不同初植密度尾叶桉生长量及经济效益分析

在雷州半岛的唐家林场设立了尾叶桉５种初植密度：①１ｍ×３ｍ（３３３３株／ｈｍ２）;②１ｍ×４．５ｍ（２２２２株／ｈｍ２）;③２ｍ×３ｍ（１６６７株／ｈｍ２）;④１．５ｍ×４．５ｍ（１４８１株／ｈｍ２）;⑤３ｍ×３ｍ（１１１１株／ｈｍ２）的试验,分别于２年生、３年生和４年生时进行了调查和经济分析。结果表明：⑴尾叶桉初植密度在１１１１～３３３３株／ｈｍ２范围内,林龄４年内,单位面积产量基本上是随着密度的增大而增大,但平均胸径与树高均随着密度的增加而减小。⑵密度３３３３株／ｈｍ２由于株数多,产量最高,利润也最高。⑶从第３年开始,密度１６６７株／ｈｍ２的材积年生长量增幅最大。⑷５种密度的胸径生长的高峰值都出现在前２年;第３年的生长量几乎减少２／３,造林密度越大,减少量越多;至第４年各种密度的年生长量几乎相近。树高生长的高峰值也都出现在前２年,第３年的生长量减少２／３,第４年又减半,至各种密度的树高年生长量几乎相近。除３３３３株／ｈｍ２的材积生长高峰值出现在第２年之外,其它密度的材积峰值都出现在第３年,第４年开始明显减慢。     

黑荆树巨尾桉混交造林与效益分析

设计了以黑荆树与巨尾桉混交的３个模式、黑荆树纯林、巨尾桉纯林共５个处理进行试验。经过一个轮伐期６ａ的观测研究,结果表明以黑荆树４巨尾桉１的混交比例作株间混交的模式最为理想,６年生林分总蓄积量达７２．１ｍ３·ｈｍ－２,其中巨尾桉４６．１ｍ３·ｈｍ－２,黑荆树２６．０ｍ３·ｈｍ－２,投入产出比为１∶３．４。     

菇耳专用林定向培育──人工促进阔叶林伐后更新试验

对参试的３５．６ｈｍ２天然阔叶林伐后迹地进行菇耳专用林定向培育，通过树种选择、清杂、去高桩、补植、抚育、施肥等措施，４年后，幼树密度由２２５０株／ｈｍ２增加到７５００株／ｈｍ２以上；活立木蓄积由１．５ｍ３／ｈｍ２增加到４２ｍ３／ｈｍ２，平均生长量达１０．１ｍ３／ｈｍ２·ａ。     

内蒙干旱地区杨树人工用材林灌溉量与林木生长量

对内蒙古干旱河套黄灌区群众杨人工用材林的适宜灌溉量的研究表明，在林木生长后期增加灌水次数，可使胸径生长增加０．２５～０．４２ｃｍ。树冠生长指标和根系生长量均随灌溉量增加而增加，１５００、４５００、７５００、２２５００ｍ３／ｈｍ２·ａ灌溉量的平均叶面积分别是１９．３、２４．５、３０．５、４３．４ｍ２；平均叶干重分别是１．１、１．３、１．５、３．９ｋｇ；平均叶面积指数分别为０．９７、１．２３、１．５３、２．１８。林木蒸腾量随灌溉量增加而增加，年蒸腾耗水量分别为１２５９．７、１５２７．７、１９８８．４、４９８６．１ｍ３／ｈｍ２。在一定范围内，林木材积生长量随灌溉量增加而增加，年产材积量分别为３．０４、４．０８、４．５１、８．７３ｍ３／ｈｍ２。虽然２２５００ｍ３／ｈｍ２·ａ灌溉量的产材量最高，但材积需水系数最高，其耗水量是其它灌溉量的３～１５倍。在水资源日益短缺的内蒙干旱地区，杨树人工林的灌溉量以７５００ｍ３／ｈｍ２·ａ为宜。     

Nelder试验:大叶相思树冠生长、多干特征与密度的关系

运用Ｎｅｌｄｅｒ密度试验设计方法,研究了大叶相思林分的树冠生长以及多干现象与密度的关系。结果表明：１年生时各种密度林分均未郁闭,３年生、５年生、７年生时郁闭林分的单株面积上限分别为３．１５ ｍ ２·株－ １、６．２０ ｍ ２·株－ １、７．００ ｍ ２·株－ １。５年生以后,树冠趋于稳定,１～３年生时树冠生长最大的单株面积为５．６４～６．８８ ｍ ２·株－ １,５～７年生时树冠最大的单株面积为１５．５０～１８．６８ ｍ ２·株－ １。林分平均树干数与密度则呈现幂函数关系,林分单株面积小于１ ｍ ２·株－ １时,多干木比例在１０％ 以下;林分密度超过１２．５３ ｍ ２·株－ １以后,多干木比例为１００％ 。     

红锥天然林生长规律与生物量的调查研究

华安金山林场红锥天然林调查表明,红锥生长快,３４～３８年生树高可达２１．９～２３．７ｍ、胸径可达２０～３０ｃｍ。全林保存密度５７２株／ｈｍ２,蓄积量３６６ｍ３／ｈｍ２;Ⅱ级立地级保存红锥６００株／ｈｍ２,蓄积量高达４８３ｍ３／ｈｍ２,生物量５００．８７ｔ／ｈｍ２,材积年生长量可达１３．４ｍ３／ｈｍ２;Ⅲ级立地红锥蓄积量３４２ｍ３／ｈｍ２,生物量３５４．６５ｔ／ｈｍ２。林分生产力很高,树高速生期为４～１８年生。胸径速生期为６～１４年生,材积速生期为１０～２７年生,３４～３８年生的红锥尚未达到数量成熟。表明红锥适应性强,不苛求立地,生长潜力大,极有发展前途。     

楸树造林密度及其效应的研究

楸树造林密度７年试验总结。在７种造林密度中，树高最高（平均５．１３ｍ）的密度为２１ｍ×１ｍ、３ｍ宽窄行，最低（平均４．４０ｍ）的密度为２ｍ×２ｍ，相差１６．６％；最大胸径（平均７．４ｃｍ）和最大单株立木材积（平均０．００８６６ｍ￣３）的密度为３ｍ×４ｍ，最小胸径（平均５．７ｃｍ）和最小单株立木材积（平均０．００４７１ｍ￣３）的密度为２ｍ×２ｍ，胸径相差２９．８％，材积相差８４．９％；密度居中的２ｍ×１ｍ、６ｍ宽窄行及３ｍ×３ｍ，对光照的利用较佳，冠下平均光照强度０．８０—０．９５万勒克司，冠下、株间、行间光照平均透过率分别为１２．４—１４．４％、１６．０—２１．２％、５０．８—５９．１％；２ｍ×１ｍ、６ｍ宽窄行的光台强度较２ｍ×２ｍ增加２０．１％；密度愈小，郁闭愈晚，径阶偏向大径阶分布，密度愈大，郁闭愈早，径阶偏向小径阶分布，并需较早的间伐。     

新技术文摘

水瓶扦插杨条造林新技术水瓶扦插杨条造林，不仅造林成活率高，省工、省时、省水，而且造林费用低，是干旱缺水的沙区和水土流失严重的干旱山区、丘陵区造林的一项创新技术。１９８６年吉林省洮南市林业局在四海林场采用此法栽植杨树（品种为小×黑杂交杨）萌条３０株，当年成活率１００％。初植密度１－０ｍ×１－５ｍ，现保留密度２ｍ×３ｍ。１９９８年调查，平均胸径１８ｃｍ，树高１６ｍ；而１９８１年的植苗造林成活率仅７８％（初植密度１ｍ×３ｍ，现保留密度３ｍ×３ｍ），平均胸径１２ｃｍ，平均树高１２ｍ。前者与后者比较，仅造…     

雷林1号桉在贫瘠丘陵地造林密度的研究

雷林１号桉在贫瘠丘陵地４种造林密度的林分，经６年的试验结果表明：雷林１号桉林木的生长、产量与造林密度存在着密切相关，其中林木胸径、单株产量及保存率与造林密度呈负相关，单位面积生物量、蓄积量与密度呈正相关，４种密度中０．５ｍ×１．０ｍ密度的林分单位面积生物量最大（８８．３２ｔ／ｈｍ２绝干重，下同），为其他密度林分的２．４倍～５．７倍，适于经营短轮伐期薪材林；１．０ｍ×２．０ｍ的造林密度的小径木占３０％，中径木占６４％，适于经营短轮伐期薪、材两用林；１．５×３．０ｍ密度的中、大径木占８４．５％，适于用材林；２．０ｍ×４．０ｍ密度林木稀疏、产量低，作为经营短轮伐期不宜采用。     

华南贫瘠丘陵短轮伐期能源、用材林培育技术研究

在水土流失严重的丘陵地，对尾叶按、刚果１２号按、雷林１号按、大叶相思和马占相思等树种的短轮伐期能源、用材林培育技术进行了８年研究。结果表明，在贫瘠立地培育短轮伐期能源、用材林，必须采取集约经营措施，即通过细致整地（坡地带垦，平原台地全垦）、适当施肥（按属树种以Ｎ肥为主，Ｐ、Ｋ肥为辅；相思类树种以Ｐ肥为主，辅以Ｎ、Ｋ肥）、合理密植（经营超短轮伐期能源林，宜采用０．５ｍ×１ｍ密度，轮伐期为２～３年；短轮伐期能源、用材林一般用１ｍ×１ｍ～１ｍ×２ｍ的株行距造林，轮伐期为４～５年；经营短轮伐期用材林，采用１．５ｍ×３ｍ株行距效果较好，植后６～７年采收，以及间种等措施，才能获得速生、高产和短轮伐效果。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.