北京市蔬菜生产效率分析——基于地区比较视角

投入产出效率的提高是推动当前北京市蔬菜产业发展的重要因素,也是实现农业现代化的基础。在对北京市和全国平均的蔬菜主栽品种投入产出情况进行对比分析的基础上,运用DEA（数据包络分析法）测算出2010年北京市和全国其他地区设施和露地蔬菜生产的技术效率和环境效率,并基于量化分析结果,从北京与全国其他地区比较的视角,分析北京市蔬菜生产效率情况。得出的主要研究结论是：北京市设施蔬菜生产无论是投入产出还是技术效率、环境效率与全国其他地区相比都具有一定的比较优势,而露地蔬菜生产在这3个方面皆不具有比较优势;从规模报酬来看,北京市设施蔬菜生产处于规模报酬递增的阶段,而露地蔬菜生产则处于递减阶段。最后提出了提高北京市蔬菜产业技术效率的对策及建议。     

清远市郊菜地土壤营养和叶菜产量状况及施肥建议

摘要：【研究目的】通过调查清远市郊蔬菜地养分状况,为叶菜生产提供科学的施肥依据,【方法】2008年10月-11月采用均匀布点随机抽样的方法,采集了市郊的7个区点的土壤样品,按照国家土壤营养成分测定标准方法,测定了土壤的主要营养成分和pH值。按当地菜农施肥量的1/4量分期施肥,盆栽小白菜、生菜和油麦三种叶菜,并称取各自的经济产量。【结果】结果显示,土壤整体肥力接近华南地区的水平,属于低肥力菜地,各点土壤的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质含量和叶菜产量差异程度很大,氮、磷、钾的比例明显失调。【结论】测土配方合理施肥对于清远市蔬菜生产具有重要的意义。     

江西双季稻机插的典型模式及其效果研究

基于江西省双季稻区10个县30个乡镇农户、合作社以及农机大市场的调查数据,通过对合作社的两种典型模式（合作模式和服务模式）的研究及合作社农户和散户的对比分析,探索合作社对江西双季稻机插推广的促进作用。研究结果表明:合作社农户的成本要低于散户,收益要高于散户,合作社的生产效果比散户的要好;合作社农户的年龄比散户的年龄要低,文化、土地规模、资金要高于散户;合作社农户的机插比例高于散户;目前江西合作社机插典型模式中比较受欢迎的模式是农机大户和种田大户合作模式及“订单式”服务模式;未来种田大户、农机大户和养殖大户是发展江西农民合作生产的主要对象,重点发展的模式是合作社提供水稻生产全程社会化服务模式。     

GIS支持下的区域绿色蔬菜地适宜性及其质量评价--以厦门市同安区为例

在实地调查采样和测试分析基础上,利用主成分和相关分析模型筛选建立区域绿色蔬菜地适宜性评价主导因子体系,借助GIS和动态聚类分析模型评价区域耕地绿色蔬菜生产的适宜数量、质量及其分布。评价结果表明,坡度、质地、耕层厚度、灌溉条件和环境污染综合指数等20个因子可作为区域绿色蔬菜地适宜性评价的主导因子。同安区适宜发展绿色蔬菜生产的耕地面积6403.98hm2,占基本农田保护区耕地总面积的66.44%,主要分布于莲花、五显、汀溪和新民镇,合计占全区绿色蔬菜地总面积的80.24%,全区绿色蔬菜地的总体质量不高,中度和一般适宜的二、三等地面积合计占全区绿色蔬菜地总面积的70.01%。     

Multivariate analysis of water-related agroclimatic factors limiting spring wheat yields on the Canadian prairies

Water use by spring wheat and soil water contents at meteorological stations on the Canadian prairies were simulated with the Versatile Soil Moisture Budget model for different crop growth stages. Six water-related agroclimatic indices at five growth stages (seeding–emergence, emergence–jointing, jointing–heading, heading–soft dough and soft dough–harvest) and previous non-growing season were correlated to spring wheat yields in the three prairies provinces and in the entire prairie region for the years 1976–2006. Principal component analysis was applied to explore major modes of joint variability in the regional water-related agroclimatic indices. Canonical correlation analysis was employed to further identify joint variability patterns of the water-related indices associated with regional spring wheat yields. Results showed some common features of the effects of the water-related factors at different growth stages: lower-than-normal moisture stress at the jointing–heading stage favoured spring wheat yields in all three provinces. Regional differences were also seen, for example, a slight moisture stress at the heading–soft dough stage could be beneficial to spring wheat yields in Manitoba because of its relatively wetter climate compared to the other two provinces. The results can be used for a better understanding of the effects of water-related agroclimatic conditions at different growth stages on final spring wheat yields on the Canadian prairies, leading to the improvement of crop management. The results can also be used in regional yield forecasting and in the projection of climate change impacts on crop production. This study provided an example of how to quantify crop–climate relationships by the use of statistical multivariate analysis tools.     

The use of genetic,manual and chemical methods to control pollination in vegetable hybrid seed production: a review

Production of hybrid varieties of vegetable crops is currently a desired breeding goal, due to their remarkable agronomic performance and to the possibility of intellectual property protection. However, efficient hybrid production requires a careful pollination control to guarantee the hybrid nature of F₁ seed. Several technologies ranging from manual emasculation to genetic transformation are used to inhibit pollen production in mother plants. In this review, we examine the principles underlying strategies like genetically determined systems (genic male sterility, cytoplasmic–genic male sterility, self‐incompatibility) and other methods (manual emasculation, chemical‐hybridizing agents) in different species, considering the benefits and drawbacks of their adoption. Finally, we present the current state of the art for vegetable hybrid seed production.     

陕北黄土高原区日光温室蔬菜产业发展的几点思考

阐述了陕北黄土高原区日光温室蔬菜产业发展的优势和现状，通过深入到陕北蔬菜生产和销售的第一线就其日光温室蔬菜生产等方面的问题进行了调查研究，综合分析陕北黄土高原区日光温室蔬菜产业发展的制约因素。结果认为，主要存在着无公害蔬菜标准化生产和消费的社会意识和氛围不浓，产品质量和生产效益相对较低；蔬菜“优质优价”的市场机制还未建立，蔬菜质量监督检测机构尚未形成；日光温室蔬菜无公害标准化生产的推广服务体系尚未建立，产业化组织机制发育不健全；日光温室蔬菜生产规模小，品牌产品缺乏；农民文化水平偏低等五个方面的制约因素。并就陕北日光温室蔬菜产业可持续发展提出了相应的对策，包括充分发挥气候资源优势，合理规划设施布局；实施品牌战略，推行无公害生产；增强科技意识，提高市场竞争力；科学管理，提高生产水平；加强组织领导，走产业化之路等几个方面。     

Adaptation to climate change and climate variability in European agriculture: The importance of farm level responses

Climatic conditions and hence climate change influence agriculture. Most studies that addressed the vulnerability of agriculture to climate change have focused on potential impacts without considering adaptation. When adaptation strategies are considered, socio-economic conditions and farm management are often ignored, but these strongly influence current farm performance and are likely to also influence adaptation to future changes. This study analysed the adaptation of farmers and regions in the European Union to prevailing climatic conditions, climate change and climate variability in the last decades (1990–2003) in the context of other conditions and changes. We compared (1) responses in crop yields with responses in farmers’ income, (2) responses to spatial climate variability with responses to temporal climate variability, (3) farm level responses with regional level responses and (4) potential climate impacts (based on crop models) with actual climate impacts (based on farm accountancy data). Results indicated that impacts on crop yields cannot directly be translated to impacts on farmers’ income, as farmers adapt by changing crop rotations and inputs. Secondly, the impacts of climatic conditions on spatial variability in crop yields and farmers’ income, with generally lower yields in warmer climates, is different from the impacts of temporal variability in climate, for which more heterogeneous patterns are observed across regions in Europe. Thirdly, actual impacts of climate change and variability are largely dependent on farm characteristics (e.g. intensity, size, land use), which influence management and adaptation. To accurately understand impacts and adaptation, assessments should consider responses at different levels of organization. As different farm types adapt differently, a larger diversity in farm types reduces impacts of climate variability at regional level, but certain farm types may still be vulnerable. Lastly, we observed that management and adaptation can largely reduce the potential impacts of climate change and climate variability on crop yields and farmers’ income. We conclude that for reliable projections of the impacts of climate change on agriculture, adaptation should not be seen anymore as a last step in a vulnerability assessment, but as integrated part of the models used to simulate crop yields, farmers’ income and other indicators related to agricultural performance.     

临汾市无公害蔬菜发展状况分析

山西省临汾市对生产无公害蔬菜高度重视,蔬菜产业发展良好,建设了一批无公害蔬菜生产基地,蔬菜产品质量安全水平有了明显提高,产品认证工作稳步推进,正在逐步建立生产标准和检测体系。但是还没有从根本上解决蔬菜存在的质量安全问题,建议加强无公害蔬菜生产的源头治理,进一步发挥标准化生产基地和市场带动的作用。     

基于升尺度方法的华北冬小麦区域生长模型初步研究 Ⅰ.潜在生产水平

作物生长模型是在田间尺度上开发的,而区域尺度上的作物生长信息更受决策部门的关注。作物模拟从单点研究发展到区域应用需要解决升尺度连接（Scaling-up）等一系列技术问题。本文利用以经纬度为权重的IDW空间插值法对气象数据和与温度有关的作物参数进行空间插值;根据华北冬小麦的品种地带性分布特点进行了冬小麦品种参数     

Prediction of Various Effects of Harvest Date in Sugar Beet Growing

One crucial decision in sugar beet growing is determining harvest date. This paper focuses on some aspects associated with harvest date which have to be included in a decision support system for sugar beet growing.
Firstly, a module was created for dirt and crown tare, mainly based on lutum (or clay) and soil moisture contents. An independent test of the module showed poor results, because fine tuning of harvest machinery has an overriding effect. Secondly, the variation in weather conditions during autumn in Wageningen over a period of 38 years was analysed. The ranges of future root and sugar production appeared to be so wide that early predictions of the day on which the sugar quota are exceeded will not be very reliable. Thirdly, risks of severe frost or heavy rainfall in autumn were assessed, based on the same 38 year data set. The risk of frost damage to unharvested beets proved to be negligible when the crop was harvested before November 10, as advised by the sugar industry.
The work described in this study makes the model PIEteR (a field specific bio-economic production model for sugar beet, developed for decision support at field and farm level) more applicable by using its potential to analyse the effects of different years and quota options.     

Some causes of variation in the proportion of selfed seed present in F1 hybrid seed lots of Brussels sprouts

Summary A series of field experiments on F₁ hybrid seed production was performed, using two parent inbred lines known to have incomplete self-incompatibility and thus to be susceptible to the production of some selfed seed. The experiments compared different ratios of plants of the two parents, different sub-lines, plant sizes and pollinating agents; and showed that all these treatments could cause changes in the ratio of selfed seed to crossed seed produced. The results are discussed in relation to the search for a mathematical model to express the basic factors likely to determine the rate of selfing in an F₁ hybrid seed production situation.     

乳制品冷链物流的库存-生产策略优化研究

在日益激烈的企业生存竞争中,针对乳制品生产企业如何选取合适的生产批量和库存水平的问题,提出了成本-时间-客户满意度的三目标优化模型。首先,考虑乳制品的库存费用、周转时间和客户满意度,分别建立库存生产成本、库存周转时间和客户满意度优化模型;其次,以生产批量和库存水平为决策变量,应用多目标遗传算法,集成库存生产成本模型、库存周转时间模型和客户满意度模型,求出所有非劣解;最后,应用伪权向量法,通过保质期不同的产品验证提出的模型。结果表明,对于不同保质期的产品,均可得出最优库存生产批量大小和最优库存水平。     

PermVeg: A Model to Design Crop Sequences for Permanent Vegetable Production Systems in the Red River Delta,Vietnam

The constraints in current vegetable production systems in the Red River Delta, Vietnam, in which vegetables are rotated with flooded rice, called for the design of alternative systems of permanent vegetable production. The practical model, PermVeg, was developed to generate vegetable crop sequences for permanent vegetable production, as based on a set of rules and restrictions. Permanent vegetable production systems were designed based on the following five scenarios: (i) increased profit, (ii) reduced labour requirement, (iii) decreased costs of pesticide use, (iv) improved crop biodiversity and (v) selected crops with low‐perishable products. PermVeg showed that theoretically all selected crop sequences in the different alternative systems increased farmers' income compared to the traditional system. The system with the highest profitability increased profit per hectare per day by a factor of three as compared to the traditional system. Labour requirement in days per hectare per day in a crop sequence also increased in all systems. Except for the system with low costs of pesticide use, permanent vegetable production systems had higher pesticide costs than the traditional, vegetable – flooded rice crop sequence. Given the model outcomes, permanent vegetable production systems can be an option to improve farmers' income, to provide labour opportunities, and, in the case of the high crop biodiversity system, to contribute to the development of sustainable production systems. The PermVeg model can act as a practical tool to rapidly explore crop sequence options and to help farmers' decision‐making.     

Efficiency in sugar beet cultivation related to field history

The concept of sustainable intensification in crop production has become more and more important over the last years. Calls for an efficient production demand an increase in yield without extending the agricultural area or increasing the amount of agricultural inputs. Thus, our study aimed to identify which variables influence the efficiency in crop cultivation in Central Europe and how we can explain the variances between fields. The data base for the present study was a survey among sugar beet farmers in all parts of Germany in the years 2010–2014. In order to structure the fields, variables representing environment, management and farm characteristics were extracted. The performed analysis according to components (principal component analysis) did not result in a nationwide structure of the data. Thus, fields were grouped according to similar preconditions such as regions and crop rotations. Sugar yield ranged from 12.5 t ha⁻¹ in 2010 to 15.4 t ha⁻¹ in 2014 on nationwide average. The median value for N fertilization over all fields and years was 137.4 kg ha⁻¹, the median treatment index (TI) reached 3.7, the median field evaluation index (Ackerzahl) was 70 and the median field size 8 ha. We found that over 50% of the variance among the data was explained by environment, management and farm characteristics. The comparison of fields on a regional basis was more sensible than on a nationwide basis as the variance of farms and fields was too broad for a useful clustering. It was concluded that the adaption of the farmer’s management to regional specific conditions is an opportunity to reduce yield gaps and to increase efficiency in terms of a sustainable intensification in sugar beet production.     

Field-specific variable rate fertilizer application based on rice growth diagnosis and soil testing for high quality rice production

This study was carried out to verify the applicability of variable rate fertilization (VRF) based on soil testing and diagnosis of rice plant growth for high quality rice production of var. Chucheongbyeo at the farm level. The field trials were conducted at Icheon in Gyeonggi province on a 10 ha farm consisting of 45 experimental fields. For comparative study, 15 field trials were carried out adopting fertilizer management (FPM) practices currently used by farmers. FPM fields were managed by each rice grower using current cultivation methods, but in each VRF field fertilizer application was prescribed using soil test results and the amount of N fertilizer for top-dressing at panicle initiation stage was calculated using rice growth value at that stage. In VRF fields, the total amount of N fertilizer application was less (72 kg ha⁻¹) than that in FPM fields (103 kg ha⁻¹). However, the amount of K₂O fertilizer application was more in VRF fields (60 kg ha⁻¹) than that in FPM fields (52 kg ha⁻¹). The amount of P₂O₅ fertilizer application was similar between the VRF and FPM fields. Plant height was significantly shorter and the number of tillers was significantly more at VRF fields than at the FPM fields. Coefficient of variation (CV) of each growth characteristic measured in VRF was lower than that of FPM fields at panicle initiation stage. There was no difference in culm and panicle length and panicle number between them at the grain filling stage, but CV of panicle numbers per m² decreased in VRF compared with that of the FPM fields. Rice yield was not different between VRF and FPM fields despite higher brown rice recovery and 1,000-grain weight in VRF fields. Under VRF management, head rice yield increased due to an increase in head rice ratio accompanied by a reduction in brown rice protein content and variation of quality characteristics. These results suggest that VRF application based on soil tests and measurement of rice growth value at panicle initiation stage has the potential for quality control and production of high quality rice through increasing uniformity of growth and reducing the variability in quality among individual fields.     

Intensification of an irrigated rice system in Senegal: Crop rotations,climate risks,sowing dates and varietal adaptation options

Feeding the future world population requires increased crop production. Here, we investigate the intensification option of increasing production by increasing cropping intensity and choice of varieties with different crop duration. We developed a model to generate, compare and visualise opportunities for single/double/triple cropping systems consisting of irrigated rice and optionally a vegetable. The model was applied in a case study in the Senegal River valley. Results showed that with appropriate choice of sowing dates, severe cold sterility in rice can be avoided, also in rice–rice crop rotations. At optimal sowing dates, simulated total long term average potential yields of single, double and triple cropping yields were 10.3, 19.0 and 18.9 t/ha respectively (total of 1,2 and 3 yields). With a hypothetical completely cold tolerant variety, yields could increase to 11.2, 20.2 and 20.9 respectively. Simulated Triple crop yields are hardly any higher than those of a double crop with two medium duration varieties. Delay in sowing due to late availability of resources (machinery, irrigation water allocation within a scheme, credits for pump fuel) is a known problem in the region. Therefore we also simulated how much delay was possible (width of the sowing windows) whilst still allowing for double cropping. We found enough delay was possible to allow for a rice–rice or a rice-vegetable crop. A rice-rice-vegetable triple cropping system would only be possible without delays and with a very short duration vegetable of 2 months. Most promising options to increase production are through shifting the sowing date to facilitate double cropping, adoption of medium duration varieties and breeding for cold tolerant varieties.     

Inbreeding and the production of commercial F1 hybrid seed of brussels sprouts

Inbred lines, many of which have reached or passed the I₄ generation, have been produced by successive generations of self-pollination of material selected stringently for desirable characteristics. Of 99 parent plants originally selected from three different non-inbred varieties only eight were represented in the I₄ generation, by which time individual inbred lines were virtually true breeding for characters of commercial importance.An F₁ hybrid named Avoncross, produced by crossing unrelated selected inbred lines, has given consistently good yields of high quality sprouts in trials grown during several seasons. In most of these trials Avoncross gave the greatest marketable yield as compared with various control varieties and its superiority was significant at the 5% level of probability. A further F₁ hybrid, as yet un-named, has also given promising results in recent trials.Genetic male sterility was found in the material but did not provide an economic method for the production of F₁ hybrid seed. The method developed for the field production of F₁ hybrid seed relies on natural crossing between partially sib-compatible inbred lines. The partial sib-compatibility makes it possible to multiply the parent inbred lines by using natural sib-pollination in the field, but leads to the presence of sibs in the F₁ hybrid seed produced by natural crossing. The percentage of sibs in field crops of the F₁ hybrid established from such seed, however, was acceptably low because the majority of the sib-seedlings initially present could be rejected, on the basis of their smaller size, at the time of transplanting from the seedbed to the field.Experimental seed production, both of parent inbred lines and of the F₁ hybrid Avoncross, indicated that commercial production of F₁ hybrid seed in this manner was likely to be economically feasible.     

迷迭香扦插育苗试验初报

迷迭香（Rosmarinus officinalis L.）是唇形花科迷迭香属植物,是一种多年生常绿亚灌木,为观赏及芳香油植物,该植物已成为全球普遍重视的资源植物之一。迷迭香种子发育不良,种子萌发力极低,故通常采用无性繁殖法育苗,在生产中为了降低成本,节约资金,现阶段主要采用扦插法繁殖进行苗木生产。近年来,国内外对于迷迭香精油及抗氧化剂的研究报道及论文很多,但对迷迭香育苗技术报道却较少。开展该课题研究,对迷迭香的育苗技术进行研究,通过试验记载、观察、田间管理,为迷迭香种植提高育苗成效,降低成本,增加农民收入,为中国天然抗氧化剂的生产保障优质充足原料供应,具有重要意义。试验研究在玉溪对迷迭香进行扦插试验。迷迭香分别扦插在基质为菜园土的苗床上、用纸杯装菜园土扦插、在泥炭土:珍珠岩为2:1的基质上扦插,试验结果表明,试验结果表明,春季扦插成活率高,成活时间短,扦插苗生长健壮,在菜园土上扦插成本低,用纸杯装土扦插,成活率95%~99%,且苗生长健壮。在泥炭土:珍珠岩为2:1的基质上扦插结果,嫩梢作插穗在插后8d开始生根,25d全部生根,生根率99.5%。以上各种扦插方法培养的扦插苗移栽成活率均在95%以上,没有明显区别,可见3种方法扦插育苗都具有成活率高的特点,但采取什么方法,以成本和已有的生产材料及技术而定。