黄蓝状菌几丁质酶E2纯化、性质及抗菌活性研究

黄蓝状菌在SMCS液体培养基中置于恒温摇床（200r／min，27．5C）上培养13天，诱导产生大量的几丁质酶。培养滤液经硫酸铵分级沉淀，DEAE--Sepharose FastFlow阴离子交换层析、Phenyl—Sepharose Fast Flow疏水层析、Sephacryl S-100分子筛层析得到了凝胶电泳（SDS—PAGE）谱带单一的几丁质酶E2，其分子量为32KD。其最适反应温度为50℃，最适pH值是5。Mn^2＋对其有明显的激活作用，Cu^2＋、FeCu^2＋对其有强烈的抑制作用。抗菌活性显示．其对供试病原菌具有明显的抑菌作用。     

Penidiella sp. HEY-1β-葡萄糖苷酶的分离纯化及其酶学性质

通过Penidiella sp. HEY-1发酵豆渣可制备产胞外β-葡萄糖苷酶(BGL)。粗酶液经过乙醇沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析和Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤层析等步骤后获得了凝胶电泳均一的BGL。通过SDS-PAGE测得其分子质量为65.5 ku。该酶反应的最适温度为60~70℃,最适pH值为3.0,在70℃以下及pH值2.0~8.0范围内均能保持稳定。Mn2+对酶有激活作用,而Na+对酶有抑制作用,其他金属离子对酶的活性影响不大。底物专一性实验表明,该酶可作用于对硝基苯-β-D-葡萄糖苷(p-NPGlu)、邻硝基苯-β-D-半乳糖苷(o-NPG)。作用于p-NPGlu和o-NPG的米氏常数(Km)值分别为0.434和0.411 mmol/L,酶促反应的最大速度(vmax)分别为1.0×10-3和3.3×10-4mol/(L.min)。     

Penidiella sp.HEY-1β-葡萄糖苷酶的分离纯化及其酶学性质

通过Penidiella sp.HEY-1发酵豆渣可制备产胞外β-葡萄糖苷酶(BGL).粗酶液经过乙醇沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析和Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤层析等步骤后获得了凝胶电泳均一的BGL.通过SDS-PAGE测得其分子质量为65.5 ku.该酶反应的最适温度为6...     

黑曲霉胞外耐高糖β-葡萄糖苷酶的分离纯化及部分特性研究

采用硫酸铵盐析、Phenyl Sepharose CL-4B疏水层析、DEAE-Sepharose阴离子交换层析、Sephacryl S-200凝胶过滤层析等步骤,从黑曲霉的发酵液中获得了凝胶电泳均一的两种β-葡萄糖苷酶。其中一种为耐高糖的β-葡萄糖苷酶,葡萄糖抑制系数(Ki)为41.01 mmol/L,纯化倍数和得率分别为56.7倍和22.66%。耐高糖β-葡萄糖苷酶单亚基分子质量为114.6 ku,以对硝基苯酚-β-D-葡萄糖苷(pNPG)为底物时,米氏常数(Km)值和酶促反应的最大速率(vmax)分别为0.904 mmol/L和1.08μmol/min。该酶最适反应温度60℃,最适反应pH值为4.0;在60℃以下及pH值3~7范围内均能保持稳定。所测定的化学试剂中,Ag 对酶具有较强的抑制作用,其它金属离子及乙二胺四乙酸对酶的活性影响不大。甲醇、正丁醇有明显激活酶活性的作用,但乙腈、丙酮对酶的抑制作用明显。     

MEW06产几丁质酶响应面发酵条件优化研究

以筛选到的一株高效产几丁质酶的粘质沙雷氏菌MEW06为材料,为了提高该菌产几丁质酶的能力,对MEW06产几丁质酶的发酵培养基条件进行了优化。通过Plackett-Burman设计、最陡爬坡试验和响应面法Box-Behnken设计试验,得到了MEW06产几丁质酶的最优培养基配方。实验表明:在MEW06菌株在产几丁质酶的最适条件(pH 7.0、温度31℃、接种量3%、装液量35%、摇床转速150rpm和培养时间为48h)的基础上,优化出来的培养基配方为:淀粉17.5g/L、胶体几丁质8/1000(wt/vol)、蛋白胨20g/L、K_2HPO_4 0.56g/L、KH_2PO_4 0.375g/L、MgSO_4·7H_2O 0.5g/L、FeSO4·7H_2O 0.01g/L、ZnSO_4 0.01g/L。优化后MEW06发酵产几丁质酶活达197.32 U/mL,相比于初始培养基酶活提高了2.58倍。可为MEW06菌株在农业生防方面的应用以及在降解几丁质方面的应用提供实验依据。     

木材蓝变生物控制菌康氏木霉胞外几丁质酶的纯化及特性

本研究以木材蓝变生物控制菌康氏木霉(6111-ET)为供试菌株进行胞外几丁质酶纯化和特性的研究.将液态PDA培养基中的康氏木霉(Trichoderma koningii)置于恒温播床(200 r/min,28℃)培养10天.培养滤液经过硫酸铵分级沉淀、Q-HP强阴离子交换柱层析、Phenyl-Sepharose疏水层析...     

松墨天牛纤维素酶的研究 I.纤维素酶性质研究

以松墨天牛幼虫为实验材料，研究了其肠道内纤维素酶的组成和酶解动力学特征等。结果表明，松墨天牛幼虫肠道内有完整的纤维素酶系，其中以C1酶活性最强，Cx酶次之，β-1，4-葡萄糖苷酶活性最弱；C1酶、Cx酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶3者的最适作用温区分别为35～55、45～55、40～50℃，最适pH值分别为5．0、5．6、5．0；Cx酶具有最强的热稳定性(65℃，2h)，C1酶次之(55℃，2h)，β-1，4-葡萄糖苷酶最低(50℃，1h)。此外动力学参数比较揭示，C1酶具有最大的Vmax和km，分别为1．0838和0．7632，β-1，4-葡萄糖苷酶和Cx酶分别具有最小的Km(0．1832)和Vmax(0．4339)，但β-萄糖苷酶具有最大的酶解初速度(0．5938)。     

彩绒革盖菌产漆酶及其对染料脱色的研究

采用彩绒革盖菌(Coriolus versicolor)在液体深层发酵条件下产漆酶,优化后的最适工艺条件为:以1.1 g/L蔗糖与1.1 g/L葡萄糖作为复合碳源,氮源为1.88 g/L豆饼粉,初始pH值4.5,培养温度30 ℃,漆酶活力可达18.2 U/mL.漆酶的最适反应温度为60 ℃,在55 ℃以下酶活力均保持稳定.综合考虑漆酶作用的最适温度与热稳定性,确定该酶的适宜应用温度为55 ℃.利用粗酶液对染料酸性橙进行降解脱色试验,发现氧化还原介质可明显提高漆酶的催化能力,作用5 h最高脱色率可达96.5%,显示了漆酶在环境治理方面良好的应用前景.     

Paraconiothyium variable GHJ-4木质素降解酶的酶学性质

【目的】研究木质素降解子囊菌Paraconiothyrium variabile GHJ-4分泌的漆酶(laccase)、锰过氧化物酶(MnP)和木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)3种木质素降解酶的酶活性变化规律及其酶学性质,为利用该菌株进行木质素降解酶的工业化生产和应用提供依据。【方法】分别以愈创木酚、2,6-二甲基苯酚和黎芦醇为底物测定laccase,MnP和LiP的酶活性,研究3种酶的最适反应温度和pH、温度和pH稳定性及金属离子对其活性的影响。【结果】GHJ-4菌株发酵18,15和21天后,分别获得laccase,MnP和LiP最高酶活为1 390.3,30.3和52.5 U·mL~(-1)。laccase的最适反应温度为55℃左右,最适反应pH为5.5左右,在55℃以下、pH 4.0~7.0的范围内较为稳定;MnP的最适反应温度为60℃左右,最适反应pH为5.0左右,在55℃以下、pH 4.0~9.0的范围内较为稳定;LiP的最适反应温度为40℃左右,最适反应pH为3.0左右,在40℃以下、pH 2.0~4.0的范围内较为稳定。Mg~(2+),Zn~(2+),Cu~(2+),K~+对laccase起促进作用,Na~+和Zn~(2+)对LiP起促进作用,Mn~(2+)对MnP起激活作用,而Fe~(3+),Ca~(2+),Pb~(2+),Co~(2+),Al~(3+)对3种酶均起抑制作用,其中尤以5 mmol·L~(-1)Fe~(3+)对3种酶的抑制作用最强。【结论】温度、pH及金属离子对Paraconiothyrium variabile GHJ-4 3种木质素降解酶的酶学特性均有着不同程度的影响。     

白腐菌糙皮侧尔漆酶性质及其对蒽醌染料脱色性能的研究

白腐菌糙皮侧尔(Pleurotus ostreatus strain 3.42)分泌胞外漆酶，但未发现分泌木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)和锰过氧化物酶(MnP)、每升反应液以0．5mmol 2，2′-连氮-二(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(ABTS)和0．1mmol的Cu^2 为诱导剂可明显提高漆酶酶活，酶活分别可达1000和800U／mL。与其它真菌漆酶相比，该酶最适反应pH值为3．5，在pH值4．0～6．0之间酶活性稳定；最适反应温度为65℃，在醋酸缓冲液(pH值5．0)中，反应温度低于50℃时，漆酶非常稳定；该酶对对-甲氧基酚的氧化速度要快于邻-甲氧基酚。叠氮化钠对该漆酶有强烈的抑制作用。蒽醌染料活性艳蓝KN-R(RBBR)可被该漆酶(30U／mL)直接脱色，12h脱色率为70％；添加小分子的介体物质ABTS(5μmol／L)，可使染料完全脱色。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.