5%丁硫克百威在花生植株及土壤中消解动态及最终残留研究

采用气相色谱—氮磷检测器(GC-FTD),对5%丁硫克百威颗粒剂在花生植株及土壤样品中的消解动态和最终残留进行了研究。两年三地试验结果表明,丁硫克百威在花生植株及土壤中的残留消解动态符合一级动力学反应模式,在植株和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为9.5~12.1d和9.8~13.3d。5%丁硫克百威颗粒剂按照推荐使用上限量3750g a.i./hm~2和推荐上限量的1.5倍5625g a.i./hm~2,于花生播种时一次性使用,收获时在花生植株、果壳、籽仁以及0~15cm耕层中的最终残留量0.01mg/kg,低于国标0.2mg/kg的限量。表明,当花生播种时一次性使用剂量为3750~5625g a.i./hm~2的5%丁硫克百威颗粒剂,收获时产品是安全的,也不会造成土壤污染。     

SPE-GC/MS法同时测定蔬菜中克百威和三羟基克百威残留

采用乙腈提取，经石墨化碳黑氨基复合柱净化，GC/MS测定，采用内标法定量，建立了蔬菜中克百威和三羟基克百威残留的SPE-GC/MS同时测定方法。克百威的添加质量分数为0.16、0.4、1.0 mg/kg，方法平均回收率为94.3%、99.1%、97.7%，变异系数在5.0%、4.7%、5.1%，检出限0.0016mg/kg；三羟基克百威添加质量数为0.16、0.4、1.0 mg/kg，方法平均回收率为96.3%、100. %、95.9%，变异系数4.0%、4.2%、8.7 %，检出限0.0012mg/kg。     

丁硫克百威作晚稻种子处理剂的应用效果

丁硫克百威具有良好的内吸杀虫作用,为探讨其在晚稻上作种子处理剂与多效唑混用的效果,１９９７－１９９８年采用３５％丁硫克百威与１５％多效唑混合拌种进行了试验和示范。结果表明,３５％丁硫克百威拌种,能极显著地杀灭秧田虫害,并具有刺激生长,缩短生育期、增加产量的作用。     

UPLC-MS-MS法测定浓缩菠萝汁中的克百威及3-羟基克百威

建立快速测定动物组织中克百威及其代谢产物3-羟基克百威残留量的液相色谱串联质谱分析方法。浓缩菠萝汁样品中加入无水硫酸钠利用乙腈提取,提取后溶液过Florisil硅土柱和墨炭黑柱,净化后的提取液经氮吹后用0.1%甲酸溶液-乙腈(50:50,V/V)溶解,进行UPLC-MS-MS分析。采用Eclipse Plus C 18色谱柱分离,用0.1%甲酸+5mmol/L乙酸铵水-乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子模式电离,多反应监测模式检测。克百威和三羟基克百威分别在2~50.0μg/L和2~50.0μg/L质量浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数均大于0.998;在浓缩菠萝汁中克百威和三羟基克百威的方法检测限分别为2μg/kg和2μg/kg。添加范围为2~50μg/kg时,平均回收率在87.2%~99.1%之间,RSD范围在0.367%~2.06%之间。该方法能满足浓缩菠萝汁中克百威及其代谢产物残留量快速分析的要求。     

5%丁硫克百威颗粒剂防治甘蔗螟虫田间药效试验

5%丁硫克百威颗粒剂对甘蔗螟虫具有良好的防治效果。3～4月份结合甘蔗松、培土,每公顷施5%丁硫克百威颗粒剂45、60、75kg,对蔗螟的防效在80%左右,可作为甘蔗螟虫防治中的轮换用药。田间使用每公顷以45～60kg(有效成分2.25～3kg)为宜。     

防治水稻潜叶蝇的药剂筛选

通过对防治水稻潜叶蝇不同药剂、不同用量的田间对比试验，结果表明，32g／kg的35％丁硫克百威拌种预防潜叶蝇效果最好，药效可迭55d以上，适宜在生产上推广应用。     

防治水稻潜叶蝇的药剂筛选

通过对防治水稻潜叶蝇不同药剂、不同用量的田间对比试验,结果表明,32 g/kg的35%丁硫克百威拌种预防潜叶蝇效果最好,药效可达55 d以上,适宜在生产上推广应用。     

茶树根系吸收对茶叶中农药残留的影响

用田间盆栽的方法研究了茶树通过根系吸收农药对茶叶中乐果、乙硫磷、三氯螨醇和三氟氯氰茶酯残留的影响。结果表明，在各农药添加浓度为10mg/kg的土壤中培养7个月后，土壤和茶叶中均未检出乐果和三氟氯氰菊酯，而乙硫磷和三氯杀螨醇在土壤中的残留量仍有3mg/kg-4mg/kg，茶叶中的乙硫磷和三氯杀螨醇残留分别为0.08mg/kg和0.15mg/kg，并且茶叶中残留浓度随土壤中残留量的增加而上升。     

广东高胡萝卜素甘薯品种广薯79的示范推广

结合固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱技术,运用批量平衡法测定不同土壤对克百威的吸附-脱附量,拟合Freundich、Langmuir和DMM双模型方程,分析吸附-脱附量与土壤理化性质相关关系。实验表明,在高浓度时,土壤对克百威的吸附/脱附量与吸附平衡溶液中克百威的浓度呈良好线性关系,而低浓度时,克百威吸附-脱附量波动明显。实验结果拟合Freundich方程效果最佳,检验参数Kf和n值与受试土壤理化性质间呈相关关系。土壤中粘粒、有机质含量和阳离子交换量(CEC)对吸附量影响大,而在脱附行为中,CEC、砂粒、     

茶园土壤硫素状况及对硫的吸附特性

对江浙皖三省茶园土壤硫含量及其影响因子,土壤对硫的吸附固定特性等的研究表明,茶园土镶有效硫含量在5.4—250.7mg/kg之间,平均为54.1mg/kg,以浙江最高,江苏次之,安徽最低;土壤全硫量在24-453 mg/kg之间,平均为190.5 mg/kg;土壤有效硫占全硫的比例在1.38％-69.1％之间,平均为17.2％。土壤有效硫含量与全硫含量呈极显著正相关,与土壤有机质含量、pH值、成土母质和茶叶产量等均有明显的关系。茶园土壤有效硫含量在过去十年中有较大幅度的降低,平均降幅达32.8％;缺硫土壤的比例也相应由31.2％提高到了46.1％。土壤对硫的吸附固定能力因施硫量和成土母质不同而异,随着施硫量的增加,土壤对SO_4~(2-)的吸附能力逐渐减弱;成土母质间比较表现为第四纪红土>鞍山斑岩>溪流冲积物>红砂岩,加入到土壤中的硫素养分平均有29.9％被吸附固定。     

Influence of treatment of soil with carbofuran on the subsequent performance of insecticides against cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) and carrot fly (Psila rosae)

A sandy loam soil was treated with 2·5 kg carbofuran/ha on each of five occasions between May and October 1984. In 1985, the field performance of benfuracarb, carbofuran, carbosulfan, chlorfenvinphos and furathiocarb against cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) and carrot fly (Psila rosae) was studied in this soil and in identical but previously untreated soil by applying exponentially increasing doses of granular formulations to radish and carrots at drilling. Chlorfenvinphos reduced numbers of larvae of both pests by >90% in both soils but the performance of all the carbamates was significantly worse in the previously treated soil than in the previously untreated soil. Dazomet, a partial soil sterilant, was applied to part of the experimental area in October 1985 and the performance of aldicarb, carbofuran, carbosulfan, chlorfenvinphos and thiofanox against cabbage root fly was assessed in 1986. The efficiency of aldicarb and chlorfenvinphos was not affected by any of the pre-treatments but that of carbofuran and carbosulfan was reduced in all the pre-treated soils, including the soil treated with dazomet. Carbofuran residues in radish were detectable only in plants grown in previously untreated soil. In laboratory incubations, a dustless base formulation of carbofuran was degraded more quickly in pre-treated than in untreated soils but a granular formulation was degraded more slowly and at a similar rate in both soils.     

Evaluation of potential biocides for control of the earthworm Eukerria saltensis (Oligochaeta: Ocnerodrilidae), a pest of rice in southern Australia

The earthworm Eukerria saltensis can cause severe crop establishment problems in aerially sown rice grown on heavy clay soils in southern Australia. Damage occurs indirectly through destabilization of the topsoil, increased water turbidity, and mobilization of soil nutrients into the water column which leads to increased algal growth. We investigated the possibilities for chemical control of E. saltensis using laboratory bioassays and a series of field trials involving either the use of enclosures in flooded crops or soil incorporation of pesticides into rice fields during fallow periods or shortly before flooding. The four most toxic compounds in 7 day soil/water laboratory bioassays were carbofuran, acetamiprid, bendiocarb and lambda-cyhalothrin which provided corrected mortalities of 86–100% at 2 mg a.i. L⁻¹. Other compounds that showed some level of efficacy (corrected mortality >20% at one or more rates) were imidacloprid, esfenvalerate, thiacloprid, niclosamide and alpha-cypermethrin. Twenty-six of the 38 pesticides evaluated failed to produce mean corrected mortalities >6% at application rates of up to 2 mg a.i. L⁻¹. Eight trials were conducted in flooded rice crops using small stainless steel enclosures and carbofuran, thiodicarb, niclosamide and bendiocarb at rates of 1 and 2 kg a.i. ha⁻¹. Trials were assessed 8–14 days after chemical application. None of these treatments produced a statistically significant decrease in Eukerria biomass, although consistent downward trends in response to higher treatment rates were evident in 2 trials (one with carbofuran and one with bendiocarb). Three trials with liquid pesticides watered into fallow rice fields were conducted with carbofuran (0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 kg a.i. ha⁻¹) and thiodicarb (0.94 and 1.87 kg a.i. ha⁻¹) however only the 5.0 kg a.i. ha⁻¹ carbofuran treatment provided significant (P < 0.05) levels of control. Preflood soil applications of liquid carbofuran, thiodicarb and niclosamide (2 kg a.i. ha⁻¹), granular carbofuran and granular ethoprophos (0.5–2 kg a.i. ha⁻¹) also did not provide statistically significant levels of control, although the 2 kg a.i. ha⁻¹ liquid and granular carbofuran treatments did provide moderate levels of suppression (49–84%). Although further field trials with compounds such as acetamiprid and lambda-cyhalothrin may prove valuable, our results suggest chemical control of E. saltensis may be difficult to achieve with environmentally acceptable pesticides applied at economically viable rates. Cultural approaches such as appropriate crop rotations and landforming to ensure uniformly shallow water should continue to form the basis of Eukerria management programs.     

Cowpea seed treatment with carbosulfan: potential for control of seedling pests

Results from three field trials and a screenhouse study conducted in 1985 and 1986 using carbosulfan (Marshal 25 ST) insecticide dust formulation at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g/kg cowpea seed indicated that infestation and/or damage by aphids, foliage beetles and leafhoppers was satisfactorily reduced with treatment levels above 20 g carbosulfan/kg seed. The period of activity of the different treatments ranged from 15 to 23 days for various pests in the screenhouse, and slightly longer in field trials. Post-flowering pests were, however, not controlled at any of the rates tested. The ease of application and high dermal LD₅₀ (> 2000 mg/kg rabbit) make Marshal 25 ST a very attractive option for use by small-scale farmers as a component of an integrated pest management strategy in locations where these pests are important and adequate levels of genetic resistance are not available.     

草甘膦对蚯蚓体内抗氧化酶和AChE酶活性的影响

蚯蚓是土壤健康的关键指示生物,为了更好地评价草甘膦对土壤无脊椎动物的影响,本研究采用土壤法测定草甘膦对蚯蚓的急性毒性;用不同浓度的草甘膦分别测定不同暴露时间下对蚯蚓超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽S转移酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响。结果显示,土壤法测定草甘膦对蚯蚓的LC₅₀>1000 mg/kg;在草甘膦的影响下,随着暴露时间的延长,蚯蚓SOD酶活力有着先增高后下降的趋势,CAT酶活力呈现着先下降后升高的趋势,随着时间和浓度的增长POD酶活力在草甘膦的影响下有逐渐下降的趋势;相对于空白对照,处理组AChE酶活力在草甘膦暴露14 d时显著降低。研究结果将为合理评价和监测草甘膦造成的土壤污染水平提供科学依据。     

土壤铜含量对水稻生长发育和产量形成的影响

 在盆栽土培条件下，以武香粳14号和汕优63为材料，研究了土壤铜含量对水稻生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明：(1) 土壤铜含量100、200 mg/kg处理对水稻株高、主茎总叶数、伸长节间数和抽穗期几乎没有影响，土壤铜含量达到400 mg/kg及其以上时，随着土壤铜含量的增加，水稻株高显著变矮、主茎总叶数和伸长节间数显著变少、抽穗期显著推迟；(2) 土壤铜处理使水稻产量显著低于CK，且随着土壤铜含量的提高水稻产量下降幅度显著增大；(3) 土壤铜含量100、200 mg/kg处理使水稻减产是由于每穗颖花数减少所致，土壤铜含量400 mg/kg及其以上处理使水稻减产是由于穗数和每穗颖花数共同减少所致；(4) 土壤铜处理使穗数减少主要是由于返青活棵慢、分蘖发生迟、高峰苗少所致，每穗颖花数减少主要是由于抽穗期单茎干物质量小和单位干物质量形成的颖花数少所致；(5) 随着土壤铜含量的增加水稻生物产量显著下降，经济系数呈下降趋势，但只有土壤铜含量达到800 mg/kg及其以上时经济系数才显著下降。     

不同地区禾谷孢囊线虫对不同类型杀线剂的敏感性

为明确不同地区禾谷孢囊线虫对不同类型杀线剂的敏感性,采用浸渍法分别测定了灭线磷、噻唑膦、涕灭威、丁硫克百威、阿维菌素及甲维盐六种药剂对河南清丰、河北保定、安徽颍上、山东泰安和青岛五个地区的禾谷孢囊线虫二龄幼虫的室内毒力。结果表明,六种杀线剂对五个地区线虫的毒力表现为:甲维盐>阿维菌素>灭线磷>涕灭威>噻唑膦>丁硫克百威。灭线磷、噻唑膦、涕灭威和丁硫克百威对各地区线虫的LC50值都在582.7mg.L-1以上,不同地区线虫对同一药剂的敏感性存在一定差异,但相对毒力指数均在1.31以下;阿维菌素对各地区线虫的LC50值为26.0～66.3mg.L-1,甲维盐对各地区线虫的LC50值为20.1～35.3mg.L-1,不同地区线虫对这两种药剂的敏感性存在较大差异,相对毒力指数最高达2.55。     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻中的残留消解动态及残留分析

本文建立了气质联用仪测定稻田环境中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,对苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态和残留规律进行了研究。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度均为0.20 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.2 ng,在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为80.8%~109.5%,相对标准偏差在1.7%~19.7%之间。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,苯醚甲环唑在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为6.3~11.6 d和1.4~11.6 d;嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.6~8.7 d和2.9~23.1 d。以推荐剂量600 g/hm2和1.5倍推荐剂量900 g/hm2,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药15 d时,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.461 mg/kg和0.634 mg/kg,低于我国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB2763-2014)中规定的糙米中苯醚甲环唑最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和欧盟、美国规定的糙米中嘧菌酯最大残留限量5.0 mg/kg。     

不同磷源对橡胶树幼苗生长及土壤磷素组分特征的影响

通过盆栽试验及Hedley土壤磷素分组法研究了海南省玄武岩发育砖红壤上施用不同磷源对橡胶树幼苗生长的影响及土壤磷素组分变化。磷肥处理分别为不施磷处理、施用昆阳磷矿粉100 mg/kg(以全P计,下同)、施用昆阳磷矿粉250 mg/kg和施用普通过磷酸钙100 mg/kg。结果表明:施用磷矿粉和普通过磷酸钙均显著增加了橡胶树幼苗干物重、株高、茎粗和吸磷总量,但高磷矿粉处理和普通过磷酸钙处理橡胶树幼苗叶片磷含量显著降低;高磷矿粉处理取得了与普通过磷酸钙相当的肥效;磷矿粉施用后,土壤树脂提取态磷(Resin-P)、碳酸氢钠提取态无机磷(NaHCO_3-Pi)、氢氧化钠提取态无机磷(NaOH-Pi)、盐酸提取态磷(HCl-P)和残余态磷(Residual-P)等组分含量均显著增加,但碳酸氢钠提取态有机磷(NaHCO_3-Po)和氢氧化钠提取态有机磷(NaOH-Po)不受施磷影响;干物质重和吸磷总量均与土壤Resin-P、NaHCO_3-Pi和Na OH-Pi呈显著的正相关关系;磷矿粉施用11个月后,平均33.1%磷矿粉溶解在土壤中,平均43.5%的磷矿粉残留在土壤Residual-P组分中。为改善玄武岩发育砖红壤上有效磷及橡胶树磷素营养状况,应选择施用高活性磷矿粉以降低磷矿粉颗粒被大量包被的风险。