轮作休耕模式对土壤团聚体及有机碳含量的影响

为探究轮作休耕模式对红壤坡耕地团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量的影响,通过田间试验设置了休闲地、玉米单作、玉米-豌豆-玉米和玉米-苕子-玉米4个处理,分析了不同种植模式下土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量,结果表明:(1)不同种植模式下土壤机械稳定性和水稳定性团聚体组成均以≥0.25 mm粒径占比最高,机械稳定性团聚体占比在80.68%以上,水稳定性团聚体达到了77.05%以上,且≥0.25 mm团聚体所占比例大小顺序为:休闲地>玉米-豌豆-玉米>玉米-苕子-玉米>玉米单作。(2)根据不同团聚体稳定指数(MWD,GMD,R_0.25和PAD)显示,休闲地的团聚体稳定性最好,与玉米单作之间差异显著,且休闲地和玉米轮作两种模式下团聚体稳定性均优于玉米单作。(3)玉米单作土壤团聚体有机碳含量最低,玉米轮作和休闲地能显著提高有机碳含量,并且玉米-苕子-玉米轮作效果最优; ≥0.25 mm粒径范围的团聚体储存的有机碳含量最高。(4)通过对土壤水稳性团聚体稳定指数与有机碳含量的相关性分析表明,4个不同团聚体稳定指数与有机碳含量都呈极显著正相关关系,与R_0.25相关程度最高。研究结果可为试验区域坡耕地水土流失防治提供理论依据。     

江西省耕地轮作休耕现状、问题及对策

当前,全国各地正在按照党中央、国务院提出的"探索实行耕地轮作休耕制度试点"的战略部署要求,全力推进探索实行耕地轮作休耕制度试点。为促进江西省及其他条件相近的地区进一步开展相关研究及制定相关政策,以便给实施轮作休耕试点提供参考,通过运用文献研究方法及实地考察等形式,对江西省耕地轮作休耕现状进行了调查,分析存在的问题,并提出了相关对策。结果显示:当前江西耕地作物轮作具有面积比例低、模式多种多样、分布范围广、效益明显等特点,而目前休耕主要采取退耕和休闲两种方式。同时指出当前江西轮作存在面积小、模式差、管理不善、效益低等问题,而休耕多为被动式休耕,存在面积不合理、休耕农田不合适、模式单一、周期无规律、补偿不到位等问题。由以上存在的问题,提出了今后推进全省耕地轮作休耕制度试点的对策与措施:(1)加大宣传力度,提高农民意识;(2)制定科学规划,分类进行;(3)明确范围,有效管理;(4)改善条件,打造样板;(5)确定合理的补偿标准,保障农民利益;(6)增加投入,培养人才。     

中国典型地区轮作休耕模式与发展策略

当前,全国各地正在按照党中央的战略部署,积极探索实行耕地轮作休耕制度试点。探索科学合理的轮作休耕模式与方法,对于我国农业的未来发展具有重要意义。2017年3—6月,中国科学院南京土壤研究所赵其国院士率领中国科学院学部咨询项目"探索实行耕地轮作休耕制度试点问题咨询研究"组的各位成员,深入江苏省、湖南省、河北省的典型地区进行耕地轮作休耕考察和调研。通过深入田间地头实地察看,与干部、群众座谈交流,获取了大量的第一手资料,同时结合已有的文献资料,经过归纳总结提炼,总结分析了我国连作障碍区(江苏省)、重金属污染区(湖南省)和地下水漏斗区(河北省)的三个典型地区的轮作休耕模式与技术措施。在连作障碍区主要采取轮作和休耕措施(冬耕晒垡模式、冬种绿肥模式、种植豆类模式和增肥培肥模式);在重金属污染区进行的轮作休耕模式主要有改种作物和品种、改良土壤、科学灌溉、控制吸收和"VIP+n"创新污染治理模式;在地下水漏斗区主要采取季节性休耕和周年休耕的模式。三大典型区域在实施相应的轮作休耕模式后,其经济社会生态效益得到了相应显著提高。同时对我国典型地区的轮作休耕模式与方法提出了"四项原则"、"四个统一"和采取"八大措施"的建议。在不同地区实施轮作休耕应因地制宜,分类实施推进耕地轮作休耕发展对策,为我国科学推行轮作休耕制度试点工作提供现实参考。     

稻田复种轮作休耕对土壤团聚体分布及稳定性的影响

稻田土壤团聚体的比例结构及稳定性状况,对水稻健康可持续发展具有重要影响。2 0 1 2—2 0 1 7年进行冬季不同复种轮作休耕长期定位试验,设置冬闲双季稻、冬种紫云英、油菜、大蒜和轮作双季稻5个处理,利用湿筛法对稻田土壤粒径1~2mm、0.5~1mm、0.25~0.5mm和0.25mm土壤团聚体的百分含量、平均质量直径(MWD)、平均几何直径(GMD)和分型维数(D)进行测定计算。结果表明,在0~50cm土层中,早、晚稻收获后土壤以0.5mm粒级的微小团聚体为主,各处理累积含量分别为78.1%~84.8%和85.6%~91.1%,而0.5 mm较大的团聚累积含量分别为13.1%~21.9%和8.9%~14.4%;同时显著增加了早、晚稻土壤性大团聚体(0.25mm)的百分含量,并相应地减少了微团聚体百分含量,早稻较晚稻表现更为突出;早、晚稻田土壤水稳定性团聚体D指标值的影响不显著,而MWD、GMD达到显著性差异(P0.05)。由此可见,稻田复种轮作及秸秆双重还田,有利于早晚稻田减少微小团聚体而形成大团聚体,早稻季相比晚稻更为显著,能显著增加早、晚稻田土壤团聚体的稳定性(P0.05),提高早、晚稻产量,这对南方稻田可持续发展具有重要意义。     

积盐条件下土壤酸化过程的特异性研究

为探求设施内土壤积盐酸化与露地酸化的区别,人为模拟酸化和盐基淋失(自然洗盐)过程,分析洗盐前后土壤酸度特征的变化。结果表明:洗盐使电导值、有效钙(A-Ca)、交换性酸(EA)、有效阳离子交换量(CEC)、活性锰(Ac-Mn)含量均显著降低,活性铁铝(Ac-Fe、Ac-Al)含量、盐基饱和度(BSP)保持稳定或显著增高,p H显著升高。洗盐前后,土壤的EA、Ac-Al和Ac-Fe均随着p H的降低显著增高,而Ac-Mn、CEC均随着p H的降低显著下降;在出现一定量EA以后,BSP随p H降低显著下降,表明积盐酸化与露地酸化本质相同。但在等量酸加入时,设施内积盐土壤耕层酸化更快,酸害更严重,且易积盐,在治理酸化时须避免引入更多的盐分,以防加重盐害。     

尿素氮添加对黑钙土酸化速率及酸中和容量的影响

[目的]探讨尿素氮添加对草原黑钙土酸化指标的影响及交换性盐基离子的酸缓冲机制.[方法]依托内蒙古额尔古纳草甸草原尿素添加试验,测定了尿素添加(加N量0、2.5、5、10、15、20 gm-2 a-1)4年后的黑钙土酸化参数.[结果]研究发现随尿素氮添加量的增加,表层(0～10 cm)土壤pH和交换性盐基总量(SEB)显...     

基于累积logistic回归模型的重金属污染耕地轮作休耕治理满意度影响因素实证研究

研究农村重金属污染耕地轮作休耕治理满意度状况及其影响因素,为当前我国耕地重金属污染治理实施提供参考依据.基于湖南省4区县10个村镇400户调查数据,构建累积logistic回归模型,探究农村重金属污染耕地轮作休耕治理的满意度情况及其影响因素.结果表明,研究发现受教育程度越高对当前环境治理的效果和收入满意度评价越积极,受...     

重庆市江津柑橘果园土壤pH与盐基饱和度的关系探讨

根据江津市柑橘果园土壤71个灰棕紫泥土样的分析资料,应用统计方法,探讨pH和盐基饱和度的关系。土壤pH与盐基饱和度呈y=8.4451x2+115.54x-305.28,R2=0.8541非线性正相关,且受占优势的交换性Ca2+制约。分析了盐基饱和度的可能的影响因素。     

重金属污染区耕地轮作休耕治理农户参与意愿实证研究

  目的  研究我国农村重金属污染区耕地轮作休耕治理农户参与意愿,分析影响农户参与重金属污染区耕地轮作休耕治理影响因素,为我国重金属污染耕地长期治理的有效实施提供参考依据。  方法  基于343户的调查数据,构建累积logistic回归模型,探究我国重金属污染区耕地轮作休耕治理农户参与意愿及其影响因素。  结果  相比于男性,女性更愿意参与重金属污染轮作休耕治理（?0.1341）;农户参与意愿与受教育程度（?0.098）、家庭收入（0.2591）正相关,但与年龄（0.2036）负相关;农户参与意愿与轮作休耕治理政策了解程度（0.3049）、治理过程评价（0.0985）正相关,参与意愿受亲朋好友（?0.1110）影响较大,由于信任度原因现阶段农村基层组织政策宣传对农户参与意愿影响较小;农户参与意愿与轮作休耕后家庭收入变化（0.4851）正相关;农户参与意愿与自有耕地污染程度（?0.3995）负相关,与农户对环境关注度（?0.1953）呈负相关。  结论  农户个体特征及基本情况、参与后的家庭收入变化、耕地污染特征及对环境感知、政策宣讲及实施过程对农户参与意愿具备实质性影响。因此,要提高基层村组在政策宣讲和政策执行过程在农户心中的信任度;提高农业从业人员的受教育水平,降低农业从业人员平均年龄;增加农户家庭收入,拓宽农户收入来源渠道;从环境保护和收入层面加强治理的预期效应宣传,逐步消除农户污染治理与自身收入平衡的矛盾心理。     

新常态下我国轮作休耕的内涵、意义及实施要点简析

实施轮作休耕制度是在新常态下顺应我国种植业结构调整方向,实现农业领域的供给侧改革战略的有效途径之一。本文首先介绍了轮作休耕问题提出的背景、内涵及战略意义。其次,对我国实施轮作休耕制度试点中的要点和应注意的问题进行了分析探讨。最后,重点就地下水漏斗区、重金属污染区、生态严重退化区的休耕技术进行了归纳总结,并分别提出了采取恢复平衡型、环境修复型和生态保护型的休耕技术措施,以期为我国轮作休耕制度试点提供借鉴。     

Influence of Urea and Ammonium Sulfate on Soil Acidity Indices in Lowland Rice Production

Urea and ammonium sulfate are principal nitrogen (N) sources for crop production. Two field experiments were conducted during three consecutive years to evaluate influence of urea and ammonium sulfate application on grain yield, soil pH, calcium (Ca) saturation, magnesium (Mg) saturation, base saturation, aluminum (Al) saturation, and acidity (H + Al) saturation in lowland rice production. Grain yield was significantly influenced by urea as well as ammonium sulfate fertilization. Soil pH linearly decreased with the application of N by ammonium sulfate and urea fertilizers. However, the magnitude of the pH decrease was greater by ammonium sulfate than by urea. The Ca and Mg saturations were decreased at the greater N rates compared to low rates of N by both the fertilizer sources. The Al and acidity saturation increased with increasing N rates by both the fertilizer sources. However, these acidity indices were increased more with the application of ammonium sulfate compared with urea. Rice grain yield had negative associations with pH, Ca saturation, Mg saturation, and base saturation and positive associations with Al and acidity saturation. This indicates that rice plant is tolerant to soil acidity.     

Influence of Lime and Gypsum on Growth and Yield of Upland Rice and Changes in Soil Chemical Properties

Upland rice is an important crop in the cropping systems of South America, including Brazil. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine influence of lime and gypsum on yield and yield components of upland rice and changes in the chemical properties of an Oxisol. The lime rates used were 0, 0.71, 1.42, 2.14, 2.85, and 4.28 g kg^?1 soil. The gypsum rates were 0, 0.28, 0.57, 1.14, 1.71, and 2.28 g kg^?1. Lime as well as gypsum significantly increased plant height, straw and grain yield, and panicle density in a quadratic fashion. Adequate lime and gypsum rates for maximum grain yield were 1.11 g kg^?1 and 1.13 g kg^?1, respectively. Plant height, straw yield, and panicle density were positively related to grain yield. Lime as well as gypsum application significantly changed extractable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), hydrogen (H)+aluminum (Al), base saturation, and effective cation exchange capacity. In addition, liming also significantly increased pH, extractable phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), calcium saturation, magnesium saturation, and potassium saturation. Optimum acidity indices for the grain yield of upland rice were pH 6.0, Ca 1.7 cmol_c kg^?1, base saturation 60%, and calcium saturation 47%. In addition, upland rice can tolerate 42% of acidity saturation.     

耕地棕壤酸碱缓冲性能及酸化速率研究

辽宁省耕地棕壤自第二次土壤普查以来酸化趋势明显,pH整体平均值从第二次普查时期的6.42降至5.73。对辽宁省4个典型地区(昌图、沈阳、瓦房店、清原)的耕地棕壤耕层(0-20cm)缓冲性能、酸化速率及其影响因素进行研究,结果表明:各地区酸碱缓冲容量变幅为29.66～39.87mmol/kg.pH unit,其中辽宁北部和中部地区酸碱缓冲容量明显高于辽南和辽东地区。酸化速率以辽南地区下降速率最快,其值为2.69H+kmol/(hm2.a),而速率最慢的地区为辽东,其酸化速率为1.44H+kmol/(hm2.a)。土壤初始pH、阳离子交换量、颗粒组成及有机质含量均是影响酸碱缓冲容量变化的主要因素。北部和中部质地以粉(砂)壤土为主,阳离子交换量、盐基饱和度及粘粒含量均高于南部和东部地区,因此缓冲性能也较强。施肥及其他人为因素对辽宁耕地棕壤酸碱缓冲容量及酸化速率的影响有待进一步研究。     

我国地下水漏斗区耕地轮作休耕制度试点成效及对策建议

地下水严重超采已成为制约河北省经济社会可持续发展的重要因素,开展地下水漏斗区耕地轮作休耕制度试点工作对地下水超采综合治理和农业可持续发展具有重要意义。本文在实地调研考察和专题研讨的基础上,全面系统总结了河北省地下水漏斗区耕地轮作休耕制度试点工作进展和成效,分析了存在的问题,并提出相应的对策建议,为开展我国地下水漏斗区耕地轮作休耕制度试点工作提供借鉴。     

Alberta油砂地区在两种水文流域森林土壤酸化敏感性研究

Input of large amounts of N and S compounds into forest ecosystems through atmospheric deposition is a significant risk for soil acidification in the oil sands region of Alberta. We evaluated the sensitivity of forest soils to acidification in two watersheds （Lake 287 and Lake 185） with contrasting hydrological regimes as a part of a larger project assessing the role of N and S cycling in soil acidification in forest ecosystems. Fifty six forest soil samples were collected from the two watersheds by horizon from 10 monitoring plots dominated by either jack pine （Pinus banksiana） or aspen （Populus tremuloides）. Soils in the two watersheds were extremely to moderately acidic with pH （CaCl2） ranging from 2.83 to 4.91. Soil acid-base chemistry variables such as pH, base saturation, Al saturation, and acid-buffering capacity measured using the acetic acid equilibrium procedure indicated that soils in Lake 287 were more acidified than those in Lake 185. Acid-buffering capacity decreased in the order of forest floor 〉 subsurface mineral soil 〉 surface mineral soil. The most dramatic differences in percent Ca and Al saturations between the two watersheds were found in the surface mineral soil horizon. Percent Ca and Al saturation in the surface mineral soil in Lake 287 were 15% and 70%, respectively; the percent Ca saturation value fell within a critical range proposed in the literature that indicates soil acidification. Our results suggest that the soils in the two watersheds have low acid buffering capacity and would be sensitive to increased acidic deposition in the region.     

武陵秦巴山区不同母质植烟土壤抗酸化性能研究

为探究武陵秦巴山区烟田土壤的抗酸化性能及其影响因素,分别采集区域典型母质发育黄棕壤和黄壤,比较不同母质发育土壤的酸缓冲容量差异,结合模拟酸化实验对不同土壤的潜在酸化风险进行了初步评估。结果表明,土壤初始pH和母质类型均显著影响土壤酸缓冲容量大小。除硅质岩发育黄棕壤外,酸性土壤的酸缓冲容量较相同母质发育的中性土壤低22%～81%。在中性土壤中,碳酸盐类母质发育黄棕壤和黄壤含有较多碳酸盐,酸缓冲容量分别较硅质岩类母质发育黄棕壤和黄壤高44%和16%。酸性黄棕壤和黄壤则呈相反趋势。模拟酸化结果表明,酸缓冲容量较高的土壤,在外源酸输入时,土壤pH下降较为缓慢,土壤溶液铝和交换性铝增幅相对较小,潜在酸化风险较低。12种供试土壤中,泥质岩发育的酸性黄棕壤酸缓冲容量最低,仅为11.79 mmol·pH^-1·kg^-1,对外源酸极度敏感,潜在酸化风险最高。在武陵秦巴山区不同母质发育土壤中,需重点关注泥质岩发育黄棕壤酸度的变化,并采取有效措施增强其抗酸化性能,降低土壤酸化风险。     

Acidification of soils in five catchments in Norway

Soil plots were established in catchments within the frame of the Norwegian Monitoring Programme for Long-Range Transported Air Pollutants. Four soil plots of about 10 m by 20 m were established within each catchment in areas with relatively homogeneous soil and vegetation. Multiple soil cores were taken at 50 points in a grid from each plot (repeated 4 times) and the samples were pooled by depths. Each soil core was divided by soil horizon, by predefined depths or by a combination of these, usually giving one soil sample for each 2-cm-depth down to about 15 cm. The soil pH measured in water suspension varied for all soils between 3.5 and 4.9. Base saturation measured at pH 7 varied between 2% and 22% with the highest values in the upper, more humus rich layers. All of the monitored catchments include acid soils poor in base cations. After 8 years the plots were resampled using the same procedure as for the first sampling. In most of the plots a decreasing pH trend from the first to the second sampling was measured. However, the base saturation was generally higher in all plots at the second sampling compared with the first. There are no clear effects of the different pollution regimes in the various catchments. It must be emphasized, however, that 8 years is a short period for measuring long-term soil changes.     

Influence of Lime and Gypsum on Yield and Yield Components of Soybean and Changes in Soil Chemical Properties

Soybean is one of the most important legume crops in the world. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the influence of liming and gypsum application on yield and yield components of soybean and changes in soil chemical properties of an Oxisol. Lime rates used were 0, 0.71, 1.42, 2.14, 2.85, and 4.28 g kg^?1 soil. Gypsum rates applied were 0, 0.28, 0.57, 1.14, 1.71, and 2.28 g kg^?1 soil. Lime as well as gypsum significantly increased grain yield in a quadratic fashion. Maximum grain yield was achieved with the application of 1.57 g lime per kg soil, whereas the gypsum requirement for maximum grain yield was 1.43 g per kg of soil. Lime significantly improved soil pH, exchangeable soil calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents, base saturation, and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC). However, lime application significantly decreased total acidity [hydrogen (H) + aluminum (Al)], zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) contents of the soil. The decrease in these soil properties was associated with increase in soil pH. Gypsum application significantly increased exchangeable soil Ca, base saturation, and ECEC. However, gypsum did not change pH and total acidity (H + Al) significantly. Adequate soil acidity indices established for maximum grain yield with the application of lime were pH 5.5, Ca 1.8 cmol_c kg^?1, Mg 0.66 cmol_c kg^?1, base saturation 53%, Ca saturation 35%, and Mg saturation 13%. Soybean plants tolerated acidity (H + Al) up to 2.26 cmol_c kg^?1 soil. In the case of gypsum, maximum grain yield was obtained at exchangeable Ca content of 2.12 cmol_c kg^?1, base saturation of 56%, and Ca saturation of 41%.