Coordination of autophagy and the proteasome in resolving endoplasmic reticulum stress

Macroautophagy is a cellular degradation mechanism that involves the delivery of cytosolic components (macromolecules or organelles) by the autophagosome to the lysosome for degradation. In mammalian cells, macroautophagy and the ubiquitin proteasome system are 2 major mechanisms to eliminate abnormal proteins accumulated in pathological conditions. Here, the coordination of the 2 pathways to alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress is reviewed. Also discussed is the regulatory role of macroautophagy and proteasome activity in cell survival and death, as well as the recent discoveries leading to novel strategies of simultaneous control of the proteasome and autophagy activity in anticancer treatment.     

CHOP调控内质网应激介导细胞凋亡的机制

C/EBP同源蛋白CHOP是一种29K的细胞蛋白,主要参与调控细胞增殖、分化以及能量代谢等。CHOP作为转录因子在内质网应激(ER Stress,ERS)介导的细胞凋亡中起重要作用。ERS通常是指ER中错误折叠或未折叠蛋白质增加引起的应激反应。发生ERS时,细胞会通过未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)维持细胞内稳态。长期或过度的应激会导致ER功能障碍和凋亡发生。ER通过3个主要途径诱导细胞凋亡,包括IRE1/ASK1/JNK途径、Caspase-12 激酶途径和CHOP途径。     

PCV2感染猪各组织病毒载量与细胞内质网应激和自噬相关性

通过对PCV2阳性猪剖检,采集了心脏、肝脏、肾脏、肺脏、肾脏、大脑、肠、胃等组织样品,使用定量PCR(qPCR)对PCV2衣壳蛋白Cap基因、ERS和自噬标志基因进行定量分析。结果显示,肺脏中PCV2载量最高,其次为肝脏和肾脏含有较多病毒,小肠、心脏与大脑中病毒载量较少,胃内并未检测到PCV2。ERS和自噬在肺脏中发生最多,其次为小肠,再次为肝脏和肾脏,ERS和自噬水平较高,心脏与大脑中仅发生少量ERS与自噬,而在胃中几乎没有发生。通过透射电子显微镜观察心脏、肝脏、肾脏、肺脏、大脑、肠等组织样品。观察结果显示,所有器官中均可观察到PCV2感染,除肺脏内含量较多外其余各组织中差异不大。各组织中均可见不同数量的自噬小体与内质网应激,其中以肺脏内数量最多,其次为肠道,其余各组织中数量差异不大。电镜观察结果与qPCR检测结果一致,肺脏为病毒载量最大的器官同时也是ERS与自噬发生最多的器官,胃中几乎无病毒感染同时也几乎没有ERS与自噬发生。试验结果表明,除了小肠以外的各组织中ERS与自噬发生情况均与PCV2载量成正相关。为深入研究PCV2诱导细胞ERS和自噬的机制提供了新的理论依据。     

非酯化脂肪酸对原代犊牛肝细胞内质网应激信号通路的影响

通过体外添加一定浓度的非酯化脂肪酸(nonestesterifiedfatty acid,NEFAs)(1.8 mmol/L)处理犊牛原代肝细胞不同时间,运用Western blot和实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法,测定NEFAs对内质网应激(ER stress)标志分子IRE1α磷酸化水平和GRP78、CHOP、XBP-1的mRNA表达水平的影响。结果显示,随着NEFAs作用时间的增加,与0.5h组相比,IRE1α磷酸化水平逐渐升高,NEFAs处理小于5h时,IRE1α磷酸化水平呈时间依赖性增加。并在5h达到最高水平,极显著高于0.5h组(P0.01),此后,磷酸化水平降低。与0.5h组相比,GRP78、CHOP、XBP-1的mRNA的表达水平整体逐渐升高,NEFAs处理9h时极显著高于0.5h时组(P0.01)并达到最高水平。结果表明,一定浓度的NEFAs可诱导奶牛肝细胞发生内质网应激。     

鸡内质网分子伴侣Calnexin基因的生物信息学与组织表达谱分析

为探明鸡内质网分子伴侣钙联结蛋白（Calnexin,CNX）基因特性及蛋白结构和功能,以鸡CNX基因序列为对象,利用生物信息学方法分析了12个物种该分子核苷酸和氨基酸序列的同源性及蛋白的结构和功能,并应用qRTPCR法分析了35日龄海兰白鸡30个组织中CNX mRNA组织表达谱。结果表明,CNX核苷酸序列及氨基酸序列在不同物种中具有一定保守性,该蛋白属于跨膜蛋白,不存在信号肽,酶分类可能属于EC 1.11.1.9,并与糖类特异性结合发挥活性。鸡CNX mRNA在鸡组织中广泛表达,其中在回肠、动脉和腺胃组织中表达量很高,表明CNX是鸡机体内必需蛋白分子,可能在消化系统和心血管系统中发挥更为重要作用。     

Orai1对NEFA诱导内质网应激引起犊牛肝细胞脂质沉积的影响

为探究Orai1是否参与非酯化脂肪酸(nonestesterifiedfatty acid,NEFAs)诱导内质网应激引起犊牛肝细胞脂质沉积,本试验首先通过体外添加高浓度NEFAs,运用Western blot和实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法,测定NEFAs对内质网应激标志分子GRP78表达量以及脂肪从头合成ACC1、FAS的表达水平的影响。而后又添加Orai1抑制剂2APB与RNA靶向沉默Orai1。结果显示,抑制或沉默Orai1后NEFAs刺激可明显降低GRP78、Orai1、ACC1、FAS的表达水平以及脂滴含量。结果表明,Orai1参与NEFA诱导的内质网应激引起犊牛肝细胞脂质沉积。     

Zearalenone induces apoptosis and autophagy by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling in porcine trophectoderm cells

Zearalenone(ZEA), a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to Fusarium species in foods and feeds, causes a serious hazard to humans and animals. Numerous studies have revealed that ingesting ZEA can disrupt the reproductive function and impair the reproductive process in animals. This experiment was to investigate the toxicological effect and the mechanism of ZEA exposure on reproduction in pigs during early stages of pregnancy. In the present study, we treated with 0 to 80 μmol/L ZEA for...     

Lumenal localization in the endoplasmic reticulum of the C-terminal tail of an AE1 mutant responsible for hereditary spherocytosis in cattle

An R664X nonsense mutant AE1 is responsible for dominant hereditary spherocytosis in cattle and is degraded by the proteasomal endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. The present study demonstrated that R664X AE1 translated in vitro had the trypsin-sensitve site identical to that of the wild-type AE1. The P661S/R664X mutant containing a possible N-glycosylation site at Asn660 showed an increase in size by 3 kDa both in the cell-free translation system and in transfected HEK293 cells. Moreover, steady state levels of R664X and P661S/R664X in HEK293 cells were markedly increased in the presence of a proteasome inhibitior. These findings indicate that the truncated C-terminal region of R664X AE1 has lumenal localization in the endoplasmic reticulum and is not accessible to proteasomal machineries in the cytosol.