Comparison of volatile constituents of Persicaria odorata(Lour.) Soják (Polygonum odoratum Lour.) and Persicaria hydropiper L. Spach (Polygonum hydropiper L.)

Polygonum odoratum Lour. has been reclassified as Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Soják [Wilson, K. L. Polygonum sensu lato (Polygonaceae) in Australia. Telopea 1988, 3, 177-182]; other synonyms currently used are Vietnamese mint or Vietnamese coriander and, in Malaysia, Daun Laksa or Laksa plant. The aerial parts of Laksa plant are highly aromatic, and they contain many organic compounds such as (Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol, decanal, undecanal, and dodecanal that are typical for green, citrus, orange peel, and coriander odors. In addition to these aldehydes, 3-sulfanyl-hexanal and 3-sulfanyl-hexan-1-ol were discovered for the first time in this herb. The fresh leaves are pungent when they are chewed, although the active compound has never been identified. The pungency of Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach (formerly Polygonum hydropiper L., synonym water pepper) is produced by polygodial, a 1,4-dialdehyde derived from drimane terpenoids. We also identified polygodial as the active pungent compound in P. odorata (Lour.) Soják.     

Bemerkungen überRicciocarpus natans (L.) Corda

Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen an fruchtendem Material des LebermoosesRicciocarpus natans aus China ergaben, daß in einigen nicht unwesentlichen Punkten die in der Literatur zu findenden Angaben über die Art zumindest nicht generelle Gültigkeit haben.Ergebnisse der Chinesisch-deutschen Biologischen Sammelreise durch N und NO China 1956, Nr. 9.     

Essential Oil Composition of Norwegian Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) and Sachalinmint [Mentha sachalinensis (Briq.) Kudô]

Production of varieties of the medicinal plants Mentha     

Effect of seed‐placed fertilizer on the emergence (germination) of soybeans (Glycine max L.) and snapbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Abstract

Field trials were established on a loamy fine sand and a silt loam using snapbeans and soybeans as test crops, respectively. Row fertilizer was placed with the seed (seed‐placed). Treatments were arranged in a 3×3×3 factorial experiment, and N, P, and K were applied in all combinations at three rates (0, 3.4, and 6.8 kg/ha). Ammonium nitrate (AN), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), concentrated superphosphate (CSP) and potassium chloride (KCl) were used as sources of N, P and K. Additional treatments compared MAP with diammonium phosphate (DAP) and KCl with potassium nitrate (KNO₃).

The salt index of each treatment was inversely related to emergence, i.e. as the salt index increased, the emergence decreased. Level of N was more important than level of P or K in regards to reduction in emergence. Snapbeans grown on a loamy fine sand were extremely sensitive to damage from seed‐placed fertilizer, even at rates as low as 3.4 kg/ha of N, P or K. Soybeans planted on a silt loam soil were less sensitive than snapbeans planted on a loamy sand. The soybeans were able to tolerate up to 10.2 kg/ha of seed‐placed P plus K or 6.8 kg/ha of seed‐placed N plus P or N plus K without causing a significant delay in emergence.     

Different Forms of Potassium and Their Contributions toward Potassium Uptake under Long-Term Maize (Zea mays L.)–Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) Rotation on an Inceptisol

In a long-term fertilizer experiment at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, with maize, wheat, and cowpea, various forms of potassium (K) and their contribution toward K uptake were found to be affected by fertilizer use and intensive cropping. The treatments included for the study were a control, 100% nitrogen (N), 100% N–phosphorus (P), 50% NPK, 100% NPK, 100% NPK + farmyard manure (FYM at 15 t ha^?1 to maize only), and 150% NPK. The concentration of nonexchangeable K was greatest, followed by exchangeable K and water-soluble K. The study revealed no significant change in water-soluble K concentration in surface soil compared to N, NP, and control, indicating existence of an equilibrium between different K forms. Application of 100% NPK significantly increased water-soluble K concentration in surface soil compared to N, NP, and control treatments after maize, wheat, and cowpea. Application of NPK + FYM and 150% NPK resulted in greater quantities of all the K forms as compared to other treatments. Among the three forms, water-soluble K contributed predominantly to K uptake by maize and wheat; however, nonexchangeable K contributed significantly to K uptake by cowpea.     

Untersuchungen zur Variabilität des Rohprotein- und Rohfettgehaltes der Sojabohne (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) an den Gaterslebener Welt- und Mutantenkollektionen

Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1980–1984 wurden insgesamt 1956 Sippen der Sojabohne (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) aus der Gaterslebener Weltkollektion und drei Mutantenkollektionen auf Rohprotein- und Rohfettgehalt in den Samen untersucht. Die Variabilität beider Merkmale war in den Kollektionen gegenüber der des Standards um etwa das Doppelte erhöht (Abb. 1, Tab. 3). Nach dem 1. Wiederholungsanbau bestätigten sich hinsichtlich des Rohproteingehaltes 56 (2,9 %) und hinsichtlich des Rohfettgehaltes 9 (0,46 %) der Sippen als signifikante Plusabweicher (Tab. 5 u. 7). Unter Berücksichtigung des Kornertrages der Plusabweicher wurden nach dem 2. und 3. Wiederholungsanbau 14 Sippen mit signifikant erhöhtem Rohproteingehalt und 3 Sippen mit signifikant erhöhtem Rohfettgehalt sowie guten Kornertragsleistungen ermittelt (Tab. 12 und 13). Zur weiteren Beurteilung der Plusabweicher werden die Werte für Tausendkornmasse, Pflanzenlänge und Vegetationsdauer mitgeteilt. Auf die Bedeutung der Berücksichtigung von Rohprotein-bzw. Rohfettgehalt bei der Züchtung auf Ertrag und Ertragsicherheit der Sojabohne wird hingewiesen.

---

Investigations on the variability of protein and oil content of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) on the Gatersleben world and mutant collections

Summary In 1980–1984 all together 1956 strains of the Gatersleben soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) world and mutant collections have been screened with respect to the crude protein and oil content of the seed. The variability of the two biochemical characters exhibited in the collections two times higher than in the standard variety (fig. 1, tab. 3). After the first re-cultivation of selected strains 56 (2.9 %) significant plus variants for crude protein and 9 (0.46 %) for crude oil content could be selected (tab. 5, 7). Have regard to the grain yields of plus variants, after the second and third re-cultivation 14 strains with significant improved crude protein content and 3 strains with significant improved crude oil content proved to have a good yield capacity (tab. 12, 13). For further estimation of the plus variants the dates of thousand-grain weight, height and vegetation lengtht were represented. Some of the plus variants may be useful as potential genetic sources for improving crude protein content.

---

(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

1980–1984 1956 (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) . , (. 1, . 3). 56 (2,9 %) 9 (0,46 %) — (. 5 7). 2- 3- , , , , 14 3 — , (. 12 13). 1000 , , . , , , , .

---

---

Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult.Hans Stubbe mit Dank und herzlichen Wünschen zu seinem 85. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)拮抗基因的分子标记

用ＢＯＸ－ＰＣＲ指纹图谱进行了１８４个格兰氏生菌株,其中有４１个菌株与标准菌种Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ａｍｙｌｏｌｉｑｕｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ之间的ＤＮＡ指纹图谱相似性大于７０％,在离体条件下,测定这些菌株对水稻纹枯菌的拮抗性能。选出４个代表菌株（Ｇ４３３、Ｇ４３４＾－、Ｇ３９６＾＋、Ｇ２９２＾＋）用于筛选ＲＡＰＤ－ＰＣＲ的有效引物、先后共测试了１２４个随机引物,有８个随机引物能够产生明显与拮抗基因相关的ＤＮ     

Effect of Organic Manure and Crop Residue Based Long-Term Nutrient Management Systems on Soil Quality Changes under Sole Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) and Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) – Finger Millet Rotation in Rainfed Alfisol

A long-term experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of integrated use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on soil quality and its relation to finger millet yield under two predominant crop rotations viz., groundnut–finger millet and finger millet monocropping in hot moist semiarid rainfed Alfisol soils in South India. Two experiments were laid out separately for each cropping system in a randomized complete block design with five treatments individually with FYM and maize residue-based combinations viz., Control (T1), FYM @ 10t ha ^?1 or Maize residue (MR) @ 5t ha ^?1 (T2), farm yard manure (FYM) @ 10t ha ^?1 or Maize residue (MR) @ 5t ha ^?1 + 50% RDF (Recommended Fertiliser Dose) N, P₂O₅ &; K₂O (T3), FYM @ 10t ha ^?1 or Maize residue (MR) @ 5t ha ^?1 + 100% RDF N,P₂O₅ &; K₂O (T4), Recommended N, P₂O₅ &; K₂O (T5). Thus, four sets of nutrient management systems were evaluated. The results showed that farm yard manure or maize residue application in combination with recommended dose of fertilizer significantly improved the soil physical, chemical, and biological properties compared to control and application of inorganic fertilizers alone. Based on evaluation of 19 soil quality parameters under each of the four nutrient management systems, the common key soil quality indicators emerged out were: organic C (OC), available nitrogen (N), available sulfur (S), and mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates. A significant correlation between the finger millet yield and the relative soil quality indices (RSQI) indicates the importance of soil quality in these semiarid Alfisol soils. The results and the methodology adopted in the present study could be of importance in improving the soil quality not only for the region of the study, but also in other identical soils and cropping systems across the world.     

Predicting Post-Harvest Soil Test Values in Hybrid Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) – Wheat (Triticum Aesitvum L.) Cropping Sequence Using a Multivariate Analysis Technique

ABSTRACT

Knowledge of the initial soil fertility status is very crucial to make the soil test-based fertilizer recommendations and therefore it is necessary to develop alternative techniques to predict the post-harvest soil test values than analyzing the soils after every crop. The study was done to develop multiple linear regression (MLR) models to predict soil available nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur in the hybrid rice-wheat cropping sequence. The post-harvest soil test values were considered as the dependent variable and initial soil nutrients applied nutrient through fertilizer and farmyard manure and grain yield as independent variables. In general, the accuracy of prediction for the calibration and validation models using the single year and two-year data model was significant and had a coefficient of determination was ≥0.75. Although the performance of MLR model to predict post-harvest soil N, P and S after the individual crop was better than that after whole rice-wheat cropping sequence, predictions of the post-rice-wheat sequence of soil N, P and S also had acceptable levels of accuracy. Thus, the concept of the using the MLR-based models to predict the post-harvest soil test values could be used in hybrid rice-wheat cropping sequence to make the soil test-based fertilizer recommendations to the individual crops or whole cropping sequence.     

秸秆投放、矿物氮施用及翻耕措施对玉米(Zea mays L.)和棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)秸秆分解的影响

With the present understanding that decomposing straw may not only affect soil properties,but possibly greenhouse gas emissions as well,focus among cnvironmental researchers has gradually expanded to include understanding of decomposition rate and stability of straw of different plants in different soils under different management conditions.Against such a background,a short-term(60 days)greenhouse simulation experiment was carried out to study the effects of straw placement,external mineral N source and tillage on straw decomposition of maize and cotton in two contrasting soils,a red soil(Ferrasol)and a black soil(Acrisol).The treatments included straw addition only(T1);straw addition mineral N(T2);and straw addition tillage(T3).Straw was either buried in the soil or placed on the surface.Sampling was done every 15 days.Placement,addition of external mineral N sources(Urea,46% N),straw type,soil type and exposure duration(15,30,45 and 60 dyas)affected straw decomposition.Decomposition was more in buried straw than in surface-placed straw at all sampling dates in red soil.The addition of an external N source significantly increased decomposition.The study could not,however,fully account for the effect of tillage on straw decomposition because of the limited effect of our tillage method due to the artificial barrier to mechanical iaterference supplicd by the mesh bags.     

海南荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)主要栽培品种的RAPD分析

从80个随机引物中筛选出12条重复性好的多态性引物，对包括15个栽培品种在内的22份海南荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)资源进行RAPD分析，扩增的多态性片段比例为64.1%, 平均为31.1%; 遗传距离在0.0000~0.6180之间，平均0.3732。UPGMA聚类分析显示，22份资源主要分为2类，部分供试品种存在明显的同名异物现象。     

Effect of different safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)–bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropping patterns on growth and yield under weedy and weed-free conditions

Two field experiments were carried out over two consecutive years (2010–2011) in the research field of the College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Fars Province, southern Iran. The study was a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications: the first factor was the ratio of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. Pi cv.) to bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. Saiad cv.) at five levels (safflower and bean sole cropping, and intercropping of safflower and bean at ratios of 1:3, 2:2 and 3:1); and the second factor was weed management at two levels: weed-free (complete weed control) and weedy (no weed control). The results showed that an intercropping system was the most appropriate method for decreasing the adverse effect of weeds on the performance of both crops. Intercropping was more suitable for weedy than weed-free conditions. According to the land equivalent ratio (LER) value, if the main crop was bean, the best intercropping treatment was one row of safflower and six rows of bean (S₁B₃) under both weedy and weed-free conditions. By contrast, if the main crop was safflower, the best treatment under weedy conditions was S₁B₃, whereas under weed-free conditions the best treatment was two rows of safflower and four rows of bean (S₂B₂). Overall, S₁B₃ can be introduced as the best intercropping method.     

阳春砂仁(Amomum villosum Lour.)叶枯病病原及寄主范围研究

砂仁是我国著名南药之一。砂仁叶枯病是一种新近描述的导致植株枯萎和大量减产的严重病害。症状有叶枯型、斑枯型、星斑型和叶鞘病斑四种。据病原菌形态、培养性状、致病性和奇主范围,鉴定为围小丛壳菌(Glomerella cingulata(Stonem.)Spauld.et Schrenk),分生孢子阶段为盘长孢状刺盘孢(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.)Sacc.)。病菌在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)培养基上生长较好,而燕麦(OMA)和葡萄糖酵母膏(DYEA)培养基上较有利于产孢。连续日光灯和试验室散光处理促进孢子形成,而紫外灯照射则抑制孢子产生。分生孢子可以串生方式产生。在供试的23科39种植物中,有9科15种植物发病。该菌田间存活期长达16个月以上。     

大葱(Allium fistulosumL.)胞质雄性不育基因的RAPD标记

利用220个随机引物分析了大葱不育系（209A0和保持系（209B）的cpDNA,mtDNA。其中引物S13、S38、S72、S73、S200在叶绿体或线粒全基因组中扩增出了多态性片段S132800、S38950、S7230S731100、S2002400；单株检测表明，它们与育性连锁S132800能在“章丘大葱”、“莱芜鸡腿”、“韩国大葱”等群体中区分N、S胞质，S2002400能在所有供试材料中区分两种胞质因而具有更大的利用价值。筛选的标记在测交，杂交，自交后代中仍能检测到，可用于分子标记辅助育种。     

Analysis of volatile compounds of taperebá (Spondias mombin L.) and cajá (Spondias mombin L.) by simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) and solid phase microextraction (SPME)

Volatile compounds of cajá and taperebá fruits, both classified as Spondias mombin, but from different geographic origins, were extracted (and analyzed) using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE). Forty-eight compounds were identified in taperebá and 47 in cajá by SPME using a DVB/CAR/PMDS fiber. (E)-Caryophyllene (18.7%), ethyl butyrate (10.0%), and ethyl hexanoate (7.0%) were the most abundant components in taperebá volatiles extracted by SPME, whereas myrcene (41.1%) and beta-phellandrene (8.5%) were the major compounds in cajá. In the taperebá SDE extract, 46 substances were identified, and (Z)-caryophyllene (13.2%) and limonene (9.5%) were predominant. From the 42 substances found in the SDE extract of cajá, the major components were myrcene (38.0%) and p-cymene (6.2%). The two fruits showed similar chromatograms upon the use of SDE and SPME. These methods made it possible to determine 30 identical components in both fruits by using SDE and 32 by using SPME.     

Intra‐specific variation for salt tolerance in a potential oil‐seed crop,brown mustard (Brassica juncea (l.) Czern. and Coss.)

Thirty eight accessions of brown mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. and Coss.) were screened after two weeks growth in solution culture containing 120 mol m‐³ NaCl. Considerable variation for salt tolerance was observed in this set of germplasm, since some accessions showed relatively vigorous growth in saline medium.

In order to determine the consistency of degree of salt tolerance at different growth stages of crop life cycle two salt tolerant accessions, P‐15 and KS‐51 and two salt sensitive 85362 and 85605 were tested at the adult stage in 0(control), 100 and 200 mol m^‐3 NaCl. Both the tolerant accessions produced significantly greater fresh and dry biomass and had considerably higher seed yield than those of the salt sensitive accessions. Analysis of different ions in the leaves showed that salt tolerant accessions contained greater amounts of Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ than the salt sensitive accessions, although they did not differ significantly for leaf Cl^‐. Only one salt tolerant accession P‐15 had greater leaf K/Na ratio and K⁺ versus Na⁺ selectivity compared with the tolerant KS‐51 and the two salt sensitive accessions.

From this study it was established that there is a considerable variation for salt tolerance in B.juncea which can be exploited by selection and breeding for improvement of its salt tolerance. Since the degree of salt tolerance in B.juncea does not change at different growth stages of the crop life cycle, selection for salt tolerance at the initial growth stages could provide individuals that would be tolerant at all other growth stages. Accumulation of Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the leaves are important components of salt tolerance in B.juncea.     

Resistenzeigenschaften im Gersten- und Weizensortiment Gatersleben 28. Prüfung von Gersten auf ihr Verhalten gegenüber den BlattlausartenRhopalosiphum padi (L.) undMacrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (F.)

Zusammenfassung Unter den geprüften Saatgersten (Hordeum vulgare L.) wurden sechs Muster mit Resistenz gegenRhopalosiphum padi (L.) — Resistenz-Indices 4,45 bis 10,10 — und sieben Muster mit Resistenz gegenMacrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (F.) — Resistenz-Indices 3,20 bis 8,00 — gefunden. MitHordeum turkestanicum Nevski undH. bogdani Wilenski — Resistenz-Indices gegenR. padi 8,45 bzw. 4,96, gegenM. avenae 8,09 bzw. 3,47 — konnten zwei Arten mit Resistenzeigenschaften gegen beide Aphidenarten gefunden werden.

---

Resistance in the Gatersleben barley and wheat collection. 28. Reaction of barleys to cereal aphidsRhopalosiphum padi (L.) andMacrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (F.)

Summary Among the tested barleys (Hordeum vulgare L.) six of the accessions showed resistance toRhopalosiphum padi (L.) — resistance-indices from 4.45 to 10.0-and seven toMacrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (F.)—resistance-indices from 3.20 to 8.00. The speciesHordeum turkestanicum Nevski andH. bogdani Wilenski-resistance-indices toR. padi 8.45 and 4.96, respectively—and toM. avenae 8.09 and 3.47, respectively—showed resistance characters to both of the aphids.

---

. 28. Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (F.)

(Hordeum vulgare L.) Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) — 4,45 10,10; Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae (F.) — 3,20 8,00. Hordeum turkestanicum Nevski H. bogdani Wilenski ( R. padi 8,45 4,96, M. avenae 8,09 3,47) .

     

印度芥菜(Brassica juncea L.)重金属耐性机理研究进展

印度芥菜可富集/忍耐Cd、Zn 等多种重金属, 是研究植物修复技术的一种模式植物。高浓度的重金属离子会改变植物的基因表达、细胞形态、细胞结构, 最终使植物生长受抑, 甚至死亡。印度芥菜高效的抗氧化系统、损伤修复系统以及对重金属的螯合、区域化可部分解除重金属的毒性, 缓解重金属离子的毒害作用。利用基因工程技术在印度芥菜中导入重金属耐性及运输相关基因可大幅度提高其重金属富集能力, 在重金属污染修复方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

添加水稻秸秆对油菜(Brassica napusL.)幼苗生长的影响

近几年,水稻秸秆直接还田对油菜幼苗生长的负效应受到关注。有许多研究在水稻残体或腐解物中检测出了酚酸等被广泛证实具有化感作用的物质,因此在水稻秸秆产生的负效应中,化感抑制作用不容忽视。本研究以酚酸为目标化感物质,以湖北省油菜主栽品种"中双11号"为受体,采用4种采自典型稻油轮作系统中的土壤进行盆栽试验,研究水稻秸秆对油菜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)整体看来,添加秸秆对油菜幼苗总生物量的主效应在进贤土为正,在汉川土为负,在阳逻和麻城土为无明显影响;(2)功能叶片光合色素含量在全部土壤下的显著降低均出现在播种后33 d之内,与水稻秸秆腐解速率最大值的出现与存在时间上的重叠。秸秆处理对油菜幼苗的负效应在早期强于后期;(3)土壤水溶态酚酸含量为3.3~49.0μg·g-1soil。添加秸秆虽导致土壤中水溶态酚酸浓度增加,但其明显增加主要发生在试验后期,且增量与幼苗生物量化感效应指数呈正相关关系。因此酚酸含量的变化不能解释水稻秸秆的负效应,为揭示秸秆处理的负效应机制,需要转换目标化感物质。