水稻土和菜田添加碳氮后的气态产物排放动态

【目的】动态连续监测添加碳氮底物后各气体产物—O2、 NO、 N2O、 CH4和N2的排放,对土壤碳氮转化过程和气体产生过程做更深入的理解,揭示不同土地利用方式典型红壤的温室气体产生机制。【方法】采集长江中游金井小流域不同土地利用方式稻田和菜地土壤为研究对象,利用全自动连续在线培养检测体系(Robot系统),通过两组试验分别研究土壤碳氮转化过程中各气体产物的动态变化。试验1采用菜地和稻田土壤进行好气培养,设置不施氮对照、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%硝化抑制剂、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖、 缺氧条件下添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖6个处理。试验2采用稻田土壤进行淹水培养,设不施氮对照、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%硝化抑制剂、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%秸秆、 缺氧条件下添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%的葡萄糖、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖、 缺氧条件下添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖8个处理。培养温度均为20℃,土壤水分含量为70% WFPS (土壤孔隙含水量),培养周期为15天。【结果】从菜地和稻田土壤不同碳氮添加处理气态产物及无机氮的动态变化可看出: 1)菜地土壤好气培养初期硝化作用产生了大量N2O; 受低碳和低含水量的限制,反硝化作用较弱。当提供充足碳源和厌氧条件,出现N2O和NO的大量排放。2)在好气稻田和淹水稻田培养过程中,反硝化作用是N2O产生的主要途径。3)稻田土壤中,提供充足碳源和厌氧条件,各气态产物出现的顺序依次是NO、 N2O和N2,与三种气体在反硝化链式反应过程中的生成顺序一致。淹水稻田加铵态氮和碳源处理N2为主要产物,添加硝态氮处理后,N2O成为主要气态产物。当土壤碳源充足时,反硝化过程进行彻底,反硝化产物以终产物(N2)为主。4)在稻田土壤出现厌氧或添加碳源条件下,均检测到大量CH4产生; 且在甲烷产生的同时,NO-3几乎消耗殆尽。【结论】金井小流域典型红壤菜地N2O主要来自于硝化作用,好气和淹水稻田N2O主要来源于反硝化作用; 当碳源充足和厌氧时,菜地及稻田反硝化作用增强; 反硝化产物组成、 产物累积量及出峰顺序与碳源和氧气浓度有关。     

生物炭对水稻土Fe(Ⅲ)还原过程中碳源利用效率的影响

研究以采自吉林和江西的水稻土为供试土壤,采用恒温泥浆厌氧培养方法,探讨添加生物炭和不同有机碳源(葡萄糖、乙酸钠、丙酮酸钠和乳酸钠)条件下土壤泥浆中Fe(Ⅱ)浓度和pH值的变化,采用Logistic模型对Fe(Ⅲ)的还原特征进行了拟合分析。结果表明,添加生物炭可以促进2种水稻土中的Fe(Ⅲ)还原能力。添加生物炭条件下,不同外源有机碳对水稻土中Fe(Ⅲ)还原特征的影响存在差异,在吉林水稻土中,对Fe(Ⅲ)还原的调控能力显著大于江西水稻土。2种水稻土均能较好地利用乳酸盐、丙酮酸盐和葡萄糖还原Fe(Ⅲ),而添加乙酸盐后的Fe(Ⅲ)还原则表现出一定的滞后性。添加乳酸盐处理最大Fe(Ⅲ)还原速率高于其他有机碳源,且达到最大Fe(Ⅲ)还原速率的时间最短,表明乳酸盐是2种水稻土中铁还原过程的优势碳源。添加发酵性的有机碳源可显著影响泥浆培养过程中的pH值,有机碳源对江西水稻土pH的影响明显大于吉林水稻土,表明吉林水稻土中有机碳源对发酵过程产生的氢的利用能力优于江西水稻土。     

硝态氮源及碳源有效性对土壤N_2O和CO_2排放的影响

以华北平原农田土壤为对象,通过室内静态培养系统研究NO_3~--N与不同碳源组合对土壤N_2O和CO_2排放的影响。结果表明,NO_3~--N作为氮源和不同碳源施入土壤,除NO_3~-+纤维素,其余土壤N_2O排放通量均高于对照组和只添加氮源土壤;NO_3~--N和不同碳源组合的CO_2累积排放量均高于对照和只添加氮源土壤。NO_3~-+果胶的N_2O排放量在第1 d达到最大值1 383.42μg N·kg~(-1)·d~(-1);NO_3~-+葡萄糖的CO_2排放量在第1 d达到最大值370.13 mg C·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),CO_2累积排放量顺序为:葡萄糖果胶秸秆纤维素淀粉木质素。土壤NO_3~--N含量与N_2O排放呈极显著正相关。总之,添加纤维素可以抑制N_2O的排放,促进CO_2排放,并增加土壤中NO_3~--N含量,添加其余碳源均会促进土壤N_2O和CO_2排放。     

碳源与底物对不同层次土壤产生N2O能力的影响

底层土壤的反硝化作用是土壤排放N2O的重要来源，同时也是影响浅层地下水硝酸盐含量的重要因素，通过一系列室内培养试验，研究了一种农用土壤不同土层在碳源和NO3含量不同情况下产生N2O的能力。结果表明，试验用土壤的不同土层均具有进行反硝化作用产生N2O的能力，底层土壤产生N2O的能力大于根区土壤；单独添加葡萄糖、NO3或同时添加葡萄糖和NO3，对土壤N2O和CO2释放的影响与土壤层次和观测时间有关；向土壤添加葡萄糖和NO3，各个土层释放N2O的能力均显著提高；从产生N2O和CO2能力的角度而言，不同层次土壤的微生物区系间存在较大差异。采用短期（24h之内）饱和泥浆好气培养法，可以区分土壤微生物区系在产生N2O方面的差异。     

外源氮对滨海围垦稻田土壤N2O还原速率的影响机制研究

滨海湿地位于海陆交错带,具有很高的生态价值;近百年来的人类活动深刻改变了湿地土壤的N2O排放通量。为探明外源氮对滨海围垦稻田土壤N2O还原潜力的影响,选取长江口崇明岛东滩芦苇湿地和围垦区不同围垦年限(19、27、51、86年)的稻田土壤为研究对象,添加不同形态外源氮后研究湿地土壤N2O还原速率的变化情况。结果表明,无氮添加条件下芦苇湿地土壤N2O还原速率最高,为36.6 μg·g-1·d-1,相比围垦19年稻田土壤提高了103%;添加硝态氮条件下围垦86年稻田土壤N2O还原速率最高,是围垦19年稻田土壤的3.9倍,添加铵态氮和硝态氮条件下稻田土壤N2O还原速率年增长率分别为0.37和0.69 μg·g-1·d-1·年-1,比无氮处理分别高出140%和343%。对于同一样地土壤而言,外源氮输入对其N2O还原速率的影响效应各异。其中,与无氮对照相比,添加铵态氮条件下芦苇湿地土壤的N2O还原速率降低了32%,而添加硝态氮条件下围垦86年稻田土壤的N2O还原速率增加了91%。相关性分析发现,稻田N2O还原速率与土壤有机碳、总氮呈显著正相关,而与电导率、SO42-呈显著负相关。因此,在围垦区水稻生产中,不同形态氮肥施用对稻田土壤的N2O还原过程产生重要的影响效应。     

高氮和NO2-对中亚热带森林土壤N2O和NO产生的影响

利用15N同位素标记方法,研究在两种水分条件即60％和90％ WHC下,添加硝酸盐(NH4NO3,N 300 mg kg-1)和亚硝酸盐(NaNO2,N 1 mg kg-1)对中亚热带天然森林土壤N2O和NO产生过程及途径的影响.结果表明,在含水量为60％ WHC的情况下,高氮输入显著抑制了N2O和NO的产生(p＜0.01);但当含水量增为90％ WHC后,实验9h内抑制N2O产生,之后转为促进.所有未灭菌处理在添加NO2-后高氮抑制均立即解除并大量产生N2O和NO,与对照成显著差异(p＜0.01),在60％ WHC条件下,这种情况维持时间较短(21 h),但如果含水量高(90％ WHC)这种情况会持续很长时间(2周以上),说明水分有效性的提高和外源NO2-在高氮抑制解除中起到重要作用.本实验中N2O主要来源于土壤反硝化过程,而且加入未标记NO2-后导致杂合的N2O(14N15NO)分子在实验21 h内迅速增加,表明这种森林土壤的反硝化过程可能主要是通过真菌的“共脱氮”来实现,其贡献率可多达80％以上.Spearman秩相关分析表明未灭菌土壤NO的产生速率与N2O产生速率成显著正相关性(p＜0.05),土壤含水量越低二者相关性越高.灭菌土壤添加NO2-能较未灭菌土壤产生更多的NO,但却几乎不产生N2O,表明酸性土壤的化学反硝化对NO的贡献要大于N2O.     

高氮和NO2-对中亚热带森林土壤N2O和NO产生的影响

利用15N同位素标记方法,研究在两种水分条件即60%和90% WHC下,添加硝酸盐(NH4NO3, 300mgN kg-1)和亚硝酸盐(NaNO2, 1mgN kg-1)对中亚热带天然森林土壤N2O和NO产生过程及途径的影响。结果表明,在含水量为60% WHC的情况下,高氮输入显著抑制了N2O和NO的产生(p<0.01);但当含水量增为90% WHC后,实验9h内抑制N2O产生,之后转为促进。所有未灭菌处理在添加NO2-后高氮抑制均立即解除并大量产生N2O和NO,与对照成显著差异(p<0.01)。在60% WHC条件下,这种情况维持时间较短(21h),但如果含水量高(90% WHC)这种情况会持续很长时间(2wk以上),说明水分有效性的提高和外源NO2-在高氮抑制解除中起到重要作用。本实验中N2O主要来源于土壤反硝化过程,而且加入未标记NO2-后导致杂合的N2O(14N15NO)分子在实验21h内迅速增加,表明这种森林土壤的反硝化过程可能主要是通过真菌的“共脱氮”来实现,其贡献率可多达80%以上。Spearman等级相关分析表明未灭菌土壤NO的产生速率与N2O产生速率成显著正相关性(p<0.05),土壤含水量越低二者相关性越高。灭菌土壤添加NO2-能比未灭菌土壤产生更多的NO,但却几乎不产生N2O,表明酸性土壤的化学反硝化对NO的贡献要大于N2O。     

pH变化对中性土壤硝化过程N2O释放的影响

通过人为调节获得pH5．82、pH6．95和pH7．55的3种pH土壤,采用室内培养方法,研究了pH变化对土壤硝化过程N2O产生以及双氰胺（OCD）对硝化过程抑制作用的影响。结果表明,在好气培养2d内,土壤硝化速率与pH呈正相关关系;在12d的培养期间,土壤N2O释放总量随pH增大而增大,最大N2O释放量占施氮量的0．363％;pH变化影响土壤硝化作用的强弱以及硝化过程中N2O／N2的比例;pH变化对DCD的抑制作用影响显著,DCD对N2O释放总量的抑制率为34．4％-72．2％,当pH5．82时抑制作用最强。     

设施菜田土壤剖面中的反硝化特征

利用田间原位硅胶管法和自动连续在线培养监测体系（Robot 系统）,分别监测了设施菜田不同施肥处理土壤剖面N2O浓度以及不同土层土壤反硝化潜势、NO和N2O产生潜势。结果表明:灌溉施肥后,传统施肥处理（CN）土壤剖面50 cm和90 cm处的N2O浓度都会出现峰值,50 cm处的N2O浓度峰值都高于90 cm处; 50 cm处的N2O变幅在2.15～50.77 l/L 之间,90cm处的变幅在2.57～14.05 l/L 之间;空白处理（CK）剖面N2O浓度几乎不受灌水的影响,50 cm和90 cm处的N2O浓度变幅较小,在1.43～2.75 l/L 之间。反硝化潜势、NO和N2O产生潜势的监测结果显示,040 cm土层反硝化较为强烈;40100 cm土层中由于受碳源限制,反硝化发生及强度明显滞后,添加碳源,经过48 h培养后,能够达到与表层反硝化潜势相当的程度;厌氧条件下,上层040 cm土壤的N2O和NO产生量远高于底层40100 cm的。由此推测,原位监测的高N2O浓度,可能来源自上层的扩散,因而田间表层通量观测数据可能会低估N2O产生量。底层土壤有一定反硝化潜势,当施用有机肥后,底层土壤氮素反硝化损失不容忽视。     

外加生物质炭对不同利用方式紫色土反硝化过程的影响

在有机碳添加下,研究同一区域不同利用方式紫色土反硝化过程差异,可为紫色土氮素管理及N2O减排提供科学依据。本研究以成土环境一致,土地利用方式分别为茶园、果园、林地、耕地的4种紫色土为研究对象,采用厌氧培养-15N标记法,研究了生物质炭添加下4种土壤的气态产物N2O、N2的排放速率和反硝化速率特征及其与土壤pH、有机质含量的关系。结果表明,N2O、N2排放速率和反硝化速率均为茶园＞耕地>果园＞林地；相关性分析发现N2O、N2排放速率和反硝化速率均随土壤pH的增加而减少(P < 0.01),而和土壤有机质含量显著正相关(P < 0.05),添加生物炭后,土壤N2排放速率和反硝化速率有所提高,但不显著；N2O排放速率的改变因土地利用方式不同而有所差异,其中,茶园N2O排放速率变化不显著,而果园和耕地显著降低(P < 0.05),林地显著增加(P < 0.05)。上述研究结果揭示了不同利用方式紫色土反硝化过程与土壤pH和有机质含量显著相关且受生物炭添加的影响。     

设施菜田土壤pH和初始C/NO3– 对反硝化产物比的影响

【目的】设施菜田土壤反硝化作用是N₂O排放和氮素损失的重要途径。本研究通过室内厌氧培养试验,在不同pH和初始C/NO₃–条件下,比较设施菜田土壤反硝化氮素气体排放及产物比的变化特征。【方法】以设施菜田土壤为研究对象,通过添加一定量低浓度的酸碱溶液调节土壤pH分别为酸性、中性和碱性条件,调节后的实测pH分别为5.63、6.65和7.83;同时以谷氨酸钠作为有效性碳,除未添加有效性碳作为对照处理 (CK) 外,其他有效性碳与硝酸盐 (C/NO₃–) 的比值分别调节为5∶1、15∶1和30∶1,三种pH条件下均设置 4 个 C/NO₃– 水平,每个水平3次重复。利用自动连续在线培养系统 (Robot系统),在厌氧条件下监测不同处理土壤产生的 N₂O、NO、N₂和CO₂浓度的动态变化,通过计算N₂O/(N₂O + NO + N₂)指数估算反硝化过程N₂O的产物比。【结果】增加土壤的pH能显著减少设施菜田土壤N₂O和NO的产生量,酸性 (pH 5.63) 土壤的N₂O、NO产生量峰值在不同初始C/NO₃– 比下均显著高于中性 (pH 6.65) 和碱性 (pH 7.83) 土壤 (P < 0.05)。中性和碱性土壤在高C/NO₃– 下有利于减少反硝化过程N₂O的产生,而酸性土壤条件下差异并不显著。中性土壤条件下增加有机碳含量会降低NO产生量,而在酸性和碱性土壤上有机碳的添加对NO产生量没有显著影响。土壤pH和初始C/NO₃– 比对土壤N₂O的产生有极显著的交互效应 (P < 0.001)。酸性和中性土壤上添加有机碳能够显著增加土壤N₂的产生速率 (P < 0.05),且与对照相比,不同pH的土壤添加有机碳后均显著促进反硝化过程中N₂O向N₂的转化。在不同初始C/NO₃– 下碱性土壤的CO₂产生量显著高于酸性和中性土壤,同时与对照相比,添加有机碳显著增加了土壤的CO₂产生量 (P < 0.05)。酸性土壤的N₂O产物比在不同初始C/NO₃– 下均极显著高于碱性土壤 (P < 0.01),且不同初始C/NO₃– 下的土壤N₂O产物比随pH的增加显著下降,二者呈极显著线性负相关关系 (P < 0.01)。【结论】土壤pH降低是设施菜田土壤N₂O和NO排放量较高的重要原因。而且,增加初始土壤有效碳含量促进了土壤的反硝化损失,并在中性和碱性土壤中N₂O的产生量减少。土壤pH升高和初始C/NO₃– 增加均降低了产物比,但增加了土壤反硝化作用速率。在利用N₂O排放通量和产物比估算土壤反硝化氮素损失时,土壤pH和有效碳含量是必须考虑的两个重要因素。     

Changes in hot water soil extracts brought about by nitrogen immobilization and mineralization processes during incubation of amended soils

Summary During incubation of an acid cambisol and an alkaline fluvisol, amended with glucose and nitrate, hot water soil extracts were analysed for N content, ultraviolet absorption, and fluorescence. Humic substances in the hot water extracts and in a neutral sodium pyrophosphate extract were fractionated on polyvinylpyrrolidone and measured spectroscopically. Changes in the hot water and pyrophosphate extract compositions were related to changes in microbial biomass, as estimated by substrate-induced respiration, and the hexosamine content of soil hydrolysates. During the incubation, the microbial population in each type of soil developed quite differently, according to the soil pH. Microbial growth and death in the alkaline soil sample induced a maximum of hot-water-extractable ultraviolet-absorptive non-fluorescent substances. The fluorescence of the hot water soil extract increased steadily with incubation time even after the microbial activity was reduced. A similar increase in fluorescence, in accord with the ultraviolet absorption, was found during incubation of the acid soil samples. After 95 days of incubation, the hot-water-extractable fluorescent and ultraviolet-absorptive substances were reduced. N immobilization induced an increase, and N mineralization a decrease, in dissolved organic N. The relative increase in humic substances in the hot water soil extract was much higher than in the pyrophosphate extract. Therefore, humic material, produced by microbial growth and death, is obviously extractable with hot water.     

Impacts of pellet pH on nitrous oxide emission rates from cattle manure compost pellets

Previous reports indicated that the emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O) when manure compost pellets (MCP) were applied to soil was greater than when ordinary manure compost or inorganic fertilizer was applied, but that applying pellets of nitrogen-enriched manure compost, a by-product of deodorizing manure during composting, resulted in N₂O emission rates less than those from MCPs. To investigate the mechanism by which N₂O emission rates and cumulative emissions were reduced in nitrogen-enriched manure composts pellets (N+MCP), we studied the impact of pellet pH on N₂O emission, because pH is different between MCP (pH 8.6) and N+MCP (pH 5.3). In an incubation experiment, the pH of pellets was adjusted to five levels (5.3, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 and 8.6) with acid or alkaline solutions, and the pellets were incubated without soil in a beaker at 30°C for 90 d (MCP) or 42 d (N+MCP). A large peak in N₂O emission rate was observed soon after beginning the incubation (within 1–3 d) in the neutral and alkaline treatments for both MCP and N+MCP, and these peaks corresponded to a rise in the pellet nitrite contents. Thus, this N₂O emission peak might have been generated by the denitrification of nitrite in the pellets. In the acid treatments of MCP, the N₂O emission was distributed more in the later incubation period (14–90 d), when the reduction of nitrate in MCP occurred. This led to a significant increase in cumulative N₂O emission as compared with the alkaline treatments for MCP. Regarding the mechanism by which N₂O emission was reduced in N+MCP, although larger cumulative N₂O emission rates in the earlier stage (0–14 d for MCP and 0–7 d for N+MCP) were observed when the pellet pH was adjusted close to 7.0, lowering the pH of MCP to 5.3 (the pH of N+MCP) did not demonstrate a significant decrease in cumulative N₂O emission as compared with the original pH treatment (pH 8.6). These results indicate that pellet pH might not relate directly to the mechanism by which N₂O emission was reduced in N+MCP.     

Changes in soil pH due to the storage of soils

Abstract. The pH of soil samples was remeasured after storage for 20 years in the laboratory. The pH decreases were minor in acid to neutral soils (-0.3), but greater in alkaline soils (-0.63). The pH differences were statistically significant only for alkaline soils. The decreases of pH with time are probably mainly due to the decomposition of organic matter, the CO₂ produced, the hydroscopic water and the presence of CaCO₃.     

The influence of soil pH on denitrification: progress towards the understanding of this interaction over the last 50 years

Results from the pioneering research on the interactions between pH and denitrification in soil from the 1950s to the present are reviewed, the changing perceptions of this complex relationship are discussed, and the current status of the subject is assessed. Facets of this relationship that are analysed in detail include the direct or indirect influence of pH on overall denitrification rates in soils, changes in the composition of gaseous products that depend on pH, methods for measuring the process, the concept of an optimum pH for denitrification, and the adaptation of microbial denitrifying communities to acidic environments. The main conclusions to be drawn are as follows. Total gaseous emissions to the atmosphere (N₂O, NO and N₂) have repeatedly been shown to be less in acidic than in neutral or slightly alkaline soils. This may be attributable to smaller amounts of organic carbon and mineral nitrogen available to the denitrifying population under acid conditions rather than a direct effect of low pH on denitrification enzymes. Numerous laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that the ratio N₂O:N₂ is increased when the pH of soils is reduced. The relation between soil pH and potential denitrification as determined by various incubation methods remains unclear, results being influenced both by original conditions in soil samples and by unknown changes during incubation. The concept of an optimum pH for denitrification has been frequently proposed, but such a term has little or no meaning without reference to specific attributes of the process.     

基于不同方法测定土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的比较

土壤酸性磷酸酶与有机磷的矿化及植物的磷素营养关系最为密切。目前国内学者在测定酸性磷酸酶活性时主要参照关松荫《土壤酶及其研究法》中以磷酸苯二钠为基质的测定方法,而国外学者主要参照Dick《Methods of Soil Enzymology》中以对硝基苯磷酸二钠为基质的测定方法(PNPP)。但是,在以磷酸苯二钠为基质测定生成物的过程中,常出现显色程度不明显的问题;另外,采用不同基质测定酸性磷酸酶活性也造成了测定方法选择的困难。为合理选择土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的测定方法,本研究选用酸性、中性和碱性土壤各10个土样,分别采用以磷酸苯二钠为基质,且在显色阶段分别加入pH5.0醋酸盐缓冲液(DPP 1)和pH9.4硼酸盐缓冲液(DPP 2)的方法,以及PNPP方法测定土壤酸性磷酸酶活性。同时也研究了不同pH缓冲液和苯酚浓度对生成物显色反应的影响。结果表明:以磷酸苯二钠为基质、在显色反应阶段加入pH≤6的缓冲液时,苯酚和2,6-二溴苯醌氯亚胺不显色;当加入pH≥8的缓冲液时,两者之间显色且苯酚浓度和吸光值的Pearson相关系数极显著。这说明pH低是导致高苯酚浓度和2,6-二溴苯醌氯亚胺显色效果差的一个主要原因。此外,采用PNPP方法测定时,在酸性、中性和碱性土壤中,10个样本酸性磷酸酶活性的变异系数分别较DPP 2增加了70.04%、42.44%和21.17%;极差分别是DPP 2的27.18倍、26.85倍和39.43倍。总之,如果选用磷酸苯二钠为基质测定土壤酸性磷酸酶活性,应在显色阶段加入碱性硼酸盐缓冲液;选用对硝基苯磷酸二钠为基质,是更为简单和灵敏的方法。     

桂北柑橘园土壤化学性状研究

为了解桂北柑橘园土壤化学状况,2017年在桂北7个柑橘主产县(市)选取102个代表性柑橘园采集土壤样本,对pH、有机质和10种养分进行定量分析。结果表明:土壤pH变幅3.95～8.02。其中,pH处于强酸性(pH<4.5)、酸性(pH 4.5～5.5)和碱性(pH>7.3)范围的果园分别占总样本数的24.51%、48.04%和9.80%,大部分果园土壤pH为强酸性和酸性,有64.70%的果园土壤pH适宜或基本适宜(pH 4.5～7.0)柑橘生长,但仅有14.71%的果园土壤pH适宜柑橘生长(pH 5.5～6.5)。土壤有机质含量丰富,适量及以上水平的比例达86.27%。果园土壤营养元素丰缺并存,失衡比较明显,其中,有效磷和有效钾含量不足(低量或缺乏)的比例分别为33.33%和30.39%,超标(高量或过量)比例分别为21.57%和23.53%;碱解氮和有效钙含量主要在适量范围,不足比例分别为36.27%和31.37%;有效铁和有效锰含量丰富,超标比例分别为64.71%和55.89%;有效镁、锌、铜和硼含量不足比例较高,分别为59.80%、92.16%、56.86%和50.9...     

Nitrous oxide production in turfgrass systems: Effects of soil properties and grass clipping recycling

Soil N₂O emissions can affect global environments because N₂O is a potent greenhouse gas and ozone depletion substance. In the context of global warming, there is increasing concern over the emissions of N₂O from turfgrass systems. It is possible that management practices could be tailored to reduce emissions, but this would require a better understanding of factors controlling N₂O production. In the present study we evaluated the spatial variability of soil N₂O production and its correlation with soil physical, chemical and microbial properties. The impacts of grass clipping addition on soil N₂O production were also examined. Soil samples were collected from a chronosequence of three golf courses (10, 30, and 100-year-old) and incubated for 60 days at either 60% or 90% water filled-pore space (WFPS) with or without the addition of grass clippings or wheat straw. Both soil N₂O flux and soil inorganic N were measured periodically throughout the incubation. For unamended soils, cumulative soil N₂O production during the incubation ranged from 75 to 972 ng N g⁻¹ soil at 60% WFPS and from 76 to 8842 ng N g⁻¹ soil at 90% WFPS. Among all the soil physical, chemical and microbial properties examined, soil N₂O production showed the largest spatial variability with the coefficient of variation ~110% and 207% for 60% and 90% WFPS, respectively. At 60% WFPS, soil N₂O production was positively correlated with soil clay fraction (Pearson's r = 0.91, P < 0.01) and soil NH₄⁺–N (Pearson's r = 0.82, P < 0.01). At 90% WFPS, however, soil N₂O production appeared to be positively related to total soil C and N, but negatively related to soil pH. Addition of grass clippings and wheat straw did not consistently affect soil N₂O production across moisture treatments. Soil N₂O production at 60% WFPS was enhanced by the addition of grass clippings and unaffected by wheat straw (P < 0.05). In contrast, soil N₂O production at 90% WFPS was inhibited by the addition of wheat straw and little influenced by glass clippings (P < 0.05), except for soil samples with >2.5% organic C. Net N mineralization in soil samples with >2.5% organic C was similar between the two moisture regimes, suggesting that O₂ availability was greater than expected from 90% WFPS. Nonetheless, small and moderate changes in the percentage of clay fraction, soil organic matter content, and soil pH were found to be associated with large variations in soil N₂O production. Our study suggested that managing soil acidity via liming could substantially control soil N₂O production in turfgrass systems.     

土壤中羟胺和亚硝态氮非生物过程对N_2O排放的贡献

羟胺(NH_2OH)和亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)均可以通过非生物过程产生N_2O,但是同一土壤中其对N_2O排放的相对贡献尚不明确。本文采用高压灭菌和室内培养方法,测定了采自6个不同地点的农业利用土壤在灭菌和非灭菌条件下添加NH_2OH或NO_2~--N后N_2O的排放量,以研究土壤中NH_2OH和NO_2~--N非生物过程对N_2O排放的相对贡献及其关键因子。结果表明,供试土壤中,NH_2OH非生物过程产生的N_2O贡献介于6%~73%,NO_2~--N非生物过程产生N_2O占的比例为3%~236%;在pH7的衢州茶园、鹰潭旱地、常熟菜地和海伦旱地土壤中,添加NO_2~--N后非生物过程产生N_2O比例大于添加NH_2OH的处理,但是在pH7的常熟果园和封丘旱地土壤中则相反;pH是影响NH_2OH和NO_2~--N非生物过程产生N_2O的关键因子,添加NH_2OH处理中非生物过程产生N_2O占N_2O总排放量的比例与土壤pH呈正相关(p0.05),而在添加NO_2~--N处理中呈负相关(p0.01)。上述结果说明,NO_2~--N在偏酸性土壤中可能主要通过非生物过程产生N_2O,而在偏碱性土壤中主要通过生物过程;NH_2OH则与之相反。