动物园动物的应激及其管理

应激是圈养野生动物所不能避免的,对动物的负面影响是多方面的。针对动物园动物应激的特点,对动物园存在的应激进行分析归类,阐述应激的危害和解释实践中的问题,采取有效措施对应激进行监测与管理,减弱应激的负面影响。     

The Influence of High‐Intensity Moderate Duration Exercise on Cardiac Troponin I and C‐Reactive Protein in Sled Dogs

Background: C‐reactive protein (CRP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) are biomarkers of systemic inflammation and cardiac damage, respectively. Objective: To investigate the effects of short‐duration high‐intensity exercise on plasma cTnI and serum CRP concentrations in sprint racing sled dogs. Animals: Twenty‐two Alaskan sled dogs of 2 different teams participating in a 2‐day racing event. Methods: In this prospective field study, cephalic venipuncture was performed on all dogs before racing and immediately after racing on 2 consecutive days. Plasma cTnI and serum CRP concentrations were evaluated at each time point. Results: There was a mild, significant rise (P < .01) in median cTnI concentrations from resting (0.02 ng/mL; 0.0–0.12 ng/mL) on both days after racing (day 1 = 0.06, 0.02–0.2 ng/mL; day 2 = 0.07, 0.02–0.21 ng/mL). Serum CRP concentrations showed a mild significant increase (P < .01) on day 2 after racing mean (9.2 ± 4.6 μg/mL) as compared with resting (6.5 + 4.3 μg/mL) and day 1 after racing (5.0 + 2.9 μg/mL). Neither cTnI or CRP concentrations exceeded the upper reference range for healthy dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Strenuous exercise of short duration did not result in cTnI concentrations above the reference range for healthy dogs. Although increased after 2 days of short‐duration strenuous exercise, CRP did not reach concentrations suggestive of inflammation, as reported previously in the endurance sled dogs. Therefore, we surmise that moderate exercise does not present a confounding variable in the interpretation of cTnI and CRP concentrations in normal dogs.     

Exercise-induced physiological adjustments to stressful conditions in sports horses

Among athletic/sports animals, the horse has a unique ability to increase its oxygen uptake by a factor of 60 during heavy exercise. This is achieved by physiological adaptations of all the links in the oxygen chain. Ventilation is increased by a factor of 30. Since the horse is a compulsory nasal breather, this hyperpnea necessitates high transmural pressure changes, which may be responsible for the dynamic collapse of the airways. Blood flow is increased by a factor of 10. Since the left ventricle is not very compliant, this increase necessitates a high filling pressure in the pulmonary circulation, which may induce capillary stress failure and exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. Lastly, oxygen transport is improved by splenic contraction which increases haemoglobinemia by 50%.Sports horses frequently suffer from several problems, which are related either to endogenous or exogenous stresses experienced during their career. These stresses, caused by the use of the horse as a competition animal, may lead to several medical problems.At a systemic level, endogenous stresses include hyperkaliemia, lactacidemia, and hyperthermia; oxidative stress may induce problems at a general, and/or a pulmonary level.External factors, e.g. poor quality of inspired air, transport, hot and humid ambient conditions, and microbiological agents, may also induce abnormal body attacks, and lead to health problems.     

维生素C在家禽抗应激中的作用研究进展

本文就应激状态下家禽体内Vc的合成；应激状态下家禽机体对Vc的吸收、分布和利用效率；日粮中添加Vc对家禽抗应激及生产性能的影响；Vc在家禽抗应激作用研究的衡量指标及其测试手段和方法；抗应激中Vc与其他抗应激剂的互作；日粮Vc对家禽抗应激影响机理等六部分系统综述了Vc在家禽抗应激中的作用的研究进展。     

噪声应激对蛋鸡血液生化指标的影响

500日龄海兰褐商品蛋鸡120只,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只鸡。研究噪声应激对蛋鸡血液生化指标的影响。结果表明,噪声对甘油三酯、葡萄糖、钙、磷及总胆固醇含量及肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性影响差异不显著（P〉0.05）。日粮中添加60IU/kg的维生素E对缓解应激起到一定作用（P〉0.05）。     

不同浓度盐胁迫对三种饲草作物种子萌发特性的影响

本试验采用沙子作为发芽介质,研究不同浓度盐(NaCl)胁迫对甜高粱、饲用玉米、燕麦草种子萌发、生长特性的影响。结果显示:不同浓度的NaCl溶液对3种饲草作物种子发芽的盐胁迫作用不同,随着NaCl溶液浓度的不断增大,对各饲草作物种子萌发抑制作用明显增强,发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、种子活力指数均不同程度降低。同时饲草作物种子也对NaCl溶液有一定的抗盐能力,表现为:甜高粱≥玉米>燕麦草。     

应激,猪场过分解读的“猪语言”

猪群应激这个词既熟悉又陌生,其严重影响猪的代谢功能和生产指标,但对应激理解的不深入会严重影响猪场管理,文章将对应激这一理论做较为深入地解释,并给予建议用于指导和评价。     

Pharmacopuncture Versus Acepromazine in Stress Responses of Horses During Road Transport

Acupuncture has been shown to have the beneficial effect of reducing stress responses in animals and humans. Pharmacopuncture is the injection of subclinical doses of drugs into acupoints to give therapeutic results without side effects. This study compared the effects of injecting the usual dose of acepromazine (ACP; 0.1 mg/kg, intramuscularly [I.M.]) with those of pharmacopuncture (1/10 ACP dose at the governing vessel 1 [GV 1] acupoint) on the stress responses of healthy horses undergoing road transport for 2.5 hours. Four different treatments were applied immediately before loading, with 8 animals/treatment: injection of saline or ACP (0.1 mg/kg, I.M.) at the base of the neck; and injection of saline or 1/10 ACP (0.01 mg/kg) at the GV 1 acupoint. The road transport increased heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, body temperature, and serum cortisol of the untreated horses (injected with saline at the base of the neck). Pharmacopuncture at GV 1 reduced the average HR and transport-induced increase in HR at unloading, without changing the other variables. On the other hand, ACP (0.1 mg/kg) produced significant sedation and reduced the transport-induced increase in respiratory rate but without preventing the stress-induced increase of cortisol. Other acupuncture points and drugs should be tested to verify the beneficial effect of this therapy to reduce stress in horses during road transport.     

高温对草坪草细胞的伤害

环境温度超过植物最大效应能力时伤害生物膜,使胞内电解质透出率增多,则成不可逆反应,引起细胞死亡。我们所测试草种的半致死温度出现在48～60℃的范围内。     

Pilot Study Investigating Fecal Shedding of Salmonella spp. by Horses Used in Competition

This pilot study was performed to determine the need for future investigation of the effect of transportation, environmental changes, and athletic competition on fecal shedding of Salmonella spp. in sport horses. Fecal samples were collected once daily from 20 healthy horses that were competing in National Collegiate Athletic Association equestrian event that occurred over a 3-day period. The horses were divided into four groups with five horses per group. The groups were divided based on travel distance. Fresh fecal samples were collected daily and cultured for Salmonella spp., through bacterial culture, for a minimum of 3 days for three groups that traveled to compete and for 15 days for a group that was housed at the competition location. All fecal samples were negative for Salmonella spp. Although this was a pilot study with a small sample size and limited collection days, the results of this study question the effects of the stress of transportation, new environment, and athletic activity on fecal shedding of Salmonella spp. in horses. A larger study, however, is needed to further investigate these findings.     

碱性盐胁迫对苜蓿种子萌发的影响

对收集到的6种东北地区常见苜蓿品种（肇东、公农1号、敖汉、龙牧801、龙牧803及美国苜蓿王（Alfalfa King）进行了Na2CO3溶液胁迫下种子萌发特性的研究。在碱性盐的6种不同浓度梯度下,测定了6种苜蓿种子的发芽率、发芽速度、胚根及胚芽的相对长度等指标。结果表明,Na2CO3溶液胁迫苜蓿种子萌发的耐受临界水平为0．002g／100mL,超过上述浓度水平对种子萌发存在显著的抑制作用。     

Road Transport of Late-Pregnant Mares Advances the Onset of Foaling

Cortisol is involved in the initiation of parturition and we hypothesized that increased maternal cortisol release advances the onset of foaling. Transport is a stressor for horses and induces an increase in cortisol release. To determine stress effects on the time of foaling, late-pregnant mares were transported by road for 3 hours (n = 12) or remained in their stable as controls (n = 4). Starting on day 325 of gestation, saliva and blood samples were taken for cortisol and progestin analysis, respectively. Fetomaternal electrocardiograms were recorded repeatedly. Mares were checked for impending parturition and changes in precolostrum pH. When pH decreased to 6.5, mares were either transported or left untreated. After birth, saliva was collected repeatedly from mares and their foals and heart rate (HR) was recorded. Foals were checked for maturity and health. Gestation length was 337 ± 2 days in stressed and 336 ± 2 days in control mares. Cortisol concentration increased from 3.3 ± 0.9 to 8.4 ± 0.8 ng/mL in transported mares (P < .001) and remained constant in controls. Maternal HR and heart rate variability (HRV) did not differ between groups and neither fetal HR nor HRV changed in response to transport. In transported mares, time from precolostrum decrease to parturition was shorter (40 ± 10 hours) than the respective time in controls (134 ± 49 hours, P < .01). Neither duration of foaling nor times to first standing and suckling of foals or the postnatum increase in HR and decrease in HRV differed between groups. In conclusion, transport-induced maternal cortisol release may have advanced the onset of foaling.     

氯霉素对肉鸡免疫功能的影响

按饲料的0.06％、0.1％、0.15％的比例添加氯霉素、饲喂2～60日龄的肉鸡,虽然对鸡白痢、禽伤寒等疾病有明显的抑制作用,减少死亡率。但对体液、细胞免疫功能、免疫器官、骨髓和红、白血球生成等呈现明显的抑制和损害,本试验初步表明,长期内服氯霉素可引起鸡的慢性应激反应。在正常的饲养条件下,氯霉素对肉鸡的生长增重既没有促进作用,也无明显的抑制现象。根据血液氯霉素浓度的测定表明,防治鸡疾病,饲料添加0.06％的氯霉素是有效的、毒性相对较小的剂量,但也不应长期服用。     

White-coat effect on systemic blood pressure in retired racing Greyhounds

Background: Greyhounds are known to have a higher systemic arterial blood pressure (BP) than non‐Greyhound dogs. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the high systemic BP was because of the white‐coat effect. Animals: Twenty‐two healthy retired racing Greyhounds (RRG) enrolled in a blood donation program. Materials/Methods: We prospectively measured systemic BP in 3 environments: in the hospital by the investigator (Hosp), in the home by the investigator (H/I), and in the home by the owner (H/O). Five serial measurements of systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures (SAP, DAP, MAP) as well as heart rate (HR) were measured by an oscillometric method on the distal forelimb and distal hind limb in all 3 environments. Results: There was a significant difference for SAP, MAP, and HR between the Hosp and both H/I and H/O (P < .001); there were no significant differences for any of the parameters between the H/I and H/O environments. HR, but not SAP, MAP, or DAP (P < .05) decreased in RRG with multiple hospital visits for blood donation before this study. The hind limb SAP was significantly higher than the forelimb SAP (P < .05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: We conclude that the high SAP, MAP, and HR seen in the hospital setting are likely because of a white‐coat effect. Furthermore, consideration should be given to defining the parameters of normal BP in RRG according to the environment in which they are obtained.     

梅花鹿锯茸应激综合症血浆皮质醇含量的变化

２４头健康、３～４岁、体重１００～１２０ｋｇ的锯茸期梅花鹿随机分为两组，分别用木笼绳索保定法（Ａ组，ｎ＝１２）和药物保定法（Ｂ组，ｎ＝１２）进行锯茸。对血浆皮质醇含量及部分血液生化值的改变进行了测定。试验结果，Ａ组锯茸后血浆皮质醇和血糖含量较试验前呈突发性升高，然后逐渐下降，两者的改变呈正相关（ｒ＝０．９４），１～９日内各次测定值间及与Ｂ组间差异均极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；血浆ＣＯ２ｃｐ值锯茸后３～５日内呈明显下降；血Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、Ｃａ＋值均呈上升势态，１～７日内各次测定值间及与Ｂ组间均有极显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｂ组锯茸前后各项指标各次测定值间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

4种牧草幼苗对水分胁迫的响应及其抗旱性

采用盆栽法,在4种牧草苗期水分胁迫下,测定其幼苗的相对含水量、相对电导率、游离脯氨酸含量及丙二醛含量等指标,以期综合评价4种牧草苗期的抗旱性能。研究结果表明,4种牧草的相对电导率(除蒙农杂种冰草外)、游离脯氨酸含量以及丙二醛含量随着水分胁迫时间的增加均呈增加趋势,而叶片相对含水量均为下降趋势。经综合评价,4种牧草苗期抗旱性强弱的顺序为:蒙农杂种冰草>冰草>红豆草>百脉根     

有机铬的研究进展

铬是动物体必需的微量元素.Cr3+作为葡萄糖耐量因子(GTF)的活性成分强化胰岛素的生理功能,调节三大营养物质的代谢.与无机铬相比,有机铬易被动物体吸收,生物利用率高.大量研究结果表明有机铬在减少动物应激、改善胴体品质、提高母猪繁殖性能等方面有明显作用.     

紫花苜蓿抗逆基因工程研究进展

紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）是世界上最重要的豆科牧草之一,素有“牧草之王”的美称。近年来,苜蓿抗逆性研究越来越受到重视,利用基因工程技术改良苜蓿抗逆性是目前苜蓿育种中最有效的手段之一。本文主要综述了苜蓿遗传转化技术方法、苜蓿抗旱、耐盐、抗寒性等基因工程方面的研究进展,并对苜蓿基因工程研究今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

一例牛口蹄疫疫苗免疫过敏反应的诊治

口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒引起的偶蹄动物的一种急性、热性、高度接触性一类传染病,具有发病急、蔓延快、传播广、危害大等特点。我国对本病采取了100%注射疫苗强制免疫的措施,有效地控制了本病的发生及蔓延。然而在注苗免疫过程中,因个体差异等原因,个别家畜往往出现不同程度的过敏反应,有时因救治不及时或治疗方法不当造成死亡,给养殖户带来一定的经济损失,也影响了防疫工作的有效推进。文章通过一例牛口蹄疫免疫过敏病例的救治,介绍了牛在接种口蹄疫疫苗后可能出现的应激反应,并提出了解救措施,为及时、有效处理口蹄疫疫苗应激反应提供参考。     

Stress echocardiography in warmblood horses: comparison of dobutamine/atropine with treadmill exercise as cardiac stressors

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the combination of dobutamine and atropine causes cardiac stress equivalent to treadmill exercise. Therefore, electrocardiography and echocardiography were performed on 10 warmblood horses before, during, and after different cardiac stress tests. Stressors consisted of a standardized treadmill exercise and combined administration of dobutamine (7.5 microg/kg/min) and atropine (5 microg/kg). Maxima heart rates were achieved during the treadmill exercise (175 +/- 10 bpm). After exercise, a rapid decrease in heart rate was observed. Subsequently, a stress echocardiography for which a heart rate >100 bpm was required could only be performed within 1 minute after exercise. The mean heart rate during echocardiography was 136 +/- 8 bpm after exercise. The combination of dobutamine and atropine also resulted in a significant increase in heart rate, up to 141 +/- 20 bpm. Maxima heart rate was significantly higher during the treadmill exercise, but the decrease in heart rate was significantly slower after dobutamine and atropine administration. Over a period of 7.9 minutes, the mean heart rate was 123 +/- 8 bpm during dobutamine and atropine administration. Consequently, the combination of both drugs offered sufficient time for detailed examinations. Overall, echocardiographic examination identified a decrease in left ventricular (LV) dimensions, an increase in LV wall thickness, and a decrease in stroke volume after the treadmill exercise and during pharmacologic stress testing compared with baseline. Changes in echocardiographic variables generally were more pronounced during dobutamine and atropine administration. Similar to stress echocardiography in humans, in horses the combination of dobutamine and atropine is useful to produce an increase in heart rate comparable with what is achieved with exercise but without the need of increasing dobutamine dosage.