泰安市城市森林结构与气体调节效益分析

城市森林结构是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,并且在城市生态平衡中起着重要作用。采用样方调查方法对泰安市的主要道路、高校和公园的树木进行了调查,分析了泰安不同土地利用类型的树木分布情况;同时对每个调查区树木的种类组成结构、胸径分布、树高分布、冠幅分布和树木在碳氧平衡方面的生态经济价值等反应城市森林结构特征的各类指标进行了分析。       

再塑人间新天堂——环古城风貌保护工程的城市森林建设思路

城市森林建设是生态城市发展的重要内容。城市森林是指在城市地域内,以树木为主体的植被及其所处人文自然环境所构成的森林生态系统,它是城市生态系统的一个重要组成部分。       

绿洲型森林城市与绿洲生态文化建设

库尔勒是在干旱沙漠区依靠孔雀河建成的一座美丽的绿洲型森林城市,在西北干旱半干旱区树立了一个耀眼的森林城市,其经验具有典型性与代表性。       

上海又一天然次生林保护区——佘山

佘山地区森林50多年的次生演替过程,对揭示亚热带常绿阔叶林的次生演替规律,确定上海地带性植被有着重要的参考价值。此外,佘山地区作为上海城市森林建设的重要组成部分,对上海的生态环境、城市景观以及生物多样性的保护有着直接影响。       

城市森林规划中的城市森林分类——以新疆阿克苏市为例

文章以阿克苏城市森林规划为例,提出了城市森林规划"二分法",论述了其必要性和应采取的分类原则,并详述了"二分法",即针对用地的林地分类和针对树木的植被分类的具体应用。       

欧洲城市森林及城市林业

文章介绍了欧洲主要国家及城市的城市森林概貌。目前关于城市林业的理解,不同国家的观点不同,但基本同意城市林业是一个综合体、是综合性的学科;城市林业目的在于为城市树木资源建立长期的政策与规划;强调城市森林能够提供的经济、环境、社会-文化产品及服务;是一项需要公众参与的事业。       

植物对环境的净化作用

本期报道的主题为树木的保健作用。扬州、佛山都有不同程度的环境污染。有关研究用数字说明树木存在抗污功能,还有许多惊人的发现。如侧柏的抗癌作用,对肺癌细胞NCL-H460抑制率高达97%,山茶的抗污效果明显,山茶叶片中硫累积量为7.551g·kg-1DW,氟的累积量为1.622g·kg-1DW。研究结果为城市居民栽植保健树木提供了科学依据,虽然研究尚处于实验室阶段,但已为居民带来了健康福音。松花江下游的苯污染事件告诉我们根治污染必须采取综合措施。如果我国沿江湖和湿地、工业区、人口稠密区构建完整的抗污森林植物体系,居民室内都放置抗污花草,不乏为根治措施之一。松花江污染事件昭示:我们极力倡导的建设城市森林非常及时、绝对必要,向广大居民宣传城市森林知识不可或缺。下面仅向广大读者再介绍一些解毒植物和土壤及地下水污染的植物净化/矫正材料。       

控根育苗技术引进试验初步效果

为提高森林城市建设工程质量,赤峰市林业科学研究所从陕西杨凌引进澳大利亚先进的控根快速育苗技术,对17种树木分3种不同规格容器进行培育试验,对树木成活率、生长量和增根效果进行调查分析,结果表明:树木成活率为97%,当年高度生长量在0.3~0.9m不等,均优于大田树木;用纵切1/4根系的方法测量根系鲜重,平均鲜重为0.120kg,约是大田对照鲜重的2倍。       

宁波市森林城市建设总体规划

文章分析宁波市自然概况、城市森林现状及其城市特色,应用景观生态学的原理,结合"核、环、轴、楔、园、链"结构模式,提出了宁波市城市森林系统结构;建议加强城市绿心和生态保护带建设,改善城区森林绿地质量,提供城市生态资源氧库,保持森林生态系统的连续性和多样性,演绎城市文脉,引导城市环境与郊区自然环境共生与交融,建设具有山水特色的森林城市。       

城市森林经营方案编制提纲

通过对国内外城市森林建设和理论研究实践的分析,论述了城市森林经营方案编制的重要性和必要性,提出城市森林经营方案编制的指导思想、基本原则和重要内容,着重介绍了城市森林经营方案编制的几个关键技术和对策措施。       

Survival,early growth and impact of damage by late-spring frost and winter desiccation on Douglas-fir seedlings in southern Sweden

Introduction of non-native species, such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), can be a means of mitigating the effects of climate change by meeting the growing demand for biomass and high quality wood. The aim of this study was to investigate early growth, survival and damage from late-spring frost and winter desiccation. A provenance trial with four coastal and three interior provenances of Douglas-fir originating from British Columbia, Canada, was established in Southwest Sweden (56°43′N, 13°08′E). Seedling height, length of the leading shoot, and occurrence of frost damage, were measured after one, three, and six growing seasons. Timing of bud break in spring was also observed. The interior Douglas-fir were more frequently damaged by late-spring frost compared to the coastal Douglas-fir. The interior Douglas-fir still had a higher survival after six growing seasons compared to the coastal variety. All provenances were damaged by winter desiccation, but the provenances originating from the coastal area were more severely damaged. Choice of variety may reduce the risk for either late-spring frost or winter desiccation.     

Frost Hardiness of Subalpine Eucalypts in Britain

Laboratory freezing tests were used to determine seasonal changesin the frost hardiness of detached shoots of young trees ofEucalyptus gunnii (from central Tasmania), and E. niphophilaand E. debeuzevillei (‘snow gums’ from the SnowyMountains, Australian Capital Territory). The trees were growingat the Bush Estate. No difference was found between the speciesor between seedlots, all of which were from high altitudes nearthe tree line. In midwinter (February) the shoots tolerated –16°Cwithout suffering damage, and many shoots survived temperaturesas low as –18°C to –22°C. This result agreedwith Evans' (1986) observation that some trees within theseseedlots survived temperatures in the range –19°Cto –23°C in field planting during the winter 1981/82.In their native habitats the trees rarely experience temperaturesbelow –20°C. The shoots did not harden appreciably before they experiencedfrosts (in late October/early November) and so may be proneto autumn frost damage. By contrast, they were slow to dehardenin late winter and spring and did not seem prone to spring frostdamage. There were no killing air frosts during the period of this study(winter 1985/6), but many trees died, possibly as a result ofground freezing, producing root injury and/or shoot desiccation.In subalpine regions of Tasmania and the Snowy Mountains theground is covered by snow throughout the winter. Variation in frost hardiness within these hardy seedlots couldbe exploited.     

Seasonal changes of soluble carbohydrates in mycorrhizas of Norway spruce and changes induced by exposure to frost and desiccation

Mycorrhizas of six spruces of a stand were collected over two years and were analysed for soluble carbohydrates (sucrose, raffinose, glucose, trehalose and mannitol). The level of these carbohydrates was high during winter and low during summer. Upon exposure of excised mycorrhizas to frost or desiccation, the content of trehalose roughly doubled. A positive correlation was found between the trehalose content of mycorrhizas and their ability to survive frost or desiccation as determined by the electrolyte leaching method.     

Variation in spring and autumn frost tolerance among provenances of Russian larches (Larix Mill.)

Abstract

Spring and autumn frost tolerance was measured using material from a range-wide (50–67° N, 38–158° E) provenance trial of four Russian larch species (Larix sukaczewii Dyl., L. sibirica Ledeb., L. gmelinii Rupr. and L. cajanderi Mayr.) growing in northern Sweden. Shoots were collected in early May and late September and frozen at ?8, ?12, ?16 and ?20°C. Cambial damage was assessed visually after development under ideal conditions for 2 weeks. Differences in frost damage among provenances were highly significant in both spring and autumn. Autumn frost damage was significantly correlated with provenance latitude and longitude and spring frost damage was significantly correlated with provenance longitude but not latitude. Frost damage was not correlated with provenance elevation. North-western provenances showed the least damage and far-eastern provenances the greatest damage in both spring and autumn. A possible explanation for less spring frost damage to north-western provenances is adaptation to maritime conditions in proximity to the Barents Sea, which is often ice free in late winter. This would counteract early loss of frost tolerance and bud flushing if warm spells occurred in late winter. North-eastern Siberian provenances did not show similar adaptation and may exhibit increased spring frost damage if global warming eventually results in the Arctic Ocean north of Siberia becoming ice free in late winter.     

Winter desiccation and injury of subalpine red spruce

Montane red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) in the northeastern United States has undergone a decline during the past two decades. One symptom associated with the decline syndrome is the episodic browning of first-year foliage in early spring. To examine the potential role of winter desiccation in this browning, the water relations of red spruce foliage in a subalpine forest on Mt. Moosilauke, New Hampshire, USA, were monitored from January to May, 1989. All sampled trees lost water during the winter and the first-year foliage on some trees turned brown in early spring. The relative water content of first-year shoots during the winter was a significant predictor of spring browning; red spruce trees that showed browning had desiccated faster and reached lower relative water contents. Damaged trees also had more closely packed needles and lower cuticular resistances to water loss. The first-year shoots had a significantly lower average relative water content than older shoots before and after browning. Cuticular resistance to water loss decreased with elevation. Sun-exposed shoots lost more water than shaded shoots because of solar heating of needles. Winter desiccation can occur before the decline-related spring browning of red spruce foliage.     

Frost hardiness of Picea rubens growing in spruce decline regions of the Appalachians

It has been proposed that pollutants predispose Picea rubens Sarg. growing in the high Appalachians to frost damage. The pattern of autumn hardening of P. rubens growing at Whiteface Mountain, NY, and Newfound Gap, NC, was monitored by detaching shoots at 1-3 weekly intervals, air freighting them to Scotland, and freeze-testing them. The temperatures that produced freezing injury from August 1986 to January 1987 were compared with minimum air temperatures recorded in those months at nearby meteorological stations over 22 previous years. There was only weak evidence that the onset or degree of frost hardening was inadequate to protect the trees from direct freezing injury (as opposed to winter desiccation). Historically, minimum air temperatures occasionally fell below the lethal temperature for a 10% kill (LT(10)), but they rarely fell below the LT(50). The trees hardened rapidly in the autumn (max. 2.2 degrees C day(-1)) to between -30 degrees C and -40 degrees C by January (LT(50)), including trees showing visible decline on Clingman's Dome, TN. Individual trees differed in hardiness by up to 10 degrees C. It is concluded that any pollutant-induced susceptibility to freezing injury is insufficient, on its own, to account for forest decline in the Appalachians.     

民勤沙区气候概况及其特点

民勤沙区气候干燥云量少，晴天多、光照丰富、有利于植物光合作用，辐射强，可作为能源。冬季漫长约半年，夏季短促炎热，昼夜温差大，在植物生长活跃期积温较高，平均可达３２７９．６℃。干燥少雨，为全国最干旱地区之一。植物生长期短，且在生长期内常有霜冻（旱、晚霜）危害，风多沙大，春季对植物苗期危害严重。     

几个杨树品种低温与变温胁迫对比试验

以几种常见杨树品种为试材,在不同时期进行了低温胁迫试验,通过相对电导率测试及生长恢复情况调查,分析了不同时期低温对杨树发生冻害的影响,结果显示：在冬季树木深休眠期持续的低温对杨树具有一定的伤害,但伤害程度不大;初春树木萌动期低温对杨树伤害较大。根据此结论,进一步开展变温胁迫试验,结果显示：高温和低温的变温对不同杨树伤害较大,而且变化幅度越剧烈,造成伤害越严重。     

Climate warming and the risk of frost damage to boreal forest trees: identification of critical ecophysiological traits

According to a hypothesis presented in the mid-1980s, climate warming will, paradoxically, increase the risk of frost damage to trees in the boreal and temperate zones. Dehardening and even growth onset may occur in trees during mild spells in winter and early spring, resulting in damage during subsequent periods of frost. In the present study, ecophysiological traits critical to the occurrence of frost damage in trees in the boreal zone were identified. Diagnostic computer simulations were performed to examine why one simulation model of frost hardiness in an earlier study predicted heavy frost damage as a consequence of climate warming, whereas another closely related model did not. The modeling comparison revealed that the response of ontogenetic development to air temperature during quiescence is a critical factor determining the risk of frost damage. As the response can be readily determined in growth-chamber experiments, the findings of the present study can be used to guide experimental work on the environmental regulation of the annual cycle of frost hardiness in trees.     

Cold tolerance and water content of current-year red spruce foliage over two winter seasons

Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) in high elevation forests of northeastern North America suffers from frequent and severe winter injury, leading to apical dieback, decreased growth, and high mortality. To examine the role of winter desiccation and freezing injury in winter damage, weekly assessments of cold tolerance and water content were made on current-year foliage collected from native red spruce trees at a high elevation site over two winter seasons. In both years, foliage maintained high water contents and adequate cold tolerance; nonetheless, slight to moderate injury was observed each year on some trees. Despite brief thaw periods each winter, no mid-winter dehardening sufficient to put foliage at risk of freezing injury was evident. These findings suggest that, at least in some years, winter injury to current-year red spruce foliage is produced by a mechanism other than desiccation or absolute low temperatures.