再生水灌溉对4类土壤Cd生物有效性的影响

根据国家土壤环境质量标准,选取重金属Cd含量为二级水平的4类土壤（红壤、 潮土、 土、 黑土）进行土培试验,研究再生水灌溉与小白菜生物量及Cd含量、 土壤有效态Cd含量、 pH、 微生物群落的关系,以及不同类型土壤间的差异性。结果表明, 再生水灌溉在不同类型土壤上对小白菜生物量及Cd含量、 土壤有效态Cd含量、 土壤pH和微生物数量的影响不同: 1）红壤、 潮土、 土上小白菜生物量增加显著,分别增加9.09%、 16.08%、 9.92%,黑土上增加不显著; 2）小白菜Cd含量在红壤上显著降低,由对照的0.29 mg/kg降低到0.22 mg/kg,在黑土上比对照增加了18.75%,在潮土和土上影响不大; 3）有效态Cd含量在红壤没有变化,但在潮土、 土、 黑土上增加显著; 4） 4类土壤微生物数量增加显著; 5）潮土、 土、 黑土的pH值有所降低。     

Influence of soil applied boron on yield of berseem (Trifolium alexandrium L.) and soil boron fractions in calcareous soils

A greenhouse experiment was conducted in North-west India to study the effect of soil applied boron on yield of berseem (Trifolium alexandrium L.) and soil boron fractions in boron deficient calcareous soils. Three soils with varying calcium carbonate content viz. 0.75% (Soil I), 2.6% (Soil II), and 5.7% (Soil III) were collected from different sites of Ludhiana, Bathinda, and Shri Muktsar Sahib districts, Punjab, India. The treatments consisted of six levels of soil applied boron viz. 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, and 2.0 mg B kg^?1 along with control. The green fodder yield and dry matter yield increased significantly at 0.75 mg B kg^?1 soil treatment level in the first cutting, while these were significant at 1.0 mg B kg^?1 soil treatment level in all soils at second, third, and fourth cuttings. Among all three calcareous soils, Soil I with lower calcium carbonate was the best soil in respect of mean yield in comparison to Soil II and Soil III. Combined effect of boron level and soils had significant effect on yield of berseem. There was a significant increase in mean dry root biomass at 1.0 mg B kg^?1 soil level over control and then remained non-significant with further high levels of soil applied boron. The mean dry root biomass decreased significantly for the soils having 0.75%, 2.6%, and 5.7% calcium carbonate levels. Readily soluble fraction is considered to be easily available fraction of B for plant uptake and consisted of 0.47–0.62% in Soil I, 0.31–0.43% in Soil II, and 0.24–0.34% in Soil III of the total boron. Among all B fractions, mean readily soluble, specifically adsorbed, and oxide-bound fractions got increased significantly with increase in B levels. Readily soluble and organically bound B fractions were more in Soil I as compared to Soil II and Soil III. Specifically adsorbed boron, oxide bound fraction, residual and total boron were more in Soil III in comparison to Soil I and Soil II. Among all fractions, residual fraction accounted for the major portion of the total B. It comprised of 92.71–93.90% in Soil I, 94.51–95.40% in Soil II, and 94.91–95.25% in Soil III of the total boron.     

四环素类抗生素在土壤和堆肥中的吸附和降解

Two agricultural soils were collected from Dahu and Pinchen counties and swine manure compost (SMC) from Ping-tung County in Taiwan, China to investigate the sorption and dissipation of three tetracyclines (TCs), i.e., oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC) and chlortetracycline (CTC), in compost, soils and soil/compost mixtures with different organic carbon (OC) contents. There were seven treatments in total. TCs were most strongly adsorbed to SMC in all treatments due to the high OC content. When SMC was present in the soils, the sorption of TCs was significantly enhanced, which might be attributed to the increased OC content and CEC. The adsorption of TCs showed non-linear adsorption isotherms and fitted well to the Freundlich model. After 49 d of incubation at 25 ℃ in soils and soil/compost mixtures in the dark, TCs elapsed in all substrates, with the time required for 50% degradation (DT₅₀) between 20 and 41 d, and the time for 90% degradation (DT₉₀) between 68 and 137 d. Soil amended with compost enhanced the stability of TCs and reduced their mobility. The dissipation of TCs in a soil environment was slow, indicating that these compounds might be persistent in soil.     

Soil Boron Fractions and Response of Green Gram in Calcareous Soils

A greenhouse experiment with green gram on boron (B) deficient calcareous soils was conducted for two years at Ludhiana (Punjab), India to study soil B fractions and response of green gram to B application. Three soils with calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) content 0.8 (Soil I), 2.1 (Soil II) and 4.6 (Soil III) percent were collected from different sites of Ludhiana and Bhatinda districts, Punjab, India. The treatments comprised of five levels of soil applied B (0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 mg B kg^?1). The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) factorial design with three replications. Readily soluble B comprised 0.39 to 0.76 percent in Soil I, 0.32 to 0.54 percent in Soil II, and 0.21 to 0.34 percent in Soil III of the total B, taking into account of all the levels of B applied at both stages of crop growth. Readily soluble B increased with increasing application rates of B and decreased from grand growth stage (40 days after sowing) to maturity of the crop. Specifically adsorbed, oxide bound, residual, and total B was higher in Soil III as compared to Soil II or Soil I. At maturity, specifically adsorbed B converted into other fractions to maintain equilibrium in soil solution. Organically bound B was greater than oxide bound B. Among all fractions, the residual fraction accounted for the major fraction of the total B. Soil application of lowest level of B was adequate to cause significant increase in dry matter yield and seed yield of green gram regardless of type of soil.     

2021年度国家自然科学基金土壤学项目受理与资助分析

本文对2021年度国家自然科学基金土壤学的资助格局进行分析,并以环境地球科学学科土壤学领域的三个二级申请代码：D0701环境土壤学、D0709基础土壤学和D0710土壤侵蚀与土壤肥力等为重点,对面上、青年科学基金、地区科学基金、国家杰出青年科学基金、优秀青年科学基金和重点等项目的申请与受理、通讯评议与上会推荐、资助立项、研究队伍和分类属性等方面进行了深入的分析,为将来的土壤学领域的基金申请提供科学指导。     

几种土壤在单一Zn及Cd Cu共存条件下对Zn的吸附

研究了Zn2+在单一及与Cd2+、Cu2+共存条件下在塿土、黄绵土、黑垆土、黄褐土、砂土5种土壤中的吸附特征,并探讨了其吸附机制。结果表明,在20℃、30℃下,Zn2+在各供试土样中吸附等温线总体上均呈I或III型等温线形式,总体上黑垆土、塿土对Zn2+吸附最强,而砂土的吸附总是最差;塿土、黄绵土和黄褐土中Zn2+吸附的温度效应呈现升温正效应特征,砂土中则总体上表现出随温度上升呈下降趋势,黑垆土中Zn2+吸附的温度效应则与重金属处理有关。Freundlich模型是描述Zn2+吸附等温线最佳模型。Cd2+、Cu2+的共存对Zn2+的吸附均具有显著的拮抗作用,但对Zn2+吸附规律的影响不同。机理分析表明,Zn2+在土壤中的吸附主要以化学吸附为主,Cu2+由于其与Zn2+相似的化学吸附特点而竞争Zn2+化学吸附点位,但Cd2+吸附主要竞争以电性引力形式吸附的Zn2+,因而Cu2+对Zn2+吸附的影响较大,而Cd2+影响较小。     

“水土保持规划与设计”课程实践环节设计

针对原"水土保持规划"课程教学中存在的问题,提出的新"水土保持规划与设计"课程是根据我国目前生产实际的需求,在原"水土保持规划"课程基础上整合形成的一门实践性很强的水土保持与荒漠化防治专业骨干课程。新"水土保持规划与设计"教学实践环节体系设计了"规划整体"和"典型流域治理措施设计"2个方向共8个方面的具体内容,既可反映整体水土保持规划的要求,更好地完成教学大纲中规定的要求,又可使学生牢固地掌握规划编制的内容和深度,同时有助于提高课程教学质量和学生的实践能力。     

吉林省西部土壤退化特征及机理分析

以吉林省西部土壤退化典型地区大安市和长岭县为例，研究、分析了该地区土壤退化特征及机理。该地区的土壤退化主要表现为营养成分的减少，有害的盐碱成份的增加。造成土壤退化的原因既有自然因素也有人为因素，自然因素是土壤退化的基础和潜在因素，人类不合理活动是土壤退化的诱发因素和主要因素。借助于GIS，SPSS技术，揭示了土壤化学成分在水平、垂直方向的动态变化和分布规律。该区的土层结构复杂，土壤剖面含盐量的分布呈“T”形、正“梯”形、负“梯形”和“柱”形等形态。     

河南中西部典型褐土在系统分类中的归属

选取位于河南中西部褐土土类的7个典型单个土体作为研究对象,通过土壤剖面形态特征和理化性质的分析,确定了它们在中国土壤系统分类中的位置.按照《中国土壤系统分类(第三版)》诊断标准,供试剖面中诊断出包括黏化层、钙积层、雏形层、氧化还原特征、温性土壤温度状况、半干润土壤水分状况等诊断层和诊断特性,7个剖面中,4个划归淋溶土纲...     

中国土壤系统分类土族和土系划分标准

中国土壤系统分类建立了亚类以上高级单元分类标准和检索,但在基层分类标准方面尚待系统建立和完善.本文主要介绍了中国土壤系统分类土族与土系划分的标准,从标准建立的背景、原则与特点到标准本身进行了较为详尽的描述,并用实例演示了土族土系标准在具体土壤上的应用.     

Influence of Growing Medium and Seed Size on Germination and Seedling Growth of Pinus gerardiana Wall.

Pinus gerardiana Wall. is an important nut-producing pine having restricted distribution in the world. It has been observed that natural regeneration in the species is extremely poor or entirely lacking. The species has erratic and infrequent seed years, dormancy-related problems, and slow growth of seedling, which reduces its regeneration process in natural habitats. Therefore, we investigated the effect of growing medium and seed size on germination and seedling growth of the Pinus gerardiana. The seeds were categorized into two sizes, viz, small (<2.35 cm) and large (>2.35 cm) and five growing medium treatments were used, viz, Soil:Sand:FYM; Soil:Sand:Moss:FYM; Soil:Moss:Vermicompost; Soil:Sand:Vermicompost; and Soil:Sand:Moss:Vermicompost, for assessing their impact on germination and seedling growth. It was observed that, among different growing medium treatments, higher germination and seedling growth parameters were recorded, when Soil:Sand:Moss:Vermicompost was used for the study. Between different seed sizes, higher germination and seedling growth were recorded when seed size was large.     

解读新《中华人民共和国水土保持法》的法条体系

新《中华人民共和国水土保持法》于2010年12月25日通过全国人大常委会的修订,其法条体系和突出特点可归纳为10个强化。包括强化了政府的水土保持目标责任,强化了水土保持规划的法律地位,强化了水土流失预防,强化了生产建设项目水土保持方案管理,强化了水土流失治理,强化了水土保持投入机制,强化了水土保持监测,强化了水土保持监督管理,强化了违法行为的处罚,强化了责任追究与代履行。     

Mapping and Assessment of Sealing Rate of Soils in the City of Volgograd

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of mapping and assessing the sealing rate of soils in the city of Volgograd (Russian Federation) are presented. Soil mapping is based on the interpretation of...     

三峡库区"移土培肥"工程的水土流失问题浅析

三峡库区"移土培肥"工程在我国是一项全新的工程项目,对库区发展和耕地保护事业的开拓具有重要意义.介绍三峡库区"移土培肥"工程的背景和基本概况,详细论述工程的实施情况,并在此基础上对三峡库区"移土培肥"工程实施过程中可能产生的水土流失问题进行分析并提出相应的对策,对于防止三峡库区"移土培肥"工程的水土流失具有重要的参考价值和指导意义.     

新疆维吾尔自治区水土保持补偿费收费方法和标准

在开发建设和生产过程中造成水土保持设施损毁、功能丧失或降低的必须给予补偿,水土保持设施的功能是持续有效发挥的,在水土保持设施补偿费收费标准上应该考虑时间因素,加以区别对待。收费方法和标准制定是水土保持补偿收费政策的核心部分,其合理性和有效性直接关系到该政策具体实施的可行性。通过对新疆维吾尔自治区水土保持补偿费收费方法和标准的初步探讨,提出水土保持补偿费的征收对象、收费方式和补偿标准,为我国水土保持补偿分类试点及逐步推广、尽快建立水土保持生态补偿制度提供理论依据。     

绿化植物废弃物对土壤中Cu Zn Pb和Cd形态的影响

利用自制的Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd污染的灰潮土和黄泥土,通过室内培养实验研究了不同绿化植物废弃物添加量和不同培养时间对这两种污染土壤中这4种重金属形态的影响。结果表明,绿化植物废弃物的加入抑制了Cu的活化,且添加60%绿化植物废弃物时有机结合态Cu的含量最高;绿化植物废弃物与污染土培养2～3个月时,残余态Zn的含量最高,对植物的毒害最小;绿化植物废弃物添加量为60%时灰潮土中有效态Pb含量较低,而添加量为30%时黄泥土中有效态Pb含量最低;绿化植物废弃物添加量的多少对灰潮土Cd形态的影响较小,但黄泥土中的Cd则随绿化植物废弃物量的增加活性逐渐减弱,且两种土壤均在培养2～3个月时可交换态Cd的含量最低。     

美国土壤系统分类中Pale-类型设置的演变历程

美国土壤系统分类中的Pale-类型是用于归类发育程度高、年龄大的土壤,在比较分析了两版《土壤系统分类》及各版《土壤系统分类检索》后,概括介绍了Pale-类型的设置缘起,及其检索条件和检索顺序的修订历程,在此基础上阐述了Pale-类型设置的演变历程对中国土壤系统分类的启示。     

三峡库区“移土培肥”工程的水土流失问题浅析

三峡库区“移土培肥”工程在我国是一项全新的工程项目,对库区发展和耕地保护事业的开拓具有重要意义。介绍了三峡库区“移土培肥”工程的背景和基本概况,详细论述了工程的实施情况,并在此基础上对三峡库区“移土培肥”工程实施过程中可能产生的水土流失问题进行了分析并提出了相应的对策。本论文对于防止三峡库区“移土培肥”工程的水土流失具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。     

土壤健康的生物学监测与评价

土壤是维持陆地生态系统功能和持续性的至关重要的有限资源。土壤质量和土壤健康与农牧业的可持续发展和环境质量的改善息息相关。土壤健康可简单定义为:“土壤作为一个动态生命系统具有的维持其功能的持续能力”。土壤微生物是土壤生物区系的关键性功能要素,一些微生物学参数可以综合判断土壤健康状况。文中提出土壤健康评价的指标体系可区分为土壤中微生物的量、活性、多样性和功能性4个方面,其中与微生物生物量水平相关的基本指标和衍生参数可成为土壤健康的敏感性量化指标,并有潜力作为土壤生态系统受污染和胁迫的预警性监测指标。     

赣南水土保持植物措施和工程措施防控效应研究

水土流失不仅会造成江河湖库泥沙淤积,而且是面源污染的重要来源。水土保持植物措施和工程措施对水土流失及面源污染具有防控效果。通过径流小区的定位观测试验,定量研究了水平竹节沟、水平台地、前埂后沟与乔灌草、植物篱、梯壁植草等水土保持工程、植物措施的综合防控效应。2010-2012年的试验结果表明:相对于荒地,乔+灌+草+水平竹节沟、油茶+水平竹节沟、油茶+植物篱、脐橙+水平台地+梯壁植草的减流率分别为68.86%、84.05%、35.59%、78.35%,减沙率分别为76.47%、81.96%、26.28%、79.66%,总氮拦截率为49.75%~61.91%,总磷拦截率在98%以上。