华南不同林地地表径流量及氮、磷流失特征北大核心CSCD

采用径流小区法研究天然降雨条件下18年尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)人工林地、16年马占相思(Acacia mangium)人工林地及采伐迹地2010年降雨集中期内的径流量,径流中各形态氮、磷浓度,氮、磷流失量及动态变化特征。结果表明:监测期内尾叶桉人工林累积径流量(211.28m3/hm2)与采伐迹地(204.05m3/hm2)无显著差异(p>0.05),但均显著高于马占相思林(83.76m3/hm2)(p<0.05);尾叶桉林、马占相思林和采伐迹地径流总氮平均浓度分别为4.01,2.69,2.97mg/L,总磷平均浓度分别为0.31,0.18,0.19mg/L,不同林地间差异均不显著(p>0.05),3种林地氮素径流流失均以铵态氮为主,磷素流失以颗粒态磷为主;尾叶桉林、马占相思林和采伐迹地的总氮累积流失量分别为620.33,196.14,486.15g/hm2,总磷累积流失量分别为40.66,13.64,33.45g/hm2,3种林地之间均存在极显著差异(p<0.01);氮、磷流失量均与径流量呈显著(p<0.05)或极显著(p<0.01)正相关关系。     

习惯施肥对菜地氮磷径流流失的影响

对菜地进行连续3年的定位监测试验。结果表明:与不施肥对照相比,菜农习惯施肥处理显著提高降雨径流中的总氮(TN)和硝态氮(NO3--N)流失质量浓度及流失量,3年监测期内总氮(TN)径流流失负荷为321kg/hm2,总磷(TP)流失负荷为134kg/hm2,分别占氮、磷养分投入总量的13.6%和13.2%,氮肥的流失系数约为5.6%。菜地氮素流失以硝态氮(NO3--N)形式为主,磷素流失以颗粒态磷(PP)形式为主。菜地氮、磷养分径流流失与径流量呈显著线性关系,菜地每流失1kg的总磷(TP),可溶性总磷(TDP)、总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)所需要的径流量分别为77.5,322,52.5,67.5,404m3。     

有机无机肥配施对菜地土壤氮素径流流失的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究了无机肥配施不同用量有机肥对菜地土壤氮素径流流失的影响.结果表明,施肥显著增加菜地土壤氮素径流流失量.单施无机肥处理总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮流失量均最高,分别为4.20,1.22,2.30kg/hm2.配施有机肥可降低不同形态氮流失量,且随有机肥配施量增加而显著降低.配施高量有机肥处理总氮、硝态氮和铵...     

不同施肥对雷竹林径流及渗漏养分流失规律的影响

为探明减量施肥和有机肥的施用对雷竹氮、磷流失的影响,在浙江省临安市雷竹产区,设置对照(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、减量无机施肥(DI)和减量有机无机施肥(DOI)4个施肥处理.通过建立径流场和土壤渗漏水收集装置,研究不同施肥雷竹林的氮、磷流失规律.结果表明,施肥后采集的水样中氮、磷浓度都有所提升,随着时间的推移而有所下降;不同施肥雷竹林径流水中,总氮、总磷浓度分别为5.61～10.22mg/L和0.99～1.93 mg/L,总氮平均浓度为CF＞DOI＞DI＞CK,总磷平均浓度为DOI＞DI＞CF＞CK;渗漏水中氮、磷浓度分别为32.23～111.54 mg/L和1.05～5.06 mg/L,氮平均浓度为CF＞DI＞DOI＞CK,磷平均浓度为DI＞CF＞ DOI＞ CK.渗漏小区中,DI和DOI处理氮流失量相对于CF处理分别减少了58.35,158.96 kg/hm2,即19.14％,52.13％;磷流失量分别减少了22.53％和59.66％;径流小区中,DI和DOI处理全氮流失量相对于CF处理分别减少了2.11,1.04 kg/hm2,即46.85％,23.12％,DOI处理全磷的流失量相对于CF处理增加了0.28 kg/hm2.     

混播草带控制水源区坡地土壤氮、磷流失效应

坡地土壤氮、磷流失是湖库型饮用水源区污染的主要来源。本文以云南最大的城市集中式饮用水源地为研究区域,在昆明云龙水库库区周边的坡耕地红壤上开展了混播草带防治土壤氮、磷流失效应的研究。研究结果表明:选择适宜草种进行混播,所形成的草带控制水土及氮、磷流失效果优于自然植被;对地表径流量、土壤侵蚀量的控制效果均为:混播黑麦草+紫花苜蓿>混播黑麦草+白三叶>自然植被>无草带种植;草带对土壤侵蚀量的控制效果要好于地表径流量。其中处理混播黑麦草+紫花苜蓿、混播黑麦草+白三叶径流量分别比无草带种植降低35.19%、46.26%;侵蚀量比无草带种植降低73.51%、78.13%;坡耕地地表径流中氮素流失形态主要以泥沙中氮流失为主,占到80%～85%左右,磷素流失以颗粒态磷流失为主,占到90%～95%左右;对地表径流中的氮、磷流失量控制效果均为:混播黑麦草+紫花苜蓿>混播黑麦草+白三叶>自然植被>无草带种植,对总氮流失量的控制效果要好于总磷流失量;混播黑麦草+白三叶处理中径流中总氮、总磷流失量分别降低59.96%、48.57%;混播黑麦草+紫花苜蓿处理径流中总氮、总磷流失量分别降低63.31%、56.91%;自然植被处理中径流总氮、总磷流失量分别降低29.46%、26.03%。     

毛竹林生态系统地表径流及其氮素流失形态研究

通过在四岭水库流域代表性毛竹林地设置定位径流小区,研究了不同施肥条件下毛竹林生态系统地表径流及其氮素流失状况。该定位试验设有对照(CK,不施肥)、农民常规高产栽培(FFP)与适地养分科学管理(SS-NM)共3个施肥处理。结果表明,在2009年6-12月的观察期内,各处理(CK、SSNM、FFP)在各次自然降雨条件下产生的径流总量分别达到279,284,267m3/hm2,泥沙流失总量分别达到393,369,396kg/hm2,全氮流失量分别为0.87,0.92,0.82kg/hm2。径流量、泥沙流失量和全氮流失量都与降雨量之间呈极显著正相关。径流量的产生主要集中在8月份,泥沙流失量主要集中在6,7,8三个月。土壤氮素流失的主要形态是颗粒氮(PN)和水溶性总氮(DN),分别占全氮流失量的51%和49%。CK、SSNM、FFP处理在此期间的径流可溶性氮(DN)流失量分别为0.37,0.46,0.49kg/hm2。与农民常规施肥措施相比,适地养分科学管理(SSNM),不仅可以明显减少毛竹林地泥沙的流失量,而且可以减少径流可溶性氮的流失量。     

太湖流域典型蔬菜地地表径流氮磷流失

以太湖流域典型蔬菜地为研究对象,采用田间径流池法进行田间小区试验,研究不同施肥模式下蔬菜地地表径流氮磷流失特征。结果表明：地表径流总氮流失量为45.76～60.45 kg/hm^2,总磷流失量为2.67～3.95 kg/hm^2。与常规施肥相比,优化施肥可使地表径流氮磷流失量分别减少2.48,0.31 kg/hm^2;而增氮施肥和增磷施肥处理的地表径流总氮流失量分别增加了7.76%,3.83%,总磷流失量增加2.84%,9.55%。总氮、总磷流失量与径流量呈显著线性相关,且总磷流失量与径流量的相关性更强（R2=0.913）。应加强汛期时段的田间管理和对磷的监控,减少磷流失量。有机肥与化肥以1：1配施,可有效降低菜地氮磷排放,提高蔬菜产量和氮肥利用率分别为25%,23%。     

化肥用量和有机无机复混肥对浙江海涂区氮磷损失的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了化肥不同施用量和有机无机复混肥对海涂区西兰花种植时氮磷损失的影响,结果表明:①海涂区地表径流中氮以硝态氮为主.前期氮流失量大于后期流失量,前期径流水中水溶性磷和颗粒性磷流失量相近,后期则以颗粒性磷为主;②全化肥增量20%处理径流水中全氮、全磷流失量均高于全化肥处理和全化肥减量20%处理,全化肥处理和全化肥减量20%处理间全氮和全磷流失量差异不显著.有机无机复混肥比等养分投入的全化肥处理增加了径流水中全氮和全磷的流失量;③各处理地下水中硝态氮浓度均较高,全化肥增量20%和有机无机复混肥处理地下水中硝态氮含量高于其余处理,土壤对硝态氮的截留能力较弱,施肥后5天时0.5 m深度和1.0 m深度硝态氮含量无显著差异.     

水肥管理措施对水稻产量、养分吸收及稻田氮磷流失的影响

在天然降雨条件下,采用田间径流小区实地监测的方法,通过3年6茬水稻的试验,研究6种不同水肥管理措施(不施肥+常规灌溉、常规施肥+常规灌溉、优化施肥+常规灌溉、增量施氮+常规灌溉、增量施磷+常规灌溉、优化施肥+节水灌溉)对水稻产量、养分吸收及稻田氮磷流失的影响.结果表明:6种处理下的水稻干物质年产量为11 629～19 709 kg/hm2,氮、磷、钾年吸收量分别为90～174 kg/hm2,36～62kg/hm2,151～288 kg/hm2,地表径流总氮和总磷年流失量分别为14.0～42.9 kg/hm2和0.244～0.559kg/hm2;其中,增量施氮+常规灌溉处理的水稻产量,氮、钾养分吸收量及径流水总氮流失量相对最高;而“优化施肥+节水灌溉”处理的水稻产量、养分吸收量与“常规施肥+常规灌溉”处理相当,但可明显降低稻田地表径流的氮、磷流失量,同时每年可节省(比常规灌溉处理)灌溉水量900.5 m3/hm2,并能取得较好的经济效益和环境效益.     

模拟降雨条件下坡地氮流失特征研究

通过人工模拟降雨研究了5种雨强对紫色土坡地氮径流损失的影响.结果发现,(1)随着雨强的增大,地表径流占总径流量的比例上升.(2)径流中氮的流失是随着雨强的增加而逐渐降低的.其中铵氮和硝态氮作为可溶性氮,它们的流失浓度随着时间的变化有一定的规律性,主要表现为径流前期浓度较高,随着降雨时间的延长,浓度趋于稳定或减小,后期则又有所上升.(3)地表径流量对硝态氮的流失量起决定性作用,而浓度对壤中流流失量起主导作用.小雨强下紫色土坡地径流硝态氮流失以壤中流为主,随着雨强的增大,地表径流流失量的贡献率越发明显.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.