黄瓜根部施用化学物质对其霜霉病诱导抗性的研究

分别用几种化学物质从黄瓜幼苗子叶期开始进行根部诱导，结果表明，在自然病原激发病害试验和在人工接种病原激发病害试验中，经苯酚、脲素、无水对氨基苯磺酸和氯化钾诱导的黄瓜植株病株率和病叶率下降显著。对可产生诱导免疫效果的化学物质分析发现，氨类和苯类物质及钾的氯化物与黄瓜叶片对霜霉病的抗性有极为密切的关系。     

氯钾离子共体诱导黄瓜对霜霉病抗性的研究

在黄瓜幼苗子叶期及第一真叶期用浓度为2g/kg、5g/kg、10g/kg、15g/kg、20g/kg的氯钾离子共体液进行诱导处理,可使黄瓜植株产生对霜霉病[Pseudoperonospor cubensis(Berk.et Curt.) Rostov.]的抗病性。在自然病原激发病害试验中,经2g/kg、5g/kg、10g/kg、15g/kg、20g/kg浓度的氯钾离子共体液诱导处理的植株比对照植株推迟发病3~6d,平均病株率分别比对照降低25.26%、26.63%、31.46%、39.12%和33.38%,平均病叶率分别比对照降低22.89%、28.08%、34.02%、38.36%和36.59%,平均病情指数分别比对照降低18.32%、28.97%、34.80%、35.89%和36.77%,差异达极显著水平,平均相对免疫效果分别为31.99%、43.75%、51.23%、53.43%和53.70%。在人工接种病原激发病害试验中,自诱导后第6d接种各处理浓度的平均病情指数分别比对照降低38.51%、44.86%、40.81%、43.00%和43.33%,且与对照的差异均达到极显著水平。植株产生对霜霉病诱导抗性的迟滞期为2~4d,潜育期为7~9d,诱导抗性保持的有效期达27d。氯钾离子共体液诱导处理的最佳浓度为10g/kg和15g/kg。     

温室土壤连作对黄瓜主要病害的影响

在温室条件下,通过田间系统观察和室内测定相结合的方法,研究了不同连作年限温室土壤对黄瓜主要病害发生的影响.结果表明:随种植年限的延长,土壤中病原微生物数量增加,是导致黄瓜土传病害加重的主要原因;黄瓜植株生长发育不良,黄瓜的光合速率及抗性酶活性降低,植株自身抗病性下降,是引起黄瓜病害发生加重的内因;温室内温度降低、湿度提高、光照下降,是导致黄瓜病害发生加重的外部条件.随着连作年限延长,黄瓜病害发生依次加重,土传病害对连作的反应比气传病害敏感,病害是土壤连作障碍的重要原因之一.     

植物病原细菌hrp基因研究进展

ｈｒｐ基因是一类决定病原细菌对寄主植物的致病性和在非寄主植物上激发过敏性反应的基因。由于它在寄主致病和非寄主抗病中的双重功能，使得ｈｒｐ基因的研究成为植物病原菌和植物互作研究领域中的一个重要内容。ｈｒｐ基因在植物病原细菌中的广泛存在及高度同源性说明不同植物细菌病害中存在着共同的机制。本文就植物病原细菌中ｈｒｐ基因的分布、特征、同源性、ｈｒｐ基因表达调控以及ｈｒｐ基因产物和功能等方面研究进展做一综述     

4种化学药剂对黄瓜抗枯萎病的诱导抗性比较

利用生长速率法测定了纳米硅、30% DT杀菌剂可湿性粉剂、20%病毒A可湿性粉剂和50%甲霜铜可湿性粉剂4种化学药剂对黄瓜枯萎病菌的抑菌活性,结果发现4种化学药剂对黄瓜枯萎病菌的菌丝生长均无直接抑制作用。利用4种化学药剂诱导黄瓜幼苗抗枯萎病效果的测定结果表明,30% DT杀菌剂可湿性粉剂的诱导抗性效果最好,最高为10.93%;50%甲霜铜可湿性粉剂处理不仅没有诱导抗性效果,反而促进了病害的发生;纳米硅与20%病毒A可湿性粉剂的诱导抗性效果处于二者之间,最高分别为4.08%和6.24%。     

黄瓜抗枯萎病研究进展

对黄瓜枯萎病病原、黄瓜枯萎病抗性机理、黄瓜枯萎病抗性鉴定、黄瓜枯萎病遗传规律、黄瓜枯萎病分子标记等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

保护地黄瓜霜霉病综合防治技术

黄瓜霜霉病是黄瓜生产上的主要病害，露地和保护地栽培均普遍发生，尤以保护地栽培受害最重。该病害的发生、流行与温度、湿度、露时、植株叶龄、黄瓜品种及栽培管理等有密切关系。生产中，一般采用温度控制、切断菌源和高温闷棚等生态防治方法，熏烟、喷粉、药剂防治、叶面喷糖等化学防治方法以及选用抗病品种来综合防治。     

高光谱图像技术诊断温室黄瓜病害的方法

利用高光谱图像技术研究了诊断温室黄瓜病害的方法,以提高诊断的准确性和效率。试验以黄瓜霜霉病、白粉病为研究对象,利用高光谱图像采集系统获取黄瓜病叶的高光谱图像数据,在450～900 nm范围内的高光谱图像数据中,选出特征波长下的图像;然后,对该图像进行去除噪声的滤波处理,并提取黄瓜病叶的色度矩纹理特征向量;最后采用支持向量机分类方法对黄瓜病害进行诊断。研究结果表明,采用高光谱图像新技术与线性核函数对黄瓜霜霉病、白粉病的正确诊断率达100%,采用高光谱图像技术可以实现对温室黄瓜病害进行快速、精确的分类诊断。     

不同作物间作对黄瓜病害及土壤微生物群落多样性的影响

分别采用RAPD和T-RFLP技术,研究了小麦、毛苕子和三叶草分别与黄瓜间作对黄瓜病害、黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落多样性和黄瓜产量的影响。结果表明,小麦、毛苕子与黄瓜间作均能提高黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落多样性,其中,小麦-黄瓜间作对黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落多样性的影响最为突出;3种作物分别与黄瓜间作均显著提高了黄瓜产量(p<0.01),其中小麦-黄瓜间作的产量优势最强;同时,3种作物分别与黄瓜间作均降低了黄瓜角斑病、白粉病、霜霉病和枯萎病的病情指数和尖孢镰刀菌的数量。间作有利于提高土壤微生物群落的多样性、减轻病害、提高黄瓜产量。     

激光诱导叶绿素荧光强度与激光强度关系

为满足激光诱导叶绿素荧光无损检测技术的发展需要,该文利用反射式激光诱导叶绿素荧光光谱分析技术对黄瓜活体叶片的叶绿素荧光强度与激发光强度关系进行试验研究。通过中心波长为473和660 nm 2种激发光的4种激发强度（2.50、5.00、7.50、10.00 mW）对具有不同生理信息（叶绿素含量、叶片含水率）的黄瓜活体叶片进行荧光激发,并利用MATLAB软件对685 nm和732 nm两个峰位的荧光强度进行分析。结果显示：各峰位荧光强度与激发光强度成极显著线性关系;叶片叶绿素含量对荧光强度与激光强度关系影响显著,各峰位荧光变化梯度与叶绿素含量具有较好的线性关系,但叶片含水率却影响不大;以此研究为基础,建立了具有叶绿素含量参数的荧光强度与激发光强度关系数学模型,模型相对预测误差小于0.2%,可靠性好,能较真实准确地反映荧光强度与激发光强度的关系。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.