硅提高黄瓜幼苗抗旱性的研究

本文研究了硅对不同水分处理条件下黄瓜幼苗的叶片含水量、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、可溶性蛋白含量及可溶性糖含量的影响。研究结果表明：在充分供水条件下,供硅提高了黄瓜幼苗的叶片含水量、POD活性、SOD活性和CAT活性;在水分胁迫条件下,供硅提高了可溶性蛋白含量、POD活性、SOD活性和CAT活性,降低了含水量。说明硅可能是通过参与植物体内的生理代谢活动提高了黄瓜幼苗的抗旱性。     

Antioxidant and Photosynthetic Responses of Cotton to Soil Drought Stress during Flowering and Fruiting Stage

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to examine potential drought tolerance mechanisms in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Biochemical (antioxidant, protein and compatible osmolyte) and physiological (photosynthesis) responses to drought stress during the flowering and fruiting stages were examined. [Method] Using two cotton genotypes (A001 and A705) with different drought tolerance, a pot study was conducted in 2016 with treatments consisting of control (well-watered) and water stress. Water stress treatment was designed as withholding water from the pots until stomatal closure followed by limited water supply for 25 days where water-stressed plants received 40% of the optimum quantity of water. Measurements were made on soluble protein, proline and malonaldehyde (MDA) concentrations, peroxidase (POD) activity and photosynthetic characteristics (net photosynthetic rate P_n, transpiration rate E, stomatal conductance G_s) during the period of water stress. [Result] The soluble protein concentration was decreased and POD activity and MDA level were increased in the leaf subtending cotton boll of A001 under water deficit when compared with the control, but no response was observed in A705. Proline level responded to water deficit inconsistently between the two genotypes and across all sampling dates. Water stress significantly decreased P_n, E and G_s in the main stem leaves for both A001 and A705. [Conclusion] The results indicated that POD, soluble protein and MDA are involved in A001 and A705 responses to water deficit, and A705 is more tolerant to soil drought than A001.     

低温下玉米不同耐冷类型自交系的生理生化变化

玉米自交系黄化幼苗在2℃低温处理过程中总蛋白减少,可溶性蛋白增加,过氧化氢积累,过氧化氢酶活力提高,过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱增多.耐冷性强的自交系比耐冷性弱的自交系总蛋白含量高,可溶性蛋白和过氧化氢含量低,过氧化氨酶活力高,过氧化物酶同工酶数量多.     

种子引发对水分胁迫下水稻发芽及幼苗生理性状的影响

不同基因型稻种经水引发及聚乙二醇(PEG)渗透胁迫引发处理均能降低稻种丙二醛(MDA)含量,促进可溶性总糖(SS)降解,加快稻种内部糖代谢进程,提高相溶性溶质脯氨酸(Pro)及可溶性蛋白质(SP)含量,也有利于提高苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,引发效果较明显。且适度PEG引发稻种的效果明显好于水引发,杂交籼稻在PEG浓度为20%的条件下引发效果最优,而常规粳型水稻在PEG浓度为10%~15%的引发条件下效果较好,但超出最高PEG引发浓度的阈值,会对稻种产生危害,影响其正常萌发。引发处理后的稻种对不同程度水分胁迫程度的响应表明,适当强度的引发处理利于激发稻种物质代谢、利于各水稻品种的萌发、幼苗形态指标及保护性酶等生理指标的显著提高,而严重的水分胁迫均不利于稻种萌发;表明引发处理虽能提高水分胁迫条件下种子活力,但稻种激发自身对外界萌发环境的协调能力有限,且不同品种间存在明显差异,籼稻优于粳稻。     

不同小麦F2代幼苗对水分胁迫的生理反应

本研究选用5种不同基因型小麦F₂代的种子,采用沙培控水方式对其幼苗进行不同程度的水分胁迫,分析不同小麦幼苗对水分胁迫的生理反应,以期筛选出抗旱性较强的小麦材料。水分胁迫处理到12、15、18天时,采样测定小麦叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性以及游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,5种小麦幼苗的各项生理指标都表现不同程度的变化,其中,小麦材料024737受干旱胁迫条件的影响比其他4种小麦材料要小,其抗旱性较高。

     

Characterization of Barley Leaf Tolerance to Drought Stress by Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies

Two kinds of barley genotypes with various water‐stress tolerances, tolerant Cam/B1 and sensitive Maresi, were subjected to 10‐day soil‐drought stress in seedling and flag leaf developmental phases. After this time, both genotypes regardless of the growth stage showed a decrease in quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Φ_PSII) upon stress treatment; however, this effect was stronger in the sensitive plants than in the tolerant ones. The drought stress in the flag leaf stage was associated with an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in both genotypes, whereas in seedlings, this effect was observed only for Maresi. The activity of other enzymes (catalase and peroxidase) was changed only in small degree. An increase in proline levels and activities of Δ¹‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and ornithine delta‐aminotransferase (OAT) were observed independently of genotype and the phase of plant development, whereas the activity pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) decreased in tolerant genotype. Moreover, changes in the concentration of monocarbohydrates (glucose and fructose) and dicarbohydrates (saccharose, raffinose and maltose) were found: in seedlings, the amount of all soluble sugars increased, while in flag leaves decreased. The drought treatment resulted in a drop in starch level in the tolerant genotype, but in the sensitive one, the content of this substance increased in both developmental stages. EPR studies allowed the determination of the amount and character of organic radicals present in leaves. In control conditions, the content of these radical species was higher in the sensitive genotype than in tolerant one and decreased upon water stress, with the exception of flag leaves of the sensitive plant. Simulation procedure revealed four types of signals in the EPR spectra. One of them was attributed to a chlorophyll a cation and decreased upon drought. The second, ascribed to semiquinone radicals, reflected the redox balance disturbed by water deficit. The two remaining signals were connected with carbon‐centred radicals situated in the carbohydrate matrix. Their number was correlated with starch concentration.     

Physiological and Yield Responses of Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to Drought Stress in Managed and Open Field Environments

Water scarcity is threatening the sustainability of global food grain production systems. Devising management strategies and identification of crop species and genotypes are direly required to meet the global food demands with limited supply. This study, consisted of two independent experiments, was conducted to compare faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes Giza Blanka, Goff‐1, Hassawi‐1, Hassawi‐2 and Gazira‐2 in terms of physiological attributes and yield under water‐limited environments. In first experiment, conducted in a growth chamber, osmotic stress of ?0.78, ?0.96, ?1.19 and ?1.65 MPa was induced using polyethylene glycol for 4 weeks. In second experiment, conducted in open field for two consecutive growing seasons, water deficit treatments were applied 3 weeks after sowing. In this experiment, irrigation was applied when an amount of evaporated water from the ‘class A pan’ evaporation reached 50 mm (well watered), 100 mm (moderate drought) and 150 mm (severe drought). Water deficit, applied in terms of osmotic stress or drought, reduced the root and shoot length, related leaf water contents, total chlorophyll contents and efficiency of photosystem‐II, plant height, grain yield and related attributes in faba bean; increased the leaf free proline, leaf soluble proteins and malondialdehyde contents, and triggered the maturity in tested faba bean genotypes. However, substantial genetic variation was observed in the tested genotypes in this regard. For instance, root length of genotypes Giza Blanka and Hassawi‐2 decreased gradually, whereas it was increased in genotypes Goff‐1, Hassawi‐1 and Gazira‐2 with increase in the level of osmotic stress. Genotypes Gazira‐2 and Hassawi‐2 had better relative leaf water contents, leaf free proline and soluble proteins under water deficit conditions; however, these were minimum in genotype Giza Blanka. Better accumulation of leaf free proline, soluble proteins, and maintenance of chlorophyll contents, tissue water, efficiency of photosystem‐II and grain weight in water‐limited conditions helped some genotypes like Hassawi‐2 to yield better. Future breeding programs for developing new faba bean genotypes for water‐limited environments may consider these traits.     

棉花不同钾效率基因型对水分和低钾胁迫的响应研究

为探明不同钾效率棉花基因型在水分和低钾胁迫条件下的差异,采用盆栽试验,对2种基因型棉花一些生理生化指标及生物学产量的差异性进行研究。结果表明,棉花在逆境胁迫条件下,其生长状况及生理生化过程中发生一系列适应性改变,不同基因型、不同生育时期,其抗逆性也不同。表现为：不同处理条件下,棉花钾高效基因型(103)叶绿素含量指数高于棉花钾低效基因型(122),生物学产量也较高。同时103叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量低于122,表明103抗逆性较强。2种基因型间可溶性糖与脯氨酸(Pro)含量以及过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化一致,差异不显著。     

水分胁迫对春大豆叶片保护酶活性及相对电导率的影响

为了研究了水分胁迫对大豆叶片保护酶活性和相对含水率的影响,以3 个大豆品种‘黑农57’、‘改良168’、‘绥农26’为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置中度干旱、重度干旱和适宜水分处理。结果显示：（1）在适宜水分条件下,叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性表现为先增加后降低的趋势,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和相对电导率表现为降低的趋势。（2）各时期SOD和CAT活性为中度胁迫>重度胁迫>适宜水分,差异显著;各时期POD活性和苗期-盛花期的相对电导率为重度胁迫>中度胁迫>适宜水分,差异显著。（3）在干旱胁迫条件下,POD活性和SOD活性,‘黑农57’>‘改良168’>‘绥农26’;CAT活性品种间差异不显著。综上,在干旱胁迫下,春大豆叶片保护酶活性和相对电导率比在适宜水分下活性要高,体现了春大豆对干旱环境的自我调节能力。     

草莓新品种‘晶玉’抗炭疽病相关的生理生化指标分析

为了研究草莓新品种‘晶玉’抗炭疽病特性的生理生化机制,以‘晶玉’为研究对象,高抗炭疽病品种‘甜查理’和感病品种‘丰香’、‘红颜’为对照,分别检测接种炭疽菌后不同时间点的可溶性总蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)、维生素C含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力的变化。结果表明：在96 h检测范围内,6个生理生化指标的变化趋势总体表现为先升高后降低;抗、感品种间可溶性总蛋白、MDA含量以及SOD、POD活力差异显著;MDA含量随品种抗炭疽病能力增强而降低,CAT活力随品种抗炭疽病能力增强而增加。研究结果说明,‘晶玉’抗炭疽病特性与其低MDA含量、高的可溶性蛋白含量,以及高的SOD、POD、CAT活力相关。     

Nitrogen Rates and Water Stress Effects on Production, Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidative Enzyme Activities in Two Maize (Zea mays L.) Genotypes

Effects of nitrogen rates and water stress (WS) on production, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activities in two maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes were assessed at different stages under two levels of water supply conditions. WS caused a significant decline in dry matter, grain yield and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) whereas a marked rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was observed in leaves for the two genotypes. However, the responses of the two varieties to WS were different: significantly higher dry matter, grain yield and antioxidative enzyme activities and lower MDA content were observed for Shaandan 9 than Shaandan 911, therefore the former could be treated as a drought tolerance variety comparatively. A better correlation was obtained amongst dry matter, grain yield and physiological traits. The addition of nitrogen increased dry matter and grain yield as well as activities of SOD, POD and CAT to different levels and significantly decreased MDA content under WS. These effects were higher for Shaandan 911 than for Shaandan 9. Furthermore, a significant effect was found for Shaandan 911 between N rates for all traits unlike Shaandan 9. Hence, we suggest that nitrogen should be applied to a water‐sensitive variety to bring out its potential fully under drought.     

豌豆灌浆期叶片抗氧化系统对土壤水分变化的响应

为探求豌豆灌浆期叶片抗氧化系统对土壤水分变化的响应情况,采取盆栽土培人工控水试验方法,模拟了干旱胁迫及复水条件,测定了不同程度、不同历时的干旱胁迫和复水对豌豆灌浆期叶片保护酶-超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和细胞内溶物-可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量以及过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量、脂膜相对透性(RC)的影响,并对叶片抗氧化能力进行了综合评价。结果表明:干旱胁迫导致豌豆灌浆期叶片SOD活性和可溶性蛋白含量降低,POD、CAT活性和脯氨酸、可溶性糖、MDA含量以及膜脂相对透性(RC)增加,且随干旱胁迫程度加重和胁迫历时延长降(增)幅加大;复水可对干旱胁迫所引起的叶片保护酶、细胞内溶物以及过氧化产物、膜脂相对透性的变化产生部分补偿效应或等量补偿效应,且随复水时间的延长补偿作用增强;干旱胁迫增强了豌豆叶片的综合抗氧化能力,历时5 d的干旱胁迫处理复水后能够继续保持此趋势,但历时10 d的干旱胁迫处理复水达到10 d时抗氧化能力呈现降低趋势。因此,在豌豆灌浆期实行适度的"干湿交替"灌溉措施,有利于叶片保持较强的抗氧化能力,防止植株早衰,获得较高的经济产量。     

Water Stress Tolerance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Variations in Hydrogen Peroxide Accumulation and Antioxidant Activity in Tolerant and Susceptible Genotypes

An experiment was conducted on five wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, C 306, PBW 175 (tolerant to water stress), DL 153-2 (moderately tolerant to water stress), HD 2428 and HD 2329 (recommended for irrigated conditions, susceptible to water stress), under pot culture conditions to study the effect of water stress on oxidative injury and antioxidant activity. Water stress significantly decreased relative water content (RWC), ascorbic acid content and membrane stability, and increased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content, a measure of lipid peroxidation, and activities of antioxidant enzymes in all the genotypes at 7, 17 and 27 days after anthesis (DAA). Water stress tolerant genotypes C 306 and PBW 175, closely followed by DL 153-2, were superior to HD 2428 and HD 2329 in maintaining high RWC, ascorbic acid content and membrane stability and lower hydrogen peroxide content and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content) under water stress at the three stages. The highest activities of glutathione reductase and catalase under water stress were observed in C 306, PBW 175 and DL 153-2 and the lowest activities in HD 2428 and HD 2329 at all the stages. Superoxide dismutase activity at all stages under irrigated conditions and at the first and second stages under water stress conditions did not show significant variation among the different genotypes, but at the last stage under water stress the enzyme activity was highest in C 306, closely followed by PBW 175 and DL 153-2, and lowest in HD 2428 and HD 2329. It is apparent that water stress induces an increase in hydrogen peroxide content and consequently lipid peroxidation and membrane injury (reduced membrane stability). The degree of oxidative stress and antioxidant activity seems to be closely associated with the tolerance/susceptibility of a genotype to water stress.     

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Wheat Genotypes: Possible Mechanism of Water Stress Tolerance

The role of plant antioxidant systems in water stress tolerance was studied in three contrasting wheat genotypes. Water stress imposed at different stages after anthesis resulted in an increase in lipid peroxidation and a decrease in membrane stability and chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. The antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and non-specific peroxidase also increased significantly under water stress. Genotype PBW 175, which had highest ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and peroxidase activity, had the lowest lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content) and highest membrane stability and contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids under water stress, while the susceptible genotype WH 542 exhibited the lowest antioxidant enzyme activity, membrane stability and contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids and the highest lipid peroxidation. Genotype HD 2402 showed intermediate behaviour. It seems that drought tolerance of PBW 175, as represented by higher membrane stability and chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and lower lipid peroxidation, is related to its higher antioxidant enzyme activity.     

干旱对不同铃重棉花不同区位果枝叶可溶性蛋白及脯氨酸含量的影响

利用防雨旱棚,研究了水分胁迫下3个不同铃重基因型棉花不同部位内围果枝叶片中可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量的变化.结果表明:在两处理下,各品种不同部位棉叶中可溶性蛋白含量呈现出了不同的变化趋势,反映了棉花不同部位对水分胁迫适应能力的差异.干旱使各部位3个品种各铃期内围果枝叶可溶性蛋白含量降低,其中,下部果枝叶中大铃品种和小铃品种可溶性蛋白含量降低的幅度大于中铃品种,各品种的中部果枝叶中的可溶性蛋白含量变化比下部平缓,表明此部位果枝叶生理状态在棉铃发育过程中相对稳定.在水分胁迫下,各时期不同品种各部位果枝叶中脯氨酸含量均比对照增加;大铃品种各部位果枝叶在干旱胁迫下脯氨酸含量增加幅度小于中、小铃品种.不同部位果枝叶相比,干旱时脯氨酸含量增加幅度总体表现为:下部果枝叶＞中部果枝叶＞上部果枝叶.棉花品种存在着对干旱胁迫反应敏感程度不同的脯氨酸代谢调节机制,脯氨酸可以作为棉花抗旱性的参考性生理指标.     

淹水胁迫对不同基因型东方杉幼苗生理生化的影响

以东方杉不同基因型DFS 01和DFS 02的一年生容器苗为材料,研究淹水胁迫下杉苗木的生理生化响应。结果表明:经过90 d的水淹处理,2种基因型苗木的叶绿素、POD呈下降趋势,MDA含量和质膜透性总体上呈增长趋势,表明淹水胁迫对2种基因型造成了伤害并随时间的延长而加剧;SOD与对照相比表现为上升趋势,水淹下SOD活性对植物抵御胁迫发挥了重要的保护作用。东方杉DFS 01和DFS 02的脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量在淹水前期升高然后逐渐下降,可溶性蛋白均呈上升趋势。淹水90 d时,2种基因型之间叶绿素含量、POD活性、MDA含量差异较小,DFS 02的相对电导率高于DFS 01,而DFS 02的脯氨酸含量、SOD活性、可溶性蛋白含量以及可溶性糖的增幅都高于DFS 01。表明2种基因型东方杉苗木都有较强的耐淹能力,且DFS 02比DFS 01更耐淹。     

PEG预处理对水分胁迫下水稻叶片抗氧化酶同工酶及其表达的影响

采用聚乙二醇（PEG6000）模拟水分胁迫,研究水稻在10％PEG预处理及复水和更强的水分胁迫（15％PEG）处理条件下叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）同工酶及其基因表达的变化。结果表明PEG预处理能提高叶片SOD、CAT和POD同工酶的产生,并诱导产生新谱带。当水稻受到更强的水分胁迫（15%PEG）时SOD同工酶的酶II和IV的活性升高,并有新诱导出的酶III参与其中;对POD而言酶Ⅱ升高,酶Ⅴ减小,并有新诱导出的酶VI参与抗氧化过程;而对CAT同工酶却有着不同的调节作用。此外,直接15%PEG胁迫（即对照组2）的Cu/Zn-SOD、APX1和CAT1基因在转录水平有明显的上调,而预处理复水组和预处理组CAT1较对照组1略有降低,预处理组APX1与对照组1相似。说明15%PEG会使水稻受到伤害,但是经过预处理后的水稻能提高抗性使其抗氧化酶基因与对照组1有着相似的表达,表明植物在遇到较强的水分胁迫时,会通过调节自身的基因表达水平来抵抗外界水分胁迫。     

不同棉花品种对干旱胁迫的生理响应及抗旱性评价

旨在研究干旱胁迫对不同棉花品种脯氨酸、可溶性糖、丙二醛、过氧化氢酶等生理生化指标的影响。采用田间人工模拟干旱法,设置干旱胁迫和正常浇水2个处理,运用隶属函数法综合评价品种抗旱性强弱。结果表明,干旱胁迫下,棉花叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖等渗透调节物质的含量增加,过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶保护酶活性提高,抵御干旱的能力增强;棉花的抗旱性是一个复杂的生理生化机制,依据隶属函数综合评价法得出,4份棉花品种的抗旱性强弱依次为‘衡优12’＞‘冀棉958’＞‘中177’＞‘邯杂306’。     

水稻种子休眠生理特性研究

为了探明水稻种子休眠的生理机制,以强休眠品种4628和休眠性差品种996抽穗后30天的种子为材料,对颖壳进行扫描电镜观察和种子透水性、透气性、酶活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、内源激素含量进行测定。结果表明,强休眠品种4628种子的透水性、透气性较差,过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、脱氢酶、淀粉酶活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量显著低于休眠性差品种996。强休眠品种4628种子内源激素赤霉素（GA）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）、玉米素核苷（ZR）含量低于休眠性差品种996,而脱落酸（ABA）含量则显著高于休眠性差品种996。颖壳扫描电镜显示,强休眠品种4628种子颖壳背面细胞排列紧密,茸毛较少,且孔洞小,萌发孔也比较小,不利于种子透水、透气。     

Differential osmotic adjustment to iso-osmotic NaCl and PEG stress in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> cultures of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sesuvium portulacastrum</Emphasis> (L.) L.

The influence of iso-osmotic (−0.7 MPa) NaCl and PEG stress on growth, osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense mechanisms was investigated in the in vitro cultures of Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. The decreased relative growth rate (RGR) and water content of PEG-stressed calli in comparison to NaCl was found to be correlated with differences observed in the energy expenditure for the maintenance of osmotic balance. Osmotic adjustment in the NaCl-stressed calli favored higher accumulation of saline ions and soluble sugars, whereas PEG-stressed calli confirmed increased levels of organic osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine and soluble sugars). Permeability of Na⁺ ions across the membrane revealed increased relative electrolytic leakage (REL) in NaCl-stressed calli, however non-penetrating and highly viscous solution of PEG amplified the peroxidation of membrane lipids. Increased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase displayed efficient removal of toxic reactive oxygen species in comparison to ascorbate peroxidase in the calli exposed to iso-osmotic stress. These findings suggest that differential tolerance potential to iso-osmotic NaCl and PEG stress in terms of osmotic adjustment appears to be the prime defense mechanism of Sesuvium for its survival under iso-osmotic stress conditions at the expense of reduced growth and water content.