不同氮肥对侵蚀坡面土壤氮素流失的影响

在模拟降雨条件下研究等氮量和相同施肥方式下不同氮肥品种的氮素流失特征。结果表明:不同氮肥品种对氮素流失量有显著影响,施用碳酸氢铵、普通尿素的小区全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮的流失量较大,而施用包膜控释尿素则可以显著降低氮素流失量。不同施肥处理的小区径流液中全氮、NH4+-N及流失泥沙中全氮的流失规律表现为碳酸氢铵>尿素>硫包膜控释尿素>树脂包膜控释尿素>对照;径流液中NO3--N的流失量表现为尿素>碳酸氢铵>硫包膜控释尿素>树脂包膜控释尿素>对照。     

太湖流域麦田土壤氮素流失过程的模拟研究

应用田间模拟降雨,研究了太湖流域稻麦轮作方式下,不同雨强和施氮水平对农田氮素径流流失的影响。结果显示,随施氮量增加,农田径流液中氮素的平均浓度和氮素径流累积流失量提高,两者间呈显著正相关。降雨量相同的条件下,低雨强农田产生径流时间较长,而高雨强引起的农田径流量较高;低雨强引起的农田氮素径流累积流失量较高,高雨强引起的农田氮素径流累积流失量较低,这种现象在中、高施氮水平条件下更为明显。试验还表明,在降雨量相同的条件下,降雨持续时间长的小雨引起的农田氮素径流流失量要超过降雨持续时间短的大雨。     

辽宁省浑河流域不同施肥方式下农田氮素随地表径流与壤中流流失特征

通过人工模拟降雨-径流小区监测的试验方法,设不施肥对照(CK)、基肥穴施(G1)、基肥穴施+追肥面施(G2)、基肥穴施+追肥穴施(G3)4种处理,研究辽宁省浑河流域不同施肥方式下农田氮素随地表径流与壤中流的流失规律,分析不同施肥方式对氮素流失量的影响。结果表明:(1)不同施肥方式下农田地表径流与壤中流产流过程差异显著,地表径流产流时间先于壤中流,同时径流量高于壤中流,是农田主要径流输出方式。G2减少地表径流,G3增大壤中流。(2)地表径流TN平均浓度中G2显著高于其他施肥方式,达到59.00mg/L,其他施肥方式差异较小;壤中流TN平均浓度以G3最高。(3)4种施肥处理,氮素总流失量为385～814mg,各施肥处理的总流失量呈G2>G3>G1>CK,追肥对氮素流失有显著影响。与G2相比,G3在减少地表氮素流失的同时,不会显著增大壤中流氮素流失。     

不同耕作方式与秸秆还田对稻田氮磷养分径流流失的影响

为明确自然降雨条件下稻田田面水氮磷养分径流流失特征,寻求秸秆还田和耕作方式结合下较为有效的减排农艺措施,通过田间试验研究自然降雨条件下不同耕作方式和秸秆还田对稻田田面水氮磷养分径流流失的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田处理较秸秆不还田处理更能够有效减少稻田氮磷养分径流流失总量;秸秆不还田条件下,翻耕、旋耕、免耕总氮径流流失量分别为6.78,8.50,11.09kg/hm2,总磷流失量分别为0.50,0.63,0.78kg/hm2;秸秆还田条件下,翻耕、旋耕、免耕总氮流失量分别为4.82,6.44,8.87kg/hm2,总磷流失量分别为0.39,0.51,0.70kg/hm2;整个稻季氮素径流流失率以免耕秸秆不还田为最高,达3.70%,翻耕秸秆还田为最低,仅为1.61%,磷素径流流失率也是免耕秸秆不还田最高,翻耕秸秆还田最低,分别为1.31%和0.65%。     

不同肥料类型及用量对坡面氮素流失的影响

为研究施用不同肥料类型（尿素、鸡粪）及用量（349.6,174.8 kg/hm²）下坡面氮素流失规律,采用人工模拟降雨试验方法,探究二者氮素流失差异的原因,并阐述肥料用量对氮素流失量的影响。结果表明：施肥后坡面氮素流失以泥沙全氮流失为主,占比可达78.16%~93.46%;径流硝态氮浓度高于铵态氮浓度,且径流总氮流失以硝态氮流失为主要形式,流失量占径流总氮流失量的38.53%~48.62%。肥料类型对坡面泥沙全氮浓度影响不明显,施用鸡粪处理泥沙硝态氮浓度和铵态氮浓度较高。等氮施用鸡粪可以减少坡面径流总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮流失浓度,分别减少68.64%~74.23%,70.09%~72.54%,27.90%~39.45%。等氮鸡粪替代尿素可以减少坡面氮素流失总量的11.07%~15.81%,减少径流总氮形式流失量70.55%~73.36%。坡面施氮量增加,氮素流失浓度增加,氮素流失总量也随之增加,可增加6.00%~11.00%。全量鸡粪替代半量尿素可减少坡面氮素流失总量,其效果较半量鸡粪处理下降10.40%。农业施用氮肥时,应合理选择施用量,并少量多次施用。尽量选择有机肥替代传统氮肥,以减少地表径流氮素浓度。做好水土保持工作,以降低水土流失携带大量的氮素对环境所造成的威胁。     

太湖水网地区原位模拟降雨条件下不同农田类型氮素流失特征研究

为探索太湖流域水网地区农田土壤氮素通过地表径流与耕层渗漏的流失特征及其影响因素,在浙江省嘉兴市、上海市的松江县和青浦县,选择稻田、种植年限短的菜地、种植年限长的菜地3种类型农田,采用原位模拟降雨,研究渗漏与地表径流方式下的农田氮素流失量、流失形态特征,以及土壤养分含量对氮素流失的影响。结果表明,3种农田在地表径流方式下农田总氮流失量差异不显著;渗漏方式下种植年限长的菜地和种植年限短的菜地总氮流失量差异也不显著。渗漏方式下总氮流失量显著高于地表径流方式。农田0—5、0—20 cm土壤硝态氮含量分别为31.24~72.9和33.21~71.1 mg/kg时,与渗漏液硝态氮、水溶性总氮、总氮的流失量、流失浓度呈极显著正相关。     

施肥对农田氮磷污染物径流输出的影响研究

施肥不当是造成农田地表径流 N、P 污染的主要原因。本文采用实地调查与模拟实验相结合的方法,研究了不同肥料品种、不同施肥强度、不同施肥时间与方式对土壤地表径流 N、P 流失的影响。结果表明,农田径流 N、P 的流失量与肥料投入水平有一定的正相关性,施肥后土壤地表径流中总 P 浓度比未施肥前成倍增加。不同肥料品种以硝酸铵最易增加径流中 N 的含量;通过经济与环境协调分析,相对于其他处理而言,一定量的尿素与普钙配合施用可减少 N、P 流失,同时获得较高的白菜产量;就施肥方式而言,深施或穴施比表施可显著降低径流中 N、P 的流失量。     

模拟降雨条件下丹江鹦鹉沟小流域坡面径流氮素流失特征

通过野外人工模拟降雨,研究丹江鹦鹉沟小流域不同土地利用类型的坡面地表径流和壤中流中氮素的流失特征,结果表明:径流小区降雨—地表径流过程总氮浓度平均值超过10mg/L,随着降雨历时的增加,全氮流失浓度大体呈现较平稳的状态,总体变化幅度不大。硝态氮浓度输出变化过程和总氮变化表现出良好的相关性,是氮素流失的主要形态;在大雨强条件下,农田小区壤中流氮素流失浓度均小于裸坡,其中农田全氮的流失量是裸地的1/2。在其他2种雨强条件下,农田小区壤中流除全氮外流失浓度均小于裸坡;壤中流中的氮素养分流失量占径流中比例较大,其中NO3--N表现最为明显,壤中流中NO3--N含量为9.09～11.42mg/L,最大比例为61.4%。     

旱作农业土壤水蚀条件下氮素流失效应试验研究

基于旱作农业夏玉米野外径流小区试验,通过设定不同降雨类型和不同尿素施用水平,重点研究水蚀条件下土壤氮素流失效应与机理。试验结果表明,水蚀条件氮素流失水平与侵蚀程度及泥沙氮素携带能力有关,其中,泥沙侵蚀程度对氮素流失影响显著,而施肥水平对泥沙吸附氮素携带能力影响明显。侵蚀过程中泥沙、径流及表土中氮素浓度不同,泥沙吸附氮素浓度略高于表土,而远大于径流溶解氮素浓度。比较随泥沙与径流流失氮素水平发现,随泥沙流失氮素比例都高达85%以上,远大于径流携带数量,说明泥沙是氮素流失的主要载体。     

滇池流域农田土壤氮磷流失影响因素探析

对滇池流域沿湖15个乡镇农田地表径流N、P流失状况及其影响因素研究结果表明,该区农田地表径流N、P污染负荷很高,年均流失量差异较大,总N为5 .0 7～113.16kg/ hm2 ,总P为0 .15～10 .14kg/ hm2 。高强度施用化肥是造成农田径流N、P流失量大的主要原因,同时也与土地利用和水肥管理方式及种植制度有关;不同坡度农田径流N、P输出量不同,6°～12°坡度N、P流失急剧增大,12°坡度以后流失量增加减缓;1次降雨或作物生长周期内径流N、P流失速率均表现出随时间参数递减的趋势;不同施肥处理N、P流失量存在一定差异,其中尿素与普钙配施可减少N、P流失,并获得较高白菜产量     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.