利用人工卵赤眼蜂蛹规模化饲养七星瓢虫的可行性研究

利用人工卵赤眼蜂蛹规模化饲养七星瓢虫的结果表明：（1）人工卵赤眼蜂蛹基本上能满足七星瓢虫幼虫的生长发育，并能正常羽化，但发育历期延长2.7d，蛹重降低；（2）成虫取食人工卵赤眼蜂蛹后，产卵前期、产卵期、总产卵量分别为12.3d、45.6d和1589.7粒，与蚜虫对照组差异显著。（3）用人工卵赤眼蜂蛹连续饲养七星瓢虫至6代时，生殖力有明显退化。（4）幼虫期饲喂人工卵赤眼蜂蛹、成虫期饲喂蚜虫与幼虫期及成虫期均用蚜虫饲喂的七星瓢虫具有相似的生殖力。（5）用人工卵赤眼蜂蛹饲养成虫，添加取食刺激剂（5%的蔗糖 0.1%橄榄油）后，其生殖力接近用蚜虫饲养的水平。综上所述，人工卵赤眼蜂蛹可满足幼虫的生长育，但对成虫的生殖力有一定影响；连代饲养后出现退化现象，这些影响主要是成虫产卵前期的营养得不到满足，可通过在成虫期添加取食刺激剂或成虫产卵前期改喂蚜虫解决。     

用简化配方的人工卵连代饲养中华草蛉

作者曾报导用啤酒酵母、大豆、牛肉水解物为主的饲料,制成人工卵饲养中华草蛉幼虫。本文进一步研究用简化配方的人工典连代饲养草蛉。 新配方(IIB)制成人工典养幼虫和用啤酒酵母干粉饲料养成虫,一年内连续饲养10代,结果证明;对幼虫、蛹的发育历期和成虫的产卵前期均无明显影响。茧和成虫的获得率、茧重、30天产卵量,和卵孵化率也都没有降低。10代的后裔,再用蚜虫和米蛾卵等天然猎物饲养,草蛉幼虫取食和发育正常。 因此,用上述人工饲料连续饲养草蛉,至少在10代以内,不致影响其生活力和生殖力。     

中华草蛉人工贮存越冬及打破休眠的研究

北京地区中华草蛉成虫在越冬期间大量死亡,春季发生量很低。研究结果指出秋季将田间采集或室内饲养的成虫充分喂以啤酒酵母饲料及清水,贮存在不加温的房中,至来年4月初,全黄型成虫的死亡率不超过7.5％。死亡率与贮存场所的温度、贮存时间、贮存开始时成虫的体色、贮存密度、及贮存前成虫的营养条件有密切的关系。在羽化后贮存前和气温回升后提供充足的饲料,更为重要。在不加温房中贮存51—80天,或15℃中贮存10天后移入27℃长光照定温室的成虫,分别在4—5天和10.5天后开始产卵。室内保护成虫越冬和人为地提早打破休眠的办法,为获得大量廉价天敌,接种释放后增加春季草蛉基数,及时控制害虫创造了条件。     

用紫外线处理的米蛾卵饲养草蛉

米蛾卵对紫外线反应十分敏感。用20瓦紫外线灯,距卵面20厘米,照射25分钟,可杀死米蛾卵胚(卵龄24小时),处理后的米蛾卵连续饲养中华草蛉3个世代,幼虫期发育正常,结茧率为73.3～80.0％,羽化率为82.6～86.9％,证明照射后的米蛾卵做饲料,对中华草蛉没有不良影响。     

利用桃蚜和人工卵赤眼蜂蛹连代饲养东亚小花瓣的比较研究

比较了用桃蚜和人工卵赤眼蜂蛹连续饲养东亚小花蝽的效果。用来眼蜂蛹连续饲养的6代东亚小花蝽，其若虫发育和成虫产卵能力均与用自然寄主桃蚜饲养的相同世代的小花蝽没有显著差异，各代间若虫发育和成虫产卵能力也基本相同。表明用赤眼峰蛹做饲料可以满足东亚小花蝽生长发育和繁殖的需要。用赤眼蜂蛹做饲料，雌、雄成虫平均发育历期分别为11.5d和10.9d。单雌产卵量为56.5粒，雌成虫产卵期和寿命分别为9.8d和12.7d，用桃蚜做饲料，雌、雄成虫平均发育历期分别为11.2d和11.0d，单雌产卵量为50.0粒，雌成虫产卵期和寿命分别为9.2d和12.9d，用赤眼蜂蛹饲养小花蝽的饲料成本不超过0.24元/头。     

利用桃蚜和人工卵赤眼蜂蛹连代饲养东亚小花蝽的比较研究

比较了用桃蚜和人工卵赤眼蜂蛹连续饲养东亚小花蝽的效果。用赤眼蜂蛹连续饲养的6代东亚小花蝽 ,其若虫发育和成虫产卵能力均与用自然寄主桃蚜饲养的相同世代的小花蝽没有显著差异 ,各代间若虫发育和成虫产卵能力也基本相同。表明用赤眼蜂蛹做饲料可以满足东亚小花蝽生长发育和繁殖的需要。用赤眼蜂蛹做饲料 ,雌、雄成虫平均发育历期分别为1 1 5d和 1 0 9d ,单雌产卵量为 56 5粒 ,雌成虫产卵期和寿命分别为 9 8d和 1 2 7d。用桃蚜做饲料 ,雌、雄成虫平均发育历期分别为 1 1 2d和 1 1 0d ,单雌产卵量为 50 0粒 ,雌成虫产卵期和寿命分别为 9 2d和 1 2 9d。用赤眼蜂蛹饲养小花蝽的饲料成本不超过 0 2 4元 /头     

利用人工卵繁殖玉米螟赤眼蜂

以柞蚕蛹血淋巴４０％,１０％的麦乳精溶液３０％,鸡蛋黄２０％,Ｎ‘Ｓ溶液１０％为培养液,聚丙烯薄膜为卵制成人工卵。除以８％聚乙烯醇溶液作为引诱剂,繁殖玉米螟赤眼蜂。处理组人工寄生率、化蛹卵率、羽化卵率和寄生效率分别为６１．８５％、７８．１６％、８５．７９％和０．５４８８,则对照组仅分别为２８．１８％、１８．５６％、２３．６０％、０．０１２３,产卵引诱物质能明显提高玉米螟赤眼蜂在人工卵上的寄生作用。     

昆虫人工卵制卵机的研究

本文报道一种结构比较简单的昆虫人工卵制卵机,设计原理与同类其它制卵机不同。用本机制卵,成卵率平均为86％,卵粒外径约564微米,卵壳厚度约17微米。每小时可制人工卵2公斤。用切片石蜡为卵外壳、蛋白质水解物等为内含物制成的人工卵,饲养中华草蛉和大草蛉,成茧率可达97％,与用米蛾卵饲养的结果无明显差异。     

北京地区中华草蛉发生消长及其原因的探讨

1980—1983年在北京郊区观察,中华草蛉在自然温度下,一年可繁殖6代,以成虫在9月下旬进入越冬,来年8月中旬开始活动。平川农区6月中旬以前发生数量稀少,至7、8月间,出现两次成虫高峰。9月以后,田间取食及栖息条件急剧恶化,迫使成虫不断转移,数量骤减。当晚秋和早春平川草蛉数量低时,山区却在9—10月及来年3—4月出现两次显著高峰,说明山区是中华草蛉的主要越冬场所和平川地区来春虫口的重要来源,山区的栖息和取食条件较平川优越。有利于草蛉的越冬。春季平川地区草蛉数量很低,主要是由于越冬期间成虫大量死亡。因此,调整农区和山区植物相,提供更多的密源、花源植物,以减少越冬死亡率;并在春季作物上接种释放草蛉,扩大种群基数,是一条值得探索的草蛉利用途径。     

人工卵赤眼蜂对玉米害虫的控害效果

研究表明,用人工卵繁殖的松毛虫赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂对夏玉米田２～３代玉米螟均有较好的控害效果。放蜂区校正卵粒寄生率为６５．４４％～６８．１６％;百株玉米蛀孔数和雄穗被害较对照分别减少６６．６７％～７０．３７％和７３．３３％～８０．００％。防治玉米雌穗上棉铃虫的效果,螟黄赤眼蜂要明显好于松毛虫赤眼蜂（２０．０％）,虫口减退率达７１．１％。另外还研制了适合人工卵赤眼蜂田间放蜂的放蜂器,出蜂率达９０％以上。     

高温冲击对柞蚕卵繁殖赤眼蜂的影响

研究了柞蚕卵繁殖的松毛虫赤眼蜂于蛹中期和蛹后期经历6h35、40℃高温单次冲击处理，对当代羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂率、寿命等4个指标和处理子代有效繁殖个体数、羽化率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂率等4个指标的影响。研究结果表明，当松毛虫赤眼蜂处于蛹中期和蛹后期阶段，在处理当代易受高温冲击影响，尤以40℃高温不利影响明显，主要表现在羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数两指标明显降低。其中蛹后期经历6h40℃高温冲击后，几乎不能继续发育羽化；而总体来看高温冲击对子代蜂各指标未表现出明显影响。     

螟黄赤眼蜂繁蜂质量监测与评价

对以柞蚕卵为中间寄主的螟黄赤眼蜂的繁蜂质量进行了监测和评价。结果表明，随着繁蜂代数的增加，螟黄赤眼蜂子代蜂的繁殖能力明显下降。在柞蚕卵上连续繁殖25代后，其寄生率、单卵蜂量和羽化率分别下降44．08％、45．00％和65．72％，子代蜂寄生率和单卵蜂量平均每代衰减为2．0％，而羽化率下降3．0％。其发育历期延长72h。子代蜂性比（雌：雄）下降幅度不大，在8．25～9．59：1。     

我国赤眼蜂工厂化繁育技术改进及防治农业害虫应用现状

自20世纪50年代,我国即开始系统研究赤眼蜂的人工繁育与田间释放应用技术,在适于赤眼蜂规模化繁殖的中间寄主种类研究与应用方面取得了举世瞩目的成就。近几年,我国在利用大卵(柞蚕卵)和小卵(米蛾卵)为中间寄主工厂化繁育赤眼蜂技术方面取得了一些进展。本文从大卵繁蜂涉及的配套生产设备、生产工艺以及小卵繁蜂过程中的幼虫人工饲料配方、饲养盘和成蛾收集技术方面取得的进展进行了归纳,并介绍了一次长效放蜂技术和大、小卵蜂混合释放技术在玉米螟和水稻二化螟防治的应用。2004年以来,吉林省累计推广松毛虫赤眼蜂防治玉米螟近1300万hm²,我国在推广应用赤眼蜂防治农业害虫方面取得巨大成功。最后,对赤眼蜂工厂化生产中存在的技术问题以及发展方向进行了探讨。     

Cyclic Lipopeptide Surfactant Production by Pseudomonas fluorescens SS101 Is Not Required for Suppression of Complex Pythium spp. Populations

ABSTRACT Previously, the zoosporicidal activity and control of Pythium root rot of flower bulbs by Pseudomonas fluorescens SS101 was attributed, in part, to the production of the cyclic lipopeptide surfactant massetolide A. The capacity of strain SS101 and its surfactant-deficient massA mutant 10.24 to suppress populations and root infection by complex Pythium spp. communities resident in orchard soils was assessed on apple and wheat seedlings and on apple rootstocks. Both strains initially became established in soil and persisted in the rhizosphere at similar population densities; however, massA mutant 10.24 typically was detected at higher populations in the wheat rhizosphere and soil at the end of each experiment. Both strains effectively suppressed resident Pythium populations to an equivalent level in the presence or absence of plant roots, and ultimately suppressed Pythium root infection to the same degree on all host plants. When split-root plant assays were employed, neither strain suppressed Pythium spp. infection of the component of the root system physically separated from the bacterium, suggesting that induced systemic resistance did not play a role in Pythium control. Strain SS101 only marginally suppressed in vitro growth of Pythium spp. and growth was not inhibited in the presence of mutant 10.24. When incorporated into the growth medium, the cyclic lipopeptide massetolide A significantly slowed the rate of hyphal expansion for all Pythium spp. examined. Differences in sensitivity were observed among species, with Pythium heterothallicum, P. rostratum, and P. ultimum var. ultimum exhibiting significantly greater tolerance. Pythium spp. populations indigenous to the two soils employed were composed primarily of P. irregulare, P. sylvaticum, and P. ultimum var. ultimum. These Pythium spp. either do not or rarely produce zoospores, which could account for the observation that both SS101 and mutant 10.24 were equally effective in disease control. Collectively, the results showed that (i) Pseudomonas fluorescens SS101 is very effective in controlling diverse Pythium populations on different crops grown in different soils and (ii) production of the cyclic lipopeptide massetolide A does not play a significant role in disease suppression. Other, as yet undefined mechanisms appear to play a significant role in the interaction between P. fluorescens SS101 and soilborne Pythium spp. communities.     

Determination of environment-specific dose–response relationships for clodinafop-propargyl on Avena spp.

A range of plant and environmental variables is known to influence the efficacy of herbicides. This paper explores whether environmental factors influencing efficacy of a herbicide can be quantified by analysing a set of industry data involving 59 experiments conducted throughout Australia in the years 1986–1995 for clodinafop-propargyl on Avena spp. A spline method was used to analyse the combined data set of observed and interpolated covariates. In addition to dose, it was found that efficacy was significantly influenced by maximum temperature on the day of application, spray water volume, the interaction of maximum temperature and spray volume, the sum of minimum temperatures experienced in the 7 days prior to application, and the soil moisture deficit estimated for day 10 prior to application. The findings are discussed in relation to testing of new products for providing commercial factor-adjustment information as an additional, marketable outcome of existing product testing procedures. Advantages of the spline model over the commonly used log–logistic model for evaluating dose–response and factor-adjustment relationships are presented.