial, possibly caused by high dietary ≥18‐carbon fatty acids and low dietary 16:0 fatty acid and cholesterol.     

多个条斑紫菜品系采收期内脂肪酸组成、含量的变化分析

为探讨条斑紫菜不同栽培品系、不同采收期脂肪酸组成及含量的变化,本实验对10个栽培品系进行了跟踪测定分析,结果显示:条斑紫菜的脂肪酸组成稳定,与品系、采收期内季节性变化无关,但含量存在明显的差异。各品系的3个采收期的饱和脂肪酸(16∶0为主,包括13∶0、16∶0、18∶0)的相对含量约为20%;不饱和脂肪酸(以EPA为主,包括18∶1 n-9、18∶2 n-6、18∶3 n-3、20∶1 n-9、20∶2 n-7、20∶3 n-7、20∶4 n-6(AA)、20∶5 n-3(EPA))的相对含量为70%左右。在温度最低2月份的采收样品中,总脂肪酸和EPA含量最高,显示低温有利于条斑紫菜脂肪酸尤其是EPA的积累。另外,条斑紫菜富含以EPA为主的不饱和脂肪酸,在整个采收期内,样品中的n-6/n-3比值为4.9～7.7,符合WHO/FAO膳食推荐值。     

Growth of Artemia franciscana fed Isochrysis sp. and Chaetoceros muelleri during its early life stages

Survival, growth (length and weight), development, proximate composition, and energy content of Artemia franciscana fed for 7 days with Isochrysis sp. (TISO) or with Chaetoceros muelleri (CHGRA) were compared to evaluate the food value of these microalgae. Mean daily survival was not significantly different, and ranged from 86% to 93%. Diet‐related differences in growth were noted from the third day, and mean final dry weights (DWs) were 171 and 327 μg ind^?1 for Artemia fed TISO and CHGRA respectively. Rates of development were different between diets, with a higher developmental index for Artemia fed TISO before day 3, and a higher index for Artemia fed CHGRA for the rest of the experiment. Chemical analysis showed that carbohydrates decreased to approximately 35% of the initial value in Artemia during the first 24 h, after which they remained approximately stable and similar with both diets. In percentage of total DW, lipids and proteins remained close to their respective initial values, but A. franciscana fed TISO had a higher ash content. A major difference between the two microalgae was the higher protein content of TISO, but this did not result in better growth. Of the two, TISO was richer in docosahexaenoic acid, which might explain the initial faster development, but CHGRA was a better source of eicosapentaenoic acid, which is the most probable explanation of the higher food conversion index, specific growth rate, and energy gain of A. franciscana fed this algae.     

Egg and larval quality,and egg fatty acid composition of Eurasian perch breeders (Perca fluviatilis) fed different dietary DHA/EPA/AA ratios

In Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis), the variability in spawning quality is a major limiting factor for successful production, especially when breeders are fed with an artificial diet. The influence of the dietary DHA/EPA/AA ratio on the egg and larval quality and on the fatty acid and lipid class composition of eggs has been investigated in perch broodstock. Two experimental diets (16% lipids) with two different DHA/EPA/AA ratios, D1 (3/2/2) and D2 (23/9/1), were compared with a natural diet consisting of cultured carp juveniles, CC (10/10/1) and with a commercial diet for salmonids, CDS (14/16/1). Percentages of fertilization and hatching were comparable between fish fed D1, D2 and CC, with the highest hatching rate observed for D1 (63.5 ± 3.8%). These diets supported better values than the CDS. Larval survival and TL50 observed after osmotic stress were higher for the D1 group, followed by larvae produced by fish fed D2 and CC. Larvae from fish fed D1, D2 and CC were significantly more robust than larvae from the CDS group. Differences were observed regarding the fatty acid (FA) profile in the eggs, which was related to the dietary FA composition. The results indicate that a ratio of 3/2/2 seemed to be effective for obtaining eggs and larvae of good quality.     

Effect of EPA/DHA ratios on the growth and survival of Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842) larvae reared under different salinity regimes

Despite the importance of certain highly unsaturated fatty acids in osmotic regulation, few studies have been addressed to determine the essential fatty acid requirements for a given species cultured under different salinities. As Galaxias maculatus is a diadromic species, the present study aimed to determine the effect of salinity on the optimum dietary EPA/docosahexaenoic (DHA) ratio for survival and growth during the larval stages. Larvae were fed for 20 days with rotifers containing two different EPA/DHA ratios (low: 0.64 and high: 2.18) at three different salinities (0, 10 and 15 g L^?1). The results of this study showed a marked effect of water salinity on larval dietary lipid utilization in G. maculatus larvae. These results suggested that G. maculatus larvae reared at higher salinities may have a higher dietary requirement for DHA, whereas larvae reared at 0‰ showed higher requirements for EPA. The overall results of the present study indicate that even small changes in salinity can determine the optimum dietary EPA/DHA ratio and the quantitative essential fatty requirements of fish. This may have important repercussions and affect the rearing performance of G. maculatus cultured under different salinities.     

光周期对卤虫摄食、生长和存活的影响

在不同光周期（０Ｌ：２４Ｄ、６Ｌ：１８Ｄ、１２Ｌ：１２Ｄ、１８Ｌ：６Ｄ和２４Ｌ：０Ｄ）下培养河北大清河盐场的卤虫,结果表明：卤虫的摄食率有随着光周期缩短而下降的趋势。大清河盐场的卤虫在不同光周期下的生长速度无显著差异,但成活率差异显著,６Ｌ：１８Ｄ组的成活率最高。建议在短光周期下培养卤虫。     

Artemia sp. Proportions and Effects on Survival and Growth of Pintado,Pseudoplatystoma corruscans Larvae

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the survival and growth of larvae (L) of pintado, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, fed different Artemia sp. proportions: 50, 200, 350, 500, 650, 800, and 950 Artemia nauplii per larva per day, in a complete randomized design. Water salinity was 1.7%, and larviculture lasted for a period of 15 days, which was divided into three individual 5-day trials. Larvae were stocked at a density of 15 per liter and kept in the dark. The concentrations of un-ionized ammonia-N and nitrite-N were directly proportional to the increase in prey density (P < 0.05). Regression analysis showed increased survival and growth rates up to 200, 350, and 500 nauplii/L/day, for the first, second, and third trials, respectively. These results indicate that larval food intake is related to ontogenetic development stage.     

4种单胞藻对卤虫生长和生殖影响的比较研究

以亚心形扁藻、小球藻、湛江等鞭金藻、绿色巴夫藻为饵料,卤虫为投喂对象,建立五个实验组分别进行研究,观察不同饵料对卤虫生长和生殖的影响,结果表明:投喂亚心形扁藻的卤虫生长最快,成活率高,生殖量也最多,其次为绿色巴夫藻组,湛江等鞭金藻的饵料效果最差.混合4种单胞藻投喂的效果也较好.     

Effect of different light regimes on the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of Isochrysis aff. galbana (clone T-ISO)

The culture of Isochrysis aff. galbana Green (T-ISO) in hatcheries is promoted for its high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content which favours the successful rearing of aquatic larvae. In this paper we identified the need for well-defined culture conditions of microalgae if sufficient DHA content is the final goal. Using photoperiods of 24:0 h, 12:12 h, and 16:8 h L/D combined with photon flux densities (PFDs) of 110, 220, and 460E m-2 s-1, batch cultures of T-ISO were sampled for DHA content in the exponential as well as the post-exponential (light limited) growth phase. The various light regimes resulted in differences of DHA content of T-ISO revealing influences and strong interactions among the three variables studied. For fast and economic production of T-ISO cells rich in DHA it is recommended to harvest batch cultures at the end of the exponential phase using high photon flux densities (PFDs) under 12:12 h L/D cycles. The same regime or lower PFD under 24:0 h L/D seem to be sufficient for a continuous culture optimization scheme. In any case a strict following of culture protocols is very important since there is evidence for coexistence of different clones within the parental cultures leading to different results depending on which one prevails.     

丁(鱼岁)不同发育阶段鱼体营养成分和氨基酸组成的比较分析

对丁(鱼岁)不同生长阶段鱼体肌肉中营养成分、氨基酸组成和含量进行了比较分析.结果表明:丁(鱼岁)成鱼肌肉水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分含量显著高于幼鱼和亲鱼,成鱼肌肉粗脂肪含量显著低于幼鱼与亲鱼;亲鱼肥满度显著大于幼鱼和成鱼.幼鱼肌肉组氨酸含量显著高于成鱼,成鱼肌肉脯氨酸含量显著高于幼鱼,肌肉中其他各氨基酸含量三个阶段均无显著差异.三个不同生长阶段丁(鱼岁)肌肉中必需氨基酸、半必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸和氨基酸总量无显著差异.     

饲料中DHA/EPA值对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及血清生理指标的影响

为研究饲料DHA/EPA值对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成和血液生理指标的影响,实验配制等氮、等能的5种不同DHA/EPA值(0.64、0.97、1.18、1.59和1.91)的饲料,每个比值设3个重复,饲养周期56 d。结果显示:(1)随着饲料DHA/EPA值的升高,星斑川鲽幼鱼增重率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率均呈先上升后下降的趋势(P0.05)。当饲料DHA/EPA值为0.97~1.59时实验鱼增重最快,饲料效率最高。蛋白质效率则在DHA/EPA值为0.97~1.18时达到最高。蛋白质沉积率(protein retention efficiency,PRE)与饲料DHA/EPA值呈显著二次回归关系(y=-1.589 5x2+2.858 3x+45.184;R2=0.910 8,x=饲料DHA/EPA值,y=PRE),当饲料DHA/EPA值大于0.90时呈下降趋势。肝体比呈先下降后小幅回升的趋势(P0.05),在饲料DHA/EPA值为1.18时达到最低,为2.85%,脾脏指数呈显著上升趋势(P0.05),于饲料DHA/EPA值为1.59组最高(0.12%);(2)肝脏粗脂肪含量随饲料DHA/EPA值的增加呈明显下降趋势(P0.05),且在饲料DHA/EPA值为1.18时降到最低,为8.60%,而后又显著上升,但仍显著低于饲料DHA/EPA值为0.64时的水平(13.44%)。二次回归分析(y=5.199 6x2-15.652x+20.866;R2=0.634 8,x=饲料DHA/EPA值,y=肝脏脂肪含量)显示,当饲料中DHA/EPA值为1.51时肝脏脂肪含量最低。脂肪酸分析结果显示,随着饲料DHA/EPA值的升高,肝脏及肌肉中EPA含量均呈线性下降趋势(P0.05),而DHA含量及DHA/EPA均呈直线上升趋势(P0.05)。肝脏和肌肉组织n-3 HUFA总量不受饲料处理的影响(P0.05);(3)血清总蛋白、球蛋白含量在饲料DHA/EPA值为1.59时显著高于其他各组(P0.05),白蛋白在饲料DHA/EPA值为0.64、0.97和1.59水平最高。溶菌酶(LSZ)活性在饲料DHA/EPA值为1.18时达到峰值(P0.05),为2.76μg/mL。谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性在饲料DHA/EPA值1.91时无显著变化,而当饲料DHA/EPA1.18时,血清谷草转氨酶(AST)活性提高了65%左右。研究表明,在本实验条件下,以增重率为参考指标,采用二次回归(y=-31.066x2+77.26x+76.541;R2=0.957 4,x=饲料DHA/EPA值,y=增重率)分析可得,当饲料脂肪水平为8.3%,n-3 HUFA含量为0.74%时,星斑川鲽幼鱼[初始体质量(31.70±0.12)g]对DHA/EPA值的最适需要量应为1.24。     

小球藻和盐藻利用石油烃富集油脂的研究

利用单细胞分离和紫外诱变技术分别获得海水小球藻和盐生杜氏藻的生长优势株,将其分别接种于不同石油浓度的海水培养液中,利用紫外和荧光分光光度法分别测定培养液中带共轭双键的烃类化合物和芳烃的含量,利用索氏提取法测定胞内油脂含量。结果表明,石油浓度为1.5~10.0μg/ml的培养液中,小球藻和盐藻均能有效降解带共轭双键的烃类化合物,降解率分别为25.3%~35.5%和17.9%~24.0%,芳烃降解率分别为22.1%~30.2%和18.7%~26.2%;石油浓度为3.5μg/ml时,两种微藻对带共轭双键的烃类化合物和芳烃的降解效率均最大,小球藻的降解能力略好于盐藻;石油浓度为1.5μg/ml和3.5μg/ml时,两种微藻的胞内油脂含量分别占细胞干重的14.0%和25.5%,分别是对照组的1.5倍和1.2倍,浓度为3.5μg/ml时两种微藻的胞内油脂含量均最高。该研究为利用石油污染海水培养微藻使其富集油脂及今后开发微藻燃料奠定了基础。     

Effects of dietary DHA/EPA ratios on growth performance,survival and fatty acid composition of juvenile swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary docosahexaenoic to eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) ratios on growth performance, survival and fatty acid composition of juvenile swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated to contain different DHA/EPA ratios (0.70, 0.84, 1.06 and 1.25). There were three replicates (15 crabs per replicate) for each diet treatment. The crabs were fed (about 6–8% body weight) twice daily for 8 weeks. A good growth performance and feed utilization were observed in swimming crabs fed the diets with DHA/EPA ratios of 0.70 and 0.84. Crabs fed diet with 0.70 DHA/EPA ratio showed a significantly higher weight gain (WG) compared with the crabs fed the diet with DHA/EPA ratio of 1.25 (P < 0.05). The result of this study showed that the survival increased with decreasing the ratio of DHA/EPA. The DHA/EPA ratios in polar lipid from tissues were influenced by the dietary DHA/EPA ratios. Results of this study indicated that the growth performance and survival of juvenile swimming crab are correlated to the DHA/EPA ratio in the diets, and the best growth performance and survival were achieved with the ratios of 0.70–0.84.     

日粮中裂殖壶藻油配伍外源性EPA对草鱼幼鱼脂肪酸组成、FAD、ELO基因表达及脂质代谢的影响

摄食含有裂殖壶藻硬脂油日粮的草鱼可能通过节省DHA合成所需的能量和促进脂解作用供应能量以减少蛋白质分解的共同作用下,刺激蛋白质沉积,获得比摄食鱼油更好的生长效果。为探究草鱼日粮中应用富含DHA的裂殖壶藻硬脂油后是否需要配伍EPA及其可能机制,实验配制5组等氮等能日粮饲养草鱼[(22.70 g±0.80) g]49 d,分别以鱼油(F-O);藻油硬脂(S-O);藻油硬脂(DHA)∶EPA=3∶2(SE1-O);藻油硬脂(DHA)∶EPA=1∶1(SE2-O);EPA(E-O)提供5组饲料中的0.52%n-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸(LC PUFA)。结果显示:(1)增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)及饲料系数(FCR)在各组间均无差异;(2) S-O组肌肉粗蛋白含量显著高于E-O组;(3) S-O组肌肉DHA含量显著高于F-O组、SE1-O组和E-O组;(4)动脉粥样硬化指数在各组间无显著差异,SE2-O组血栓形成指数显著高于F-O组,S-O组和SE2-O组胆固醇血症指数显著低于F-O组;(5) E-O组的腹腔脂肪细胞显著大于F-O组和SE1-O组,且甘油三酯水解酶(ATGL)和肉碱棕榈酰转移酶(CPT1)转录水平显著下调;肌肉中的脂肪酸去饱和酶(FAD)转录水平在E-O组显著高于S-O组,脂肪酸延长酶(ELO)转录水平在S-O组显著下调。研究表明,裂殖壶藻油单独或配伍EPA使用对草鱼生长、n-3 LC PUFA含量及脂肪组织水解无显著影响。仅以EPA为n-3LC PUFA来源时,会减弱脂肪组织的水解并降低肌肉粗蛋白的含量。日粮中高水平的DHA会减弱机体合成LC PUFA的能力。相对于EPA,草鱼可能更需要DHA,生产中可以单独使用裂殖壶藻油,而无需配伍EPA。     

不同饵料对二次抱卵期间中华绒螯蟹生殖性能和HUFA组成的影响

中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)经一次受精便可多次产卵.与其他的虾类一样,在卵巢发育过程中,中华绒螯蟹的肝胰脏需从外界汲取许多能量和营养物质,通过血淋巴转移到卵巢以供胚胎发育和幼体孵化.亲蟹的营养需求可以通过第一次和第二次卵巢发育过程加以研究.第一次抱卵之后亲蟹消耗了大量的营养和能量物质,需要在二次抱卵前的短时间内得到及时补充.通常来说,二次抱卵蟹的产卵力低下,幼体质量差.因此研究饵料对二次抱卵期间中华绒螯蟹生殖性能和幼体质量的影响是很有意义的.本实验分4组,分别以3种天然饵料缢蛏(TC)、沙蚕(TS)、杂鱼(TT)和一种人工饵料(TA)投喂中华绒螯蟹亲蟹,投喂周期为2个月(从初始一次抱卵至二次抱卵结束).天然饵料和人工饵料的日投喂量分别为亲蟹体重的10%和1%～3%,每日下午4点投喂.用PVC板将8m2的玻璃纤维槽隔成4个单元作为试验槽.每个单元底面积为2m2,水深40 Cm.同一槽中的3个单元用做一个试验组的3个重复,每个重复为10只蟹.海水盐度为20 g·L,pH 8.20～8.30,溶解氧为8.40～8.90 mg·L-1,依据水中氨氮和亚硝酸氮的浓度(分别小于1 mg·L-1和0.2 mg·L-1),每2至3天换一次水,水温为15～17℃.实验结束后,对二次抱卵亲蟹的生殖性能(相对饱卵量、卵径和亲蟹成活率)、孵化出的幼体质量(蚤Ⅰ幼体在饥饿状态下的成活率)以及卵、卵巢和肝胰脏的脂肪酸组成进行了测定.结果表明,卵、卵巢和肝胰脏的高级不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)组成与试验饵料的组成具有很好的相关性,其中卵的DHA与EPA水平、肝胰脏DHA水平与饵料中相应的HUFA水平成正相关(R2＞0.90),说明外界营养物质的吸收和转移对卵巢的二次发育相当重要.统计学分析表明,投喂杂鱼的亲蟹(TT)孵出的蚤Ⅰ幼体对饥饿的耐受力以及投喂缢蛏的亲蟹(TC)的卵径显著高于其他组,各组之间其他指标(相对抱卵量和成活率等)均无显著差异.二次抱卵的中华绒螯蟹的卵、卵巢和肝胰脏中HUFA的水平与试验饵料中HUFA水平具有很好的相关性,说明无论在第一次卵巢发育过程中积聚了多少营养物质,第一次抱卵后消耗殆尽的亲蟹需要从外界食物中汲取大量的能量和营养物质,通过肝胰脏转运到卵巢供二次发育之用.本研究结论与其他作者对其他甲壳类的研究结果是一致的.此外组织器官的HUFA水平不只局限于饵料HUFA水平,还受器官本身对这些脂肪酸特定需求的影响.肝胰脏作为甲壳类动物的脂肪存储器,在饵料中的脂类物质被吸收和利用之前首先将其存储起来.甲壳类动物具有合成更长链的脂肪酸能力,虽然这种能力很有限,但仍能重新合成一定数量的脂肪酸.由于卵巢和卵中的n-3 HUFA,尤其是EPA和DHA含量高于肝胰脏,因此有理由相信它们在中华绒螯蟹繁殖过程中起着非常重要的作用.用人工饵料投喂对中国对虾的研究表明,n-3 HUFA的水平与亲本的生殖性能有很大关系,其中EPA与产卵量有很大的关系,而DHA在胚胎发育早期和幼体孵化起着很大的作用.本实验结果可以推论,EPA和DHA对中华绒螯蟹的卵巢的发育和生殖性能具有相当重要的作用,其中EPA的作用更加明显.遗憾的是本实验没有得出非常明显的相关性结论.应该指出的是本实验所用的不同饵料,不但HUFA含量不同,而且在蛋白质、总脂和微量营养素(维他命、矿物质、胆固醇、磷脂、钙盐等)的组成上差异很大,因此不宜下确定的结论.     

Use of Microbacterium sp. and Exiguobacterium mexicanum to improve the survival and development of Artemia under xenic conditions

The effect of Microbacterium sp. strain 8L and Exiguobacterium mexicanum strain 8N was evaluated in the diet of Artemia under xenic conditions. Viable cultures of bacteria were provided to xenic cultures of Artemia in combination with Sacharomyces cerevisiae, cornflour or Spirulina, and the effect on the survival and growth was recorded. The use of these bacterial strains improves significantly the survival of Artemia independently of the used food (P < 0.05), and variable results were observed in the growth.     

Nutritional Depletion of the Aquaculture Feed Organisms Euterpina acutifrons, Artemia sp. and Brachionus plicatilis During Starvation

The nutritional quality of the harpacticoid copepod Euterpina acutifrons , freshly-hatched Artemita nauplii, juvenile and adult Artemia , and the rotifer Brachionus plictatilis , in fed and starved conditions, was evaluated through the use of ratios of dry weight to wet weight (DW/WW), ash-free dry weight to dry weight (AFDW/DW), calories per mg ash-free dry weight (cal/mg AFDW), and carbon to nitrogen by weight (C/N). E. acutifrons had in nearly all cases the highest values of DW/WW, AFDW/DW, and cal/mg AFDW. Calculated losses in caloric content per unit of wet weight (cal/mg WW) during one day's starvation were similar among species, ranging from 3 to 52 percent. C/N ratios were less variable, but also reflected starvation-related changes indicating depletion of C relative to N, which is consistent With depletion of lipids and carbohydrates relative to protein.
Because little or no change in caloric density of organic material (cal/mg AFDW) was observed in any species under either condition, decreases in caloric content of wet weight or of individuals were due to decreases in DW/WW and AFDW/DW. Caloric content and carbon content were related by the factor 11.3 cal/mg C. Starvation-related losses in the nutritional value of forage organisms can be important in larval rearing systems.     

Effect of Streptomyces sp. RL8 on the survival of Artemia franciscana nauplii and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Fisheries Science - Artemia franciscana nauplii were enriched with Streptomyces sp. RL8 in order to assess its effect on the survival rate of Artemia and its protective effects against Vibrio...     

锌胁迫对海洋小球藻生长和金属硫蛋白诱导的影响

研究锌离子胁迫对海洋小球藻生长和金属硫蛋白诱导的影响,当小球藻达到对数生长期,用不同离子浓度(5、10、20、50和100μmol/L)的锌盐(氯化锌、柠檬酸锌、乙酸锌和葡萄糖酸锌)分别进行胁迫培养,通过测定小球藻的生物量和锌结合金属硫蛋白含量,考察锌胁迫对海洋小球藻的生物量、热稳定蛋白含量以及锌结合金属硫蛋白含量的影响。结果显示,当浓度分别小于5和10μmol/L时,柠檬酸锌和氯化锌对小球藻生长无显著抑制作用;而浓度为5μmol/L时,乙酸锌和葡萄糖酸锌对小球藻生长即产生显著抑制,且抑制作用皆随锌离子浓度的增加而增大。与对照组相比,4种锌盐胁迫3 d后小球藻产生的热稳定蛋白含量极显著增加,其中以锌离子浓度为50μmol/L的葡萄糖酸锌对小球藻胁迫产生的热稳定蛋白含量最高,达到34.5 mg/g(湿藻泥)。同样在此浓度的葡萄糖酸锌胁迫下,小球藻诱导产生的锌结合金属硫蛋白的含量最高。研究表明,用锌离子浓度为50μmol/L的葡萄糖酸锌对小球藻胁迫培养,诱导产生的锌结合金属硫蛋白含量达到最高。