采煤沉陷复垦区重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

以淮南新庄孜矿煤矸石充填复垦区为研究对象,通过现场调查取样、室内测试分析等手段,对煤矸石充填复垦区不同土地利用类型、不同充填深度土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn和Hg 7种重金属的分布特征进行研究,同时采用生态风险指数法,对研究区土壤重金属潜在生态风险危害进行评价。结果表明:表层土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd、Mn和Hg 5种重金属平均值均超过当地的土壤背景值,存在不同程度的污染,且Cd污染最严重。从垂直方向来看,除Hg外土壤重金属无明显分布规律,Hg的含量随土壤深度的增加而升高。复垦区土壤重金属潜在生态风险危害严重,不同重金属潜在生态风险危害程度不同,Cd和Hg的潜在生态风险危害最大。     

杞麓湖径流区不同湿地沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

为了解杞麓湖农业径流区低污染水所致湖滨带湿地重金属空间分异特征及潜在危害,采集湖滨带农业径流区32个不同类型湿地(河流湿地n=13、人工湿地n=10、湖泊湿地n=9)的表层沉积物,检测重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni和Hg含量,利用ArcGIS反距离权重插值法(IDW)分析7种重金属空间分布特征,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价杞麓湖农业径流区湿地重金属污染。结果表明:不同类型湿地7种重金属污染程度存在差异,平均含量由高到低依次为河流湿地人工湿地湖泊湿地,各重金属平均含量由大到小依次为ZnCrCuNiPbCdHg,除Pb外,其余6种重金属平均含量均超过云南省土壤背景值,Cd超背景值样点比例高达100%。单因子污染指数表明重金属Cd和Hg呈重度污染,存在危害风险;农业径流区潜在生态风险指数介于112～1 241,平均264,属中度风险水平;重金属含量分布存在明显空间差异,北部高于南部、西部高于东部,含量分布高值区与潜在生态风险评价结果一致。相关性分析表明Cu、Ni、Cr和Zn污染源主要是农业活动;Pb来源主要与道路交通有关,还受工业活动影响;Cd主要受农业活动和工业活动影响。研究表明,杞麓湖农业径流区不同类型湿地重金属污染存在空间差异,Cd和Hg污染严重,生态风险高值区出现在西北部和西南部。     

汕头经济特区近10年土地利用类型动态变化研究

该文以汕头经济特区内六区一县为研究区域,以2000年区域变更调整数据至2007年现状土地利用数据作为数据源,研究了汕头市近10年间土地利用类型特征及动态变化情况,并分析了土地利用动态变化的驱动力因素.结果表明:耕地、林地、草地、未利用地的土地面积一直呈下降趋势,其中耕地面积减少最明显;园地、居民点及工矿用地、交通运输和水利设施用地的土地面积则逐年上升,尤其以园地、居民点及工矿用地面积增加幅度最大;引起土地利用类型变化的驱动力因素主要有人口增加、经济发展以及政策因素等.     

基于GIS的石漠化山区县域土地利用空间变化的生态风险测度

为深入探寻石漠化山区土地利用动态变化的空间规律和土地生态环境的演变方向,利用晴隆县1988年、2000年、2016年3期遥感影像数据,在RS与GIS技术支持下运用土地利用动态变化空间分析模型、空间变化率指数、土地生态风险指数、土地利用变化综合生态风险度来测度土地利用变化对土地生态环境造成的风险。结果表明:(1)耕地、草地、未利用地三种用地类型间的剧烈转化,使研究区土地生态环境逐渐恶化;(2)人口上涨、城镇化进程加快、城乡工矿及居民用地极速扩张等对研究区的土地生态安全造成威胁;(3)近30年间土地生态风险程度呈先增大后减小趋势,但后16年间土地利用程度综合指数的增大、植被覆盖指数和多样性指数的减小,说明研究区存在石漠化程度加深、景观类型单一、生态稳定性差、土地生态风险概率加大等问题,晴隆县土地生态状况仍有恶化的趋势。土地利用变化的综合生态风险度与土地生态风险指数的测算结果相互印证,说明将上述方法用于评价石漠化山区县域土地利用变化的生态风险是可行的。     

基于土地利用的陕西省生态风险分析

土地利用变化对陆地生态系统产生了很大的影响。利用陕西省土地和社会经济环境资料,分析了土地利用变化趋势。采用层次分析法与综合指数法,建立了自然压力、社会环境压力、经济压力生态风险指标体系,估算了耕地、林地、牧草地、水域等土地利用结构生态风险以及综合风险。结果表明,绝对数量变化幅度最大的是耕地和林地,而且耕地生态风险最大,水域变化生态风险最小,不同土地利用类型生态风险指数大小顺序为：耕地〉林地〉居民点及工矿用地〉牧草地〉未利用地〉交通用地〉水利设施用地。土地生态压力风险中,以经济压力生态风险最大,其次是自然压力生态风险,社会环境压力生风险相对较小,土地生态综合风险呈增加趋势。生态风险变化与土地利用结构的不合理,人口增加,水资源量减少以及自然灾害增加密切相关。     

基于转移矩阵的准格尔旗土地利用变化分析

[目的]土地利用是影响水土流失变化的重要因子,通过分析准格尔旗土地利用类型动态变化情况,掌握该区各土地利用类型变化去向,为分析该区水土流失状况提供依据。[方法]采用土地利用转移矩阵方法研究准格尔旗土地利用变化特征。[结果]2014—2016年,准格尔旗各土地利用类型变化不显著,表现为林地、草地、水域及水利设施用地占地面积分别减少16.02,12.66和2.48km^2,居民点及工矿交通用地、其他土地、耕地的占地面积分别增加18.63,10.53和1.72km^2;该区水土流失面积增加70.8km^2。[结论]准格尔旗减少的林地和草地主要转变为居民点及工矿交通用地和其他土地。结合水土流失数据分析表明,该区域水土流失面积的增加与林地和草地面积减少,以及林地和草地植被覆盖度的变化有关。     

陕北地区土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

以陕西省靖边县表层土壤（0~20 cm）为研究对象,应用SPSS 19.0软件分析土壤样品中重金属Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb、Hg等7种重金属的含量及来源,运用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价研究区土壤重金属潜在生态危害程度。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属平均含量均低于《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准,各重金属元素变异性较小;相关性分析表明,研究区土壤重金属元素中Cu、Zn、As、Pb两两之间呈极显著的正相关关系;因子分子显示,土壤中重金属的主要来源可能包括研究区附近石油开采活动、交通运输、无机农药和化肥的施用以及工业和居民燃煤等;生态危害评价显示,研究区土壤中仅有Cd元素存在潜在生态风险,其他Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Hg 6种元素的潜在生态风险均处于低危害水平。     

东露天煤矿区采矿对土地利用和土壤侵蚀的影响预测

黄土区大型露天矿区是一种剧烈的人工扰动区域,采矿活动对土地资源和生态与环境破坏非常严重,正确预测人工开采引发的人为加速土壤侵蚀与土地利用变化,可为生态脆弱煤矿区的生态恢复和重建提供依据。该文采用RS、GIS技术、统计分析、类比和趋势外推相结合的方法,对东露天矿区2005～2080年的土地利用变化和水土流失进行了预测性研究。结果表明：75年间,在没有采取生态重建的措施下,农用地减少3666.07 hm²,未利用地减少1402.13 hm²,居民点用地减少121.80 hm²,全部变为独立工矿用地。土地利用结构和类型由多样性向单一类型的裸露的独立工矿用地发展,水土流失量由54.50万t/a变为77.85万t/a。     

土壤重金属污染的生态风险评估分析:个案研究

研究了浙江富阳某乡土壤重金属污染,并应用概率方法评估了土壤重金属的生态风险。结果表明,研究区土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd污染严重,平均值分别为290、794、205、2.1mg/kg。生态风险评估表明,土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd对生物种类的风险概率分别为30%、53%、15%和5%,而对生态过程的风险概率分别为44%、70%、13%和0.6%。空间分析表明,研究区有一半以上地区土壤Zn污染对生物种类的影响达75%以上。从保护生态受体来说,对研究区重金属污染的土壤进行修复和风险管理时需要优先针对土壤Zn的污染。     

蚌埠市地表灰尘重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险

调查了安微省蚌埠市文教区、居民区、商业区、公园绿地区、工业区、交通区6个功能区的地表灰尘中重金属Zn,Cu,Pb,Cd,Mn的含量,并采用地累积指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价了重金属污染程度及潜在生态风险。结果表明,蚌埠市地表灰尘中Zn,Cu,Pb,Cd和Mn平均含量依次为:254.29,85.64,72.39,2.31和535.86mg/kg,均高于安徽省土壤环境背景值。地累积指数法评价结果显示,Cd元素为偏重污染;Zn和Cu为偏中度污染;Pb为轻度污染;Mn处于清洁水平。所研究的6个功能区均属于偏中度污染。潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明,Cd元素污染最严重,在所有采样点均超出强生态危害水平,其他4种重金属元素均属于轻微生态危害。交通区、商业区、居民区和工业区属于很强生态危害程度,文教区和公园绿地区处于强生态危害水平。在去除重金属Cd以后,各功能区均表现为轻微生态危害水平。总之,蚌埠市地表灰尘重金属的生态环境较好,但存在Cd元素的极强潜在生态危害。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.