免疫、神经和内分泌系统间的关系

免疫、神经和内分泌系统是动物和人体内三大调节系统。这三大系统之间不仅存在大的回路,而且彼此之间还进行着直接的双向交流,维持着机体正常的生命活动。这种功能上的相互联系是通过三大系统共同存在的细胞因子、神经递质和内分泌激素及受体实现的。本文综述了这三个系统间关系的研究进展。     

系统耦合及其对农业系统的作用

阐述了系统耦合的概念，相关原理及其在农业方面的应用，并对其发展历程做了分类综述。在归纳系统耦合现有水平的基础上，对系统耦合今后的发展趋势及进一步开拓3个界面所发生的系统耦合机理和系统相悖进行了研究。     

中药三七对血液系统和心脑血管系统的影响

综述了中药三七对血液系统的止血、活血、补血、溶血与抗溶血作用,对心血管系统降低心肌耗氧量、抗心律失常、降血脂、降血压、抗休克及抗冠心病作用,对脑血管系统改善脑血循环及对实验性脑缺血保护作用的研究近况,为进一步开发三七提供了参考。     

国际货币制度的变迁及启示

通过对国际货币制度变迁及其动因的综合分析,阐述了国际货币制度的变迁对中国的影响与启示.     

斗鸡免疫系统组成及生物安全体系下的管理措施

斗鸡具有许多优良的独特性状,随着斗鸡的选育和开发利用的不断加强,科学饲养管理是斗鸡品种保护和产业壮大的重要环节。为了进一步开发这一珍贵资源,作者从预防疾病、提高免疫应答入手,针对禽类免疫系统的组成和防御机理进行了阐述,并提出现实中生物安全体系下斗鸡的饲养模式。     

Does Acupuncture Acutely Affect Heart Rate Variability in Horses?

One of the mechanisms by which acupuncture (AP) exerts its purported effects involves modulation of the autonomic nervous system. Heart rate variability (HRV) noninvasively and quantitatively assesses autonomic nervous system activity. We hypothesized that AP treatment would acutely affect HRV by affecting autonomic tone. Eleven horses received three treatments in random order on different days: AP, placement of AP needles at eight AP points; sham AP (SAP), placement of eight AP needles at non-AP points; and control, no needles inserted. A Holter monitor recorded an electrocardiogram for 40 minutes during each treatment session and was analyzed over three periods: 10 minutes of initial “baseline” before AP and/or SAP, the first 10 minutes of a 20-minute AP/SAP/control “treatment”, and the first 10 minutes “post”-AP/SAP/control. RR intervals were measured during each period after the electrocardiograms were inspected and filtered, and mean heart rate (HR), low-frequency (LF) power (0.01–0.07 Hz), high-frequency (HF) power (0.07–0.6 Hz), and LF-to-HF ratio were calculated for each period. Baseline HR decreased with sequential experiments. Within experiments, HF decreased and LF-to-HF ratio increased reciprocally with time. These results suggest that parasympathetic tone decreased over the course of the experiment, perhaps, because of the stress of being restrained. Consequently, HRV indices were either not acutely affected by AP over the intervals studied or autonomic responses to being restrained may have masked any autonomic response to AP.     

我国牛奶安全生产现状及对策

近15年来,我国牛奶总产量和人均占有量有两个变化阶段:2000-2007年为快速增长期,年均增幅分别达22.64%和21.97%;2008年"三聚氰胺"奶粉事件至今是缓慢增长期,年均增幅仅分别为0.72%和0.49%;目前较2000年分别增加了4.35和4.11倍,但牛奶产量只有美国的1/3、印度的1/2,人均牛奶占有量不到美国的1/10、印度的1/2。我国城乡居民人均乳品消费量均随牛奶产量和乳品进口量增加呈线性上升,年均增幅分别为5.35%和15.77%。国内牛奶产量显著影响乡村居民乳品消费,乳制品进口量对城乡居民消费均有显著作用。比较分析国内外经验与教训,我国牛奶生产体系要加快牧草种植-奶牛养殖-牛奶加工-奶品销售的纵向的系统耦合,同时加强诸多生产单位通过契约的横向的系统耦合;根据草地农业的理论,建立从水土保持到餐桌的乳品生产监管保障体系,改进以饲草种植和奶牛养殖为基础的奶业产业链的收益分配机制,发挥草地-奶牛系统的综合优势。     

人工草地绵羊放牧系统优化生产模式研究：Ⅱ系统优化设计及评价

本文以不同水平人工草地绵羊放牧系统的监测分析资料为基础，针对原系统中存在的问题，提出了系统优化方案。     

实现《中国近现代史纲要》由教材体系向教学体系转化的思考

实现由教材体系到教学体系的转化是实现《中国近现代史纲要》教学目标的关键环节，树立“以学生为主体”的教育理念、形成“以教师为主导”的教学格局和充分发挥课程本身的优势等做法可有效帮助教师完成这个转化。     

现代奶牛场技术管理体系的建立与探讨

本文分析和总结了当前我国奶牛养殖业中普遍存在的问题和弊端,提出了"三关一过程"即饲料入口关、繁殖配种关、牛奶产出关和奶牛场饲养管理全过程的监管控制体系,实践证明这是一套行之有效的奶牛场技术管理体系.     

甲壳胺对雏鸡免疫及消化系统影响的研究

选1日龄SPF雏鸡100只随机分成两组,每组50只,自7日龄试验组饲喂含有2%的甲壳胺的基础日粮,对照组饲喂基础日粮。测定了14、21、28日龄时各组试验鸡血清中NDV抗体水平及胸腺(thymus)、脾脏(spleen)和法氏囊(bursa)免疫器官指数;并连同十二指肠(duodenum)、空肠(jejunum)、回肠(ileum)、盲肠扁桃体(calcium tonsil)制作石蜡切片观察淋巴器官组织发育和肠道病理变化情况。结果表明:在14日龄时胸腺指数、脾脏指数、法氏囊指数及ND抗体水平试验组与对照组相比均无差异;在21、28日龄,胸腺指数试验组比对照组高,但差异不显著;脾脏指数、法氏囊指数及ND抗体水平试验组比对照组高且差异显著。病理切片观察发现,免疫器官的发育总体上试验组好于对照组;试验组肠道上皮细胞完整,肠绒毛发育良好。     

腹腔镜技术在小动物中的应用

腹腔镜手术具有术中腹腔脏器显露充分、对施术动物损伤小、手术切口小、出血量少、术后痛苦轻、恢复快和组织粘连少等优点。腹腔镜技术从20世纪80年代就普遍应用于人医临床,在兽医领域国外早就有腹腔镜技术在动物中应用的报道,而国内腹腔镜技术在动物上的应用则相对较少。腹腔镜技术在小动物中的应用主要包括在活组织检查中的应用、在消化系统中的应用,在泌尿系统中的应用及在生殖系统中的应用。     

Evaluation of biological and economic efficiency of the All Heifer,No Cow beef production system using a system dynamics model based on 6 yr of demonstration herd data

Alternative management strategies with no cows and all heifers may improve biological and economic efficiency of beef production. The All Heifer, No Cow (AHNC) beef production system involves insemination of nulliparous heifers with female sex-selected semen (FSS) to produce primarily female calves that are early weaned at 3 mo of age. Dams are finished on a high concentrate diet and harvested before 30 mo of age. The objectives of this research were to: 1) build a dynamic model of an AHNC beef production system to quantify system biological and economic efficiency; 2) compare effects of utilizing FSS vs. conventional semen on biological and economic efficiency; 3) evaluate what-if scenarios to determine the effects on biological and economic efficiency of changing variables ±5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% from initial observed values; and 4) evaluate the effects on biological and economic efficiency of changing variables ±10% from initial observed values. A model was built over a 21-yr horizon using Stella Architect. Biological parameter values in the model were based on the 6 yr of data collected from the management of an AHNC demonstration herd. In the model animal, total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake, hot carcass weight (HCW), and age at harvest were randomized. Feed, animal, and carcass prices included in the model were based on 10 yr of historical U.S. price data. Key response variables were biological and economic efficiency (mean ± SD). Biological efficiency was defined as the ratio of output (kilograms of HCW produced) to input (lifetime kilograms of feed TDN consumed), and economic efficiency was measured using a benefit–cost ratio (BCR) and unit variable cost (UVC). Over 40 simulation runs, the predicted mean biological efficiency was 0.0714 ± 0.0008. Economic efficiency was 0.95 ± 0.02 and US $445.41 ± 0.06 for BCR and UVC, respectively. Biological and economic efficiency was improved in the conventional semen scenario; biological efficiency was 0.0738 ± 0.0008, and BCR and UVC were 0.99 ± 0.04 and US $407.24 ± 0.006, respectively. Under this parameterization and market conditions, the AHNC beef production system failed to achieve profitability under any scenario that was evaluated. However, this review did not account for the potential increased genetic benefit from a decreased generation interval and the reduction in feed energy in comparison to a conventional cow/calf system.     

重庆宜居城市建设中的法律保障体系探析

宜居城市的建设是一个包括自然、经济、社会在内的、复杂的综合系统工程。城市的资源和环境容量是有限的,宜居城市的建设和发展必然会受到环境和资源条件的制约,为了实现可持续发展、建设社会主义新型和谐社会,在宜居城市的建设中必须要考虑环境和资源的承载力,而法律的引导、规划、强制和保障必不可少。文中拟以重庆市为例,从环境保护和城市规划两个方面着手,分析重庆宜居城市建设中的法律保障体系的脉络并提出一定的建议,希望能够对重庆宜居城市的建设有所裨益。     

智慧养猪与智能猪场的应用现状与分析

在智能信息化时代,传统的人工养殖已经越发彰显其劣势。智慧养猪开启的智能装备和大数据模式正走进养猪人的视野。文章综述了在智慧养猪背景下,智能饲喂系统、环控系统、监控系统、AI和大数据在猪场的应用现状,并进行了简要分析,以期为农牧公司智能猪场的建设提供参考。     

关于“建立科学、高效、系统的畜产品质量安全监管支撑体系”的思考

文中系统阐述了我国畜产品质量安全监管支撑体系在整个畜产品质量安全监管体系中的作用,深入分析了现阶段畜产品质量安全监管支撑体系存在的主要问题,并对怎样在新形势下建立健全畜产品质量安全监管支撑体系进行了一定的论述。     

论动物福利科学

动物福利是一门新兴的多学科相互交叉的科学体系，各分支学科的前沿理论研究反映了动物福利发展的新趋势和新方法。集约化饲养条件下的畜禽福利水平低，已成为影响人类健康、制约畜牧业可持续发展的关键因素之一。论文初步构建了动物福利科学体系的框架，综述了动物福利评价体系的主要内容，并在此基础上提出关于动物福利的一些观点。     

三叶草基因工程研究进展

三叶草作为优良的牧草,具有营养丰富、品质优良、适口性好等特点。现代生物技术的不断发展为三叶草育种和种质创新提供了新的技术手段,笔者从三叶草再生和遗传转化体系,转基因三叶草在品质改良、抗病性、抗虫性、抗逆性及作为植物反应器等方面的研究进展进行了全面综述,分析了三叶草基因工程研究中存在的主要问题,并对其应用前景和研究方向进行了展望。