Long-term Examination of Cats with Perineal Urethrostomy

Perineal urethrostomies were performed on 35 cats. All cats were asymptomatic when examined an average of 48.4 months following surgery. Eleven cats (31%) had episodes of dysuria during the postoperative period. Two of the 11 and six additional cats (23%) had positive urine cultures (> 10⁵ organisms/ml) at the time of examination.     

Feline Perineal Urethrostomy: A Review of Past and Present Literature

Urethral obstruction is a potentially fatal condition and in cases of recurrent obstruction or an identified cause that is refractory to medical management, a urethrostomy may be performed for definitive treatment. Perineal urethrostomy is the surgical creation of a permanent stoma in the wider pelvic urethra via anastomosis to the perineal skin. Diagnosis of the underlying cause of obstruction, proper perioperative treatment, and an understanding of the anatomy and surgical technique, are imperative to the success of this procedure. This review intends to highlight these aspects, as well as the common complications and expected prognosis to aid decision making in the management of these cases.     

Urodynamic Evaluation of Lower Urinary Tract Function in Cats After Perineal Urethrostomy with Minimal and Extensive Dissection

Perineal urethrostomy was performed in five male cats with minimal, sharp intrapelvic transection of the ischiocavernous and ischiourethralis muscles and ventral penile ligaments, and in five male cats with extensive blunt intrapelvic dissection and sharp muscle transection. Urethral pressure profiles and cystometrograms with simultaneous fine wire electrode sphincter electromyography were performed in sedated cats before surgery and on days 14 and 28. Premicturition pressure, urethral opening pressure, maximum detrusor pressure, total volume infused, and residual volume were measured during cystometry, and maximal urethral closure pressure was measured during profilometry. A grading of (+), (++), or ( ) was used to represent the intensity of electromyographic activity. There was no difference between minimal and extensive dissection for any cystometrogram or profile variable at days 14 or 28. Urethral opening pressure and maximal detrusor pressure during cystometrography were higher in preoperative studies than after minimal or extensive dissection. Sphincter electromyography after surgery was not significantly different from preoperative results in either surgical group. The results of this study indicate that neither sharp nor blunt intrapelvic dissection significantly alters the postoperative urodynamic status in male cats.     

Vulvovaginectomy and neo-urethrostomy for treatment of haemangiosarcoma of the vulva and vagina

Vulvovaginectomy and neo-urethrostomy were performed in a 9-year-old German shepherd dog following a diagnosis of infiltrative vulvar and vestibulovaginal haemangiosarcoma. The dog was presented for intermittent vulvar haemorrhage over a 3-month period. On examination the vulva and vestibulovagina were distended and firm. Vaginal discharge and fine needle aspiration cytology detected anaplastic cells. Haemangiosarcoma was diagnosed on biopsy. A new urethral opening was created in the floor of the vagina allowing resection of the vulva and caudal vestibulovagina. Urinary continence was preserved and healing was without complications.     

Vulvovaginectomy and perineal urethrostomy for neoplasms of the vulva and vagina

Vulvovaginectomy and perineal urethrostomy were performed in three dogs with extensive neoplasms of the vulva and vagina. One benign tumor (fibroleiomyoma) and two malignant tumors (transitional cell carcinoma and anaplastic spindle cell sarcoma) were diagnosed. Survival times were 9 weeks to 10 months. Urinary continence was preserved in all three dogs. The procedure may be curative for benign tumors or malignant tumors that have not yet metastasized; it is a palliative procedure for advanced malignancies.     

Epidural Injection of Ketamine for Perineal Analgesia in the Horse

Objective—To determine the analgesic, sedative, and cardiopulmonary effects of epidural ketamine in the horse. Animal Population—Six healthy horses (three males and three females) weighing between 350 and 450 kg. Methods—Three doses of ketamine were selected (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg). Two months before the beginning of experiments, the carotid artery was exteriorized, and 1 week before experiments began, an epidural catheter was placed percutaneously in all animals with the tip located 12 cm cranially in the midsacrum. One week later, either saline (control) or one of three doses of ketamine was injected epidurally. Each animal received each ketamine dose and saline in random order at 1-week intervals. Ketamine was diluted in saline 0.9% before the experiment, and the volume used was adjusted to horse size and correlated to clinically used volumes. All the animals received a standard noxious stimulus consisting of needle insertion into the skin and deep muscle using a 3-point scale for scoring the response. A second scale was used to score the degree of sedation. The response to a noxious stimulus, the degree of sedation, and arterial blood pressure were assessed at previously determined intervals: before drug and 2, 5, 10, and 15 minutes and every 15 minutes to 210 minutes after ketamine or saline administration. Arterial blood samples were drawn for blood gas analysis before drug and at 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes. Results—All the tested doses of ketamine were effective in producing analgesia of the tail, perineum, and upper hindlimb. Total tail and perineal analgesia times were similar depending on dosage (30 minutes for 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg and 75 minutes for 2.0 mg/kg). A sedative effect of ketamine was also observed in a dose-response manner with a peak effect between 15 and 30 minutes postadministration. No cardiopulmonary effects were observed with any dose of ketamine. Conclusions—Results indicate that epidurally administered ketamine in the horse produces local spinal and central nervous system effects with analgesia and sedation but minimal cardiopulmonary effects. Clinical Relevance—Further studies are required to determine whether the analgesia is sufficient for surgery.     

Neoplasms of the spine.

Although the treatment of central nervous system neoplasms generally is unrewarding, some animals with spinal neoplasia may, for a variety of reasons, be successfully managed for extended periods of time. The veterinary profession has greater experience with spinal surgery than with intracranial surgery. As a result, surgeons are more willing to attempt and more successful at removing or debulking spinal neoplasms. Additionally, there are more affordable and accessible diagnostic procedures available to evaluate the spinal cord than there are to evaluate the brain. Finally, the majority of tumors that affect the spinal cord are extramedullary and are therefore amenable to attempts to remove them surgically.     

Neoplasms of Equidae

In a retrospective study of neoplasms in Equidae pre;ented to the Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, from Jan 1, 1970, to Dec 31, 1974, data were compiled on numbers and anatomic sites of neoplasms as well as on age, sex, and breed of subjects from which the neoplasms were taken. During this 5-year period, 21 neoplasms were diagnosed from 687 equine necropsies (3.1%) and 215 from 635 biopsies (33.9%), totaling 236 neoplasms from 1,322 cases (17.9%). The most common neoplasms were sarcoids (43.6%) and squamous cell carcinomas (24.6%). Papillomas (5.5%), nerve sheath tumors (4.2%), melanomas (3.8%), lipomas (3.0%), granulosa cell tumors (2.5%), fibromas (2.1%), cholesteatomas (1.3%), and lymphosarcomas (1.3%) were less common.     

奶牛阴道嗜酸乳杆菌的分离鉴定

应用选择性培养基从奶牛阴道中筛选出1株产酸革兰氏阳性杆菌,通过形态学、培养特性、生化特性、16SrDNA基因序列测定与同源性分析,确定该菌为嗜酸乳杆菌;动物试验表明,该菌无致病性.本试验为进一步研究调节奶牛阴道微生态平衡、防治奶牛子宫内膜炎的微生态制剂奠定基础.     

Neoplasms in the oviducts of turkeys

The reproductive tracts of turkey breeder hens from five flocks were examined grossly and histologically. Hens from one flock had a normal reproductive history, but hens from the four other flocks had poor records in both egg production and hatchability. Nodular growths occurred in the oviducts of birds in all five flocks. The incidence of lesions varied from flock to flock and from bird to bird. In four flocks, lesions were small and consisted of areas of dysplasia with adenomatous change. Histologically, the lesions in some birds in the fifth flock were adenocarcinomas. No metastases were observed.     

Neoplasms of the bovine gastrointestinal tract

Neoplasms of the bovine gastrointestinal tract are rare, possibly because of the low age of the sample population (slaughtered cattle). Forestomach neoplasia (papilloma/squamous cell carcinoma) has a high incidence in cattle from northern England and Scotland because of the mutagenic effects of bracken fern consumption and its interaction with BPV-4. Lymphosarcoma in the abomasum occurs in 41 per cent of cattle with lymphosarcoma, the most common bovine neoplasm in the United States. Small intestinal adenocarcinoma is associated with the papilloma/squamous cell carcinoma complex in the forestomach in England and Scotland, but occurs sporadically in other geographic locations. These lesions may be amenable to surgery, but death from metastatic disease occurs within 1 year. Neoplasms of the large intestine are rarely reported, but usually are adenocarcinoma. Adenoma and fibroma of the rectum may produce clinical signs of tenesmus and rectal prolapse. In general, neoplasia in cattle carries a poor prognosis because of early metastasis of adenocarcinoma and the high fatality of lymphosarcoma. Forestomach fibroma may be treated surgically with success, and palliative surgery for focal small intestinal tumors may be rewarding in individual cases.