不同人工鸽乳对0～10日龄乳鸽的饲喂效果

用 1、2、3、4、5五种不同营养配方的人工鸽乳饲喂刚出壳且未经亲鸽喂过的雏鸽。试验分为 5组 ,每组设 3个重复。饲喂至 1 0天 ,又选出 1、5配方进行重复试验。对 4、7、1 0天乳鸽的体重进行显著性检验 ,同时用与试验组同鸽场自然哺育的乳鸽的同日龄体重作对照。结果显示 :在 4、7日龄时 ,各组间的增重差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5) ;而 1 0日龄时 ,1组与 2、3、4组差异极显著 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;2组与 4组差异显著(P <0 .0 5) ;1组与 5组差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5)。从 1 0日龄乳鸽的增重效果看出 :5种人工鸽乳中 ,1组的饲养效果最佳 ,4、5组次之 ,2组最差。而试验组全群 ( 1 70只 )乳鸽的成活率平均为 93.5% ,1组成活率为 1 0 0 %。试验结果表明 :乳鸽完全可以脱离亲鸽而进行人工喂养 ,乳鸽出壳至 1 0日龄生长所需的最佳能量和蛋白需要分别为 1 5.38KJ/kg和 53.3% (以干样计 )。     

不同粗蛋白水平人工鸽乳对乳鸽生长性能、血清抗氧化水平及肠道发育的影响

本试验旨在研究不同粗蛋白水平人工鸽乳对乳鸽生长性能、血清抗氧化及肠道发育的影响,以确定合理的人工鸽乳粗蛋白水平。试验选取7日龄乳鸽192只,随机分为4组,每组8个重复,每个重复6只乳鸽。分别饲喂粗蛋白水平为16.5%、18%、19.5%、21%的人工鸽乳(CP16.5%组、CP18%组、CP19.5%组和CP21%组),饲养时间为18 d。结果表明：1)各组乳鸽初始体重、终末体重、平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、料重比(F/G)均无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)CP21%组乳鸽胴体率最高且显著高于CP18%组与CP19.5%组(P<0.05);CP16.5%组半净膛率最高且显著高于CP19.5%组(P<0.05);各组全净膛率无显著差异(P>0.05);CP21%组乳鸽胸肌率最高且显著高于CP18%组(P<0.05)。3)CP16.5%组乳鸽粗蛋白、粗脂肪和干物质的表观代谢率均为最高,但只有粗蛋白和干物质的表观代谢率显著高于其余各组(P<0.05),各组之间粗脂肪的表观代谢率无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)CP18%组乳鸽的脾脏...     

人工鸽乳对乳鸽非特异性免疫力的影响

研究人工鸽乳对乳鸽非特异性免疫力的影响。本研究选择120羽人工孵化同期出雏的乳鸽,随机分为四组,每组30羽。Ⅰ组为对照组,亲鸽自然哺育;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ为试验组,从初生至28日龄,按高中低蛋能比的人工鸽乳进行人工哺喂。结果显示:14日龄前免疫器官指数随着蛋能比由高到低而逐渐增大,但人工哺育组显著低于对照组(P<0.05);28日龄Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组胸腺指数相近(P>0.05);法氏囊指数、血清抗体水平在各日龄间随蛋能比从高到低表现为逐渐升高,但均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在14日龄时,Ⅱ组血清抗体水平低于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此表明:人工鸽乳的蛋能比是影响乳鸽非特异性免疫的重要因素之一。     

不同人工鸽乳０—１０日龄乳鸽的饲喂效果

用１、２、３、４、５五种不同营养配方的人工鸽乳饲喂刚出壳且未经亲鸽喂过的雏鸽。试验分为５组，每组设３个重复。饲喂至１０天，又选出１、５配方进行重复试验。对４、７、１０天乳鸽的体重进行显著性检验，同时用与试验组同鸽场自然哺育的乳鸽的同日龄体重作对照。结果显示：在４、７日龄时，各组间的增重差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；而１０日龄时，１组与２、３、４组差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；２组与４组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；１组与５组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。从１０日龄乳鸽的增重效果看出；５种人工鸽乳中，１组的饲养效果最佳，４、５组次之，２组最差。而试验组全群（１７０只）乳鸽的成活率平均为９３．５％，１组成活率为１００％。试验结果表明：乳鸽完全可以脱离亲鸽而进行人工喂养，乳鸽出壳至１０日龄生长所需的最佳能量和蛋白需要分别为１５．３８ＫＪ／kg和５３．３％（以干样计）。     

低聚木糖对乳鸽生长和免疫性能的影响

在保姆鸽日粮中添加不同浓度的低聚木糖(XOS),观察低聚木糖对乳鸽生长和免疫功能的影响,寻找作用于乳鸽生长及免疫调节的最适低聚木糖添加量。结果显示:添加低聚木糖能显著提高1-14日龄乳鸽日增重、降低乳鸽死亡率(P0.05);显著改善15-28日龄乳鸽免疫器官指数(P0.05);在乳鸽1-14日龄,当保姆鸽日粮中添加100 mg/kg和150 mg/kg低聚木糖时,乳鸽血液中血清总蛋白(TP)和白蛋白(ALB)含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);在乳鸽15-28日龄,试验各组IgG含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05),添加150 mg/kg组IL-2含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),添加100 mg/kg组、150 mg/kg组和250 mg/kg组IgM含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),添加100 mg/kg组、150 mg/kg组和200 mg/kg组IgA含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结果表明:在保姆鸽日粮中添加浓度为150 mg/kg的低聚木糖时,对乳鸽的生长和免疫功能的增强有显著的促进作用。     

种鸽感染毛滴虫对乳鸽生长性能、胴体性能和免疫功能的影响

【目的】 研究种鸽感染毛滴虫对乳鸽的危害,为鸽场毛滴虫病的防治提供参考。【方法】 分别选择18对未感染和18对感染毛滴虫的种鸽为对照组和试验组,每对种鸽哺育2只乳鸽,试验期28 d,统计乳鸽的死亡率、生长性能和胴体性能,以及免疫器官指数和抗体水平等生化指标。【结果】 试验组乳鸽的口腔毛滴虫数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且虫株数量随乳鸽日龄增长而增长;试验组乳鸽死亡率为26.92%,显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验组乳鸽1~7日龄的平均日增重显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但出栏重和胴体性能无显著差异(P>0.05);毛滴虫可造成口腔黏膜、胸腺、肝脏和脾脏等组织出现明显病理损伤,血液中白蛋白(ALB)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性显著升高(P<0.05),可溶性抗原CD8(sCD8)水平显著降低(P<0.05)。【结论】 综上,种鸽感染毛滴虫后可通过哺喂鸽乳的过程导致乳鸽感染,引起乳鸽肝脏和脾脏等组织出现明显病理损伤,免疫功能下降,死亡率升高。     

乳鸽的人工代乳料

鸽乳是由亲鸽嗉囊所分泌的一种特殊营养物质,主要由蛋白质和脂肪组成。乳鸽在0~7日龄完全靠鸽乳维持生长。鸽子的自然繁殖性能较低,严重制约了养鸽业的发展,因此,乳鸽的人工哺喂成为当今的研究热点。国内外已对人工代乳料的研究做了多方面的工作,虽然到目前尚未形成某种成熟的方法和配方,但也取得了一定的效果。     

黄芪多糖和枯草芽孢杆菌合剂对乳鸽生长性能和免疫功能的影响

研究旨在探讨黄芪多糖和枯草芽孢杆菌合剂对白羽王鸽乳鸽生长性能与免疫功能的影响。试验选取320对健康的白羽王鸽种鸽和640羽同日出孵体重接近的乳鸽,每对种鸽哺育2只乳鸽,将其随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复20对种鸽和40只乳鸽。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加0.1%黄芪多糖（黄芪多糖组）、0.1%枯草芽孢杆菌（枯草芽孢杆菌组）、0.1%黄芪多糖+0.1%枯草芽孢杆菌合剂（黄芪多糖+枯草芽孢杆菌组）。试验期28 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,黄芪多糖+枯草芽孢杆菌组乳鸽末重提高2.86%(P<0.05),黄芪多糖组、黄芪多糖+枯草芽孢杆菌组乳鸽平均日增重提高1.68%和2.91%(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,枯草芽孢杆菌组、黄芪多糖+枯草芽孢杆菌组脾脏指数分别提高了41.67%和47.92%(P<0.05),黄芪多糖+枯草芽孢杆菌组法氏囊指数提高了41.76%(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,黄芪多糖组、枯草芽孢杆菌组、黄芪多糖+枯草芽孢杆菌组乳鸽血清新城疫抗体滴度分别提高了8.96%、8.02%、18.28%(P<0.05)。与对照组相比...     

鸽乳成分分析及乳鸽人工哺育技术的研究进展

随着我国养鸽业的迅速发展,人工哺育乳鸽的效果对养鸽业经济效益具有重要的影响作用。为了减轻种鸽负担,缩短繁殖周期,提高乳鸽产量和优良品系的繁殖速度,开展人工鸽乳及人工哺育技术的研究具有重要意义。1自然鸽乳概况鸽乳(Cropmills)是指乳鸽刚孵出时取食的亲鸽嗉囊中分泌的一种物质。鸽乳是由含有大量脂类     

不同代乳料对海南黑山羊早期断奶的影响

选取体重接近的海南黑山羊36头,随机分为3个处理组,每组12头,其中一组为对照组,正常断奶,不补充精料,另外两组分别饲喂代乳料Ⅰ和代乳料Ⅱ,试验期为50 d。结果表明：早期断奶补饲会明显增加海南黑山羊的体重,但与正常断奶羔羊比较,体重和日增重均差异不显著（P〉0.05）。表明在海南对黑山羊实施早期断奶是可行的。     

代乳粉对羔羊生产性能、体尺和腹泻率的影响

试验旨在研究代乳粉对羔羊的增质量、体尺和腹泻率的影响,并优选出适宜的羔羊代乳粉营养水平。选择80只健康的小尾寒羊羔羊,采用单因子方差分析,将羔羊随机分为4组进行试验。初生羔羊吃足初乳,于5d后分组,采用逐渐替代法,将母乳转换成3种不同营养水平的代乳粉,分别哺喂3组羔羊,另1组为对照组(喂纯羊乳)。结果表明1)试验1组的只均日增质量为193g,明显高于对照组的151.25g和试验3组的107g,差异显著;试验2组的只均日增质量为160.5g,与其他3组相比差异不显著。2)试验1组羔羊的体斜长和胸围较对照组增加2.18%和1.67%,差异不显著,试验3组的体高、体斜长和胸围均显著低于试验1组和对照组,差异显著。3)试验1组和试验3组羔羊的腹泻率均为0,明显低于对照组的7.32%;试验2组羔羊腹泻率为7.93%,高于对照组。早期断奶羔羊平均每日每只适宜进食的消化能和粗蛋白分别为9.21MJ和106.92g,哺喂营养适宜的代乳粉(试验1组)能促进早期断奶羔羊的生长发育,降低腹泻率。     

安普霉素对仔猪生产性能及免疫机能的影响

试验采用单因子试验设计。72头28日龄大长北三元杂交断奶仔猪随机分成3组,以研究饲料中添加不同剂量的安普霉素(0mg/kg、20mg/kg、90mg/kg)对仔猪免疫系统的生长发育和机体免疫功能的影响。试验期4周。研究表明:饲料中添加90mg/kg安普霉素能明显降低仔猪腹泻发生率,对仔猪具有显著促生长作用,可提高断奶后0周～4周内仔猪日增重19.1%～24.6%(P<0.05)、改善饲料转化率7.7%～8.5%(P<0.05),并可提高日采食量8.4%～13.1%;尤其在试验前期(断奶后0周～2周)作用更明显。而对仔猪胸腺、脾脏和肠系膜淋巴结的发育及组织结构无明显影响,对仔猪体液免疫系统也未产生显著的抑制作用,表明从免疫的角度不能对安普霉素的促生长作用机理给予解释。     

饲喂含常规大豆蛋白代乳料对犊牛生长性能和血液生化参数的影响

选择18头刚出生的荷斯坦奶犊牛,分为A、B、C组,每组6头,公母各半。研究去皮豆粕(DSM)和全脂大豆(FFS)替代50%乳源蛋白对犊牛血液生化指标和犊牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,36d时犊牛血清总胆红素、直接胆红素、间接胆红素含量以及γ-谷氨酰转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性趋势为DSM替代组(A组)>FFS替代组(B组)>全乳组(C组)(P>0.05);与C组比较,A、B组血清白蛋白含量极显著降低(P<0.01),A组碱性磷酸酶活性显著升高(P<0.05);同期A组和B组犊牛的体重分别比C组低8.08%和5.33%,C组犊牛的胸围、体高、体斜长均大于A、B组,可见DSM和FFS对36d犊牛的肝脏功能和生长性能有一定的不良影响。96d时,各组犊牛血液生化指标无显著差异。365d时,A、B组犊牛的各项生长指标与C组相近,犊牛的补偿生长作用足可弥补DSM和FFS对犊牛早期生长造成的影响,哺乳期用含DSM、FFS的代乳料可低成本培育犊牛。     

Exocrine pancreatic secretion in pigs fed sow's milk and milk replacer, and its relationship to growth performance

The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the effects of sow's milk and 2 milk replacer diets (containing clotting or non-clotting protein sources) on exocrine pancreatic secretion, plasma cholecystokinin, and immunoreactive cationic trypsin in pigs. In addition, the relationship between exocrine pancreatic secretion and growth in milk-fed pigs was studied. In a changeover experiment, 9 chronically catheterized pigs of 6.6 +/- 0.19 kg of BW were studied for 3 wk. Pigs were assigned to each of 3 diets. Exocrine pancreatic secretion was measured from the third to the seventh day on each diet. The protein content and trypsin activity of the pancreatic juice were measured. Blood samples were taken at 10 min before and after milk ingestion and were analyzed for cholecystokinin and immunoreactive cationic trypsin. Pancreatic protein and trypsin secretion did not differ between pigs fed sow's milk and those fed milk replacer, but the volume secreted was less for the pigs fed sow's milk (0.75 vs. 1.03 mL x kg(-1) x h(-1); P < 0.01). A postprandial response to milk intake was not observed. The 2 milk replacer diets did not affect exocrine pancreatic secretion differently. The average exocrine pancreatic secretion (volume, 0.94 mL x kg(-1) x h(-1); protein, 4.28 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1); trypsin, 1.65 U x kg(-1) x h(-1)) was intermediate between literature values for suckling and weaned pigs. Plasma cholecystokinin was elevated (approximately 18 pmol x L(-1)) and showed low correlations with the pancreatic secretion traits. Plasma immunoreactive cationic trypsin was not significantly related to any of the pancreatic secretion traits and should therefore not be used as an indicator for exocrine pancreatic function in milk-fed pigs. Exocrine pancreatic secretion varied substantially among individual pigs (protein, 0.22 to 13.98 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1)). Pancreatic protein and trypsin secretion showed a positive, nonlinear relationship with performance traits. It was concluded that neither specific sow's milk ingredients nor the protein source are responsible for a low pancreatic protein secretion in suckling pigs. Exocrine pancreatic secretion was positively correlated with ADG in pigs at an identical milk intake.     

Susceptibility of day-old chicks and ducklings,goslings and quaiis to pigeon herpes encephalomyelitis and pigeon herpesviruses

Day-old chicks were susceptible to pigeon herpes encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) by intracerebral (i/c) inoculation. Infected birds developed neurologic signs starting from 2 to 15 days post-infection, and 85% died. The virus was recovered from the brains of diseased chicks in titers ranging between 104 and 105.5 EID₅₀/0.2 ml. Inoculated birds shed the virus in their droppings throughout the 2 weeks observation period. Day-old chicks given the virus by the intranasal (i/n) or oral routes did not develop any specific signs but shed the virus also in their droppings throughout the observation period. Ducklings and goslings inoculated intravenously (i/v), i/n or orally were resistant. Day-old chicks and ducklings, goslings and quails inoculated by different routes with pigeon herpesvirus (PHV) did not show respiratory or nervous signs.     

饲喂代乳粉对羔羊生长性能和体组织参数的影响

研究饲喂代乳粉和母羊哺乳对羔羊生长性能和体组织参数的影响。选取18只日龄和体重相近、健康的杂交F1羔羊,随机分成试验组和对照组,每组9只。试验组饲喂代乳粉,对照组随母羊哺乳,饲养时间为90d。称取20、90日龄空腹体重,并于90日龄时每组随机选取4只屠宰,称量胴体、各胃室、小肠各段、内脏器官鲜重。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组羔羊平均日增重提高18.61%(P0.05);宰前活体重、胴体重分别提高22.28%、32.44%(P0.05),屠宰率提高6.67%(P0.05);复胃总重增加13.25%(P0.05),其中瘤胃鲜重增加25.92%(P0.05),皱胃鲜重提高6.74%(P0.05),网胃和瓣胃鲜重则有降低的趋势;回肠鲜重和长度分别增长75.28%(P0.05)和35.50%(P0.05);肺、肾脏、肝脏和脾脏鲜重提高22.29%、30.10%、28.86%和38.22%(P0.05)。结论:饲喂代乳粉后可提高羔羊生长性能,但对屠宰率无显著影响,可促进其瘤胃的发育,并影响部分内脏器官发育。     

Growth of rearing calves in relation to lysine contents of milk replacer and calf starter and feeding frequency of milk replacer

In two factorial feeding experiments with 90 and 102 rearing calves the effect of addition of extra lysine to the milk replacer in combination with a low and high lysine content of the calf starter on dry matter intake and weight gain was studied. Once or twice daily milk feeding was also compared. The calves received milk replacer up to the age of 8 weeks and calf starter and hay ad libitum from the 3rd week on. The experiments lasted to the age of 12 respectively 10 weeks. In the first experiment increasing the lysine content of the milk replacer from 14.5 g/kg to 18.5 g/kg had no effect on dry matter intake and weight gain. In the second experiment increasing the content of lysine to 17 g/kg resulted in higher intake of dry matter and higher weight gain, but only in combination with a calf starter with a low lysine content (6 g/kg). In the first experiment twice daily milk feeding resulted in higher intake of concentrate and higher weight gain as compared to once daily. In the second experiment this was only so if the starter had the lower lysine content. Increasing the lysine content of calf starter from 7 to 8.5 g/kg had no effect on dry matter intake and weight gain in the preweaning period in the first experiment. In the second experiment increasing the lysine content from 6 to 8.5 g/kg led to higher intake of concentrate and higher weight gain. This effect was only seen if the milk replacer had no extra lysine added. In the postweaning period there was no effect of increasing the lysine content from 7 to 8.5 g/kg (Exp. I). Increasing the lysine content from 6 to 8.5 g/kg led to higher dry matter intake and higher weight gain (Exp. II). These results are discussed in the light of the partial degradability of the concentrate protein in the rumen and the effect of duodenally available lysine on feed intake and weight gain.     

Effect of suckling cow's milk or milk replacer on abomasal luminal pH in dairy calves

Abomasal ulceration occurs commonly in suckling calves, and the cause for the high prevalence of abomasal ulceration is unknown. We hypothesized that diet may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of abomasal ulceration. Six male dairy calves with an abomasal body cannula suckled fresh Holstein cow's milk, all milk-protein milk replacer, or combined milk- and soy-protein milk replacer twice daily at 12% of body weight/d. Abomasal luminal pH was measured every second for 24 hours by using a miniature glass pH electrode. Mean 24-hour abomasal luminal pH for all milk-protein milk replacer (3.22) and combined milk- and soy-protein milk replacer (3.27) were similar but significantly (P < .05) higher than that for cow's milk (2.77; standard error = 0.08). Both milk-replacer formulations failed to clot after the addition of chymosin, whereas cow's milk clotted within 2 minutes. The in vitro titration curve of cow's milk and all milk-protein milk replacer were similar, but different to that of combined milk- and soy-protein milk replacer. The osmolalities of all milk-protein milk replacer (375 mOsm/kg) and combined milk- and soy-protein milk replacer (410 mOsm/kg) were greater than that of cow's milk (278 mOsm/kg). The slightly lower mean abomasal luminal pH in calves suckling cow's milk, compared to milk replacer, was probably due to clotting of cow's milk, with extrusion of low pH whey, and a slower rate of abomasal emptying caused by the hyperosmolality of milk replacer. Examination of our results suggests that suckling cow's milk may increase the prevalence of abomasal ulceration by decreasing mean luminal pH, although this remains to be determined.     

Effect of level of milk replacer fed to Holstein calves on performance during the preweaning period and starter digestibility at weaning

Calves following an enhanced-growth feeding program usually show lower starter intakes during the preweaning period compared with conventionally-fed calves. To assess whether this low intake in calves following an enhanced-growth feeding program affects calf capacity to digest starter after weaning, 19 Holstein male calves were used to measure apparent nutrient digestibility at weaning. Calves were divided in two groups: calves on a conventional feeding program (CF) and calves on an enhanced-growth feeding program (EF). After one week of adaptation to milk replacer (25% CP and 19% fat), the CF calves were fed 4 l/d of milk replacer (MR) at 12.5% DM dilution rate from d 1–28, and 2 l/d from d 29 to weaning day at d 35, and the EF calves were offered MR at 18% DM dilution rate: 4 l/d from d 1–6, 6 l/d from d 7–13, 7 l/d from d 14–20, 6 l/d from d 21–28, and 3 l/d from d 29 to 35. Calf starter (20% CP) was offered ad libitum from the beginning to the end of study at d 42, and its consumption was recorded daily. Calves were weighed at d 3, 17, 24, 31, 38 and 42. Daily total faeces collection was conducted for the last 5 d of study. Final BW was numerically greater in EF than in CF calves (88.6 vs 81.2 ± 3.36 kg, respectively). Starter DMI was greater (P < 0.05) in CF compared with EF calves during the preweaning (0.68 vs 0.36 ± 0.078 kg/d, respectively) and postweaning (2.52 vs 1.90 ± 0.102 kg/d, respectively) periods, but there were no differences in total DMI (1.12 and 1.26 ± 0.078 kg/d, in CF and EF calves, respectively) during the preweaning period. However, apparent DM, OM, NDF, CP, and GE digestibility coefficients were greater (P < 0.05) in CF compared with EF calves (77.4 vs 71.8 ± 1.23%, 78.7 vs 73.2 ± 1.18%, 34.7 vs 20.3 ± 3.79%, 77.1 vs 71.6 ± 1.29%, and 75.6 vs 69.8 ± 1.25%, respectively) the week after weaning. It is concluded that calves in the EF treatment presented lower nutrient digestibility coefficients compared with CF calves the week after weaning.