供给侧改革背景下宝鸡地区小杂粮的生产与产业发展

农业供给侧改革是农业提质增效,促进产业结构性调整的重要举措,小杂粮是农业结构性调整的重要作物和特色作物,在农业生产中具有重要地位。宝鸡市小杂粮种类较多,优势明显,在宝鸡市地区特色农业中地位特殊。通过分析宝鸡市小杂粮生产现状、优势、分布特点及产业发展中存在问题,着重提出宝鸡市小杂粮发展对策,为宝鸡市农业产业结构调整、地区特色农业发展、名优杂粮产品构建及地区农业增收提供发展建议。     

供给侧改革背景下宝鸡地区小杂粮的生产与产业发展策略

推进农业供给侧结构性改革是促进农业加快提质增效转型升级的重要方向,产业结构性调整是农业供给侧结构性改革的重点,小杂粮是农业结构性调整的重要作物和特色作物,在农业生产中具有重要地位。宝鸡市小杂粮种类较多,优势明显,在宝鸡市地区特色农业中地位特殊。通过分析宝鸡市小杂粮生产现状、优势、分布特点及产业发展中存在的问题,着重提出宝鸡市小杂粮发展对策,为宝鸡市农业产业结构调整、地区特色农业发展、名优小杂粮产品构建及地区农业增收提供发展建议。     

陇东地区小杂粮生产现状与发展对策

小杂粮是抗旱耐瘠的救灾作物,在陇东地区种植历史悠久,具有广泛的生态适应性和稳定性。它富含各种营养元素,既是传统食粮,又是现代保健珍品。小杂粮以其营养的多维化和医食同源的双重用途而倍受现代人的青睐,同时,小杂粮又是种植业结构调整的特色作物,其生产和加工增值在区域农业生产中具有重要作用。因此,认真分析陇东地区小杂粮生产现状与存在问题,对加快小杂粮产业化发展步伐,将资源优势转化为效益优势,对调整产业结构、促进区域经济增长、增加农民收入具有十分重要的意义。1陇东地区小杂粮生产概况陇东地区小杂粮以荞麦、糜子、谷子、高…     

陇东黄土高原特色小杂粮产业可持续发展的问题与对策

陇东黄土高原是我国重要的小杂粮产区,生产环境洁净,品质优良,在该区畜牧业发展和种植业结构调整中占有重要地位,具有明显的资源优势.种植分散、生产水平低;商品质量差;加工工艺落后,出口市场狭窄,产业化体系不健全是小杂粮产业开发的主要制约因素,据此立足于小杂粮的资源特点和生产现状,构建小杂粮生产可持续发展技术体系,要注重建设基本农田,改善耕地质量;强调保护性耕作和种植,加快小杂粮优良品种选育、繁殖和推广进程,辅以合理的轮作倒茬技术.同时突出绿色产品特色,持续提高降水利用效率,促进加工增值增效,确保小杂粮生产实现高产、优质、高效,最大限度地降低对资源环境的负面影响,实现小杂粮生产的可持续发展.     

优种是发展小杂粮产业的关键

小杂粮营养丰富,既是传统粮食作物,又是有机保健食品,很适合现代人的生活需求,有着巨大的国内外消费市场,开发前景极其广阔.山西素有"小杂粮王国"的美称,与其它省份相比,其特点是种类多,品质优,珍品多,产量大,具有悠久的生产历史和突出的市场优势,在对外出口贸易方面也表现出相当强的竞争实力.近几年来,山西省政府把小杂粮作为优势作物来抓,建设了东西两山优质杂粮产业区,实施小杂粮战略,取得了明显的经济效益,对农业结构战略性调整和全面建设小康社会起到了很好的促进作用.但是,随着产业开发进程的加快,生产中的一些问题也日益突出,如品种的混杂退化、优质品种缺乏、单产水平较低等,制约着规模化生产和开发,成为资源优势向经济优势转化的一个瓶颈.众所周知,优良品种是发展农业生产的技术支撑和基本保证,而优质种子则是争取农业优质高产诸环节中的关键一环.因此,积极推行小杂粮种子的优种化工作就显得十分紧迫和必要.基于此认识,目前在优势小杂粮作物的开发方面应以优种繁育为中心开展.     

高产抗锈中筋小麦新品种渝麦11号的选育

渝麦11号系原重庆市作物研究所（重庆市农业科学院特色作物研究所）以PH82-2-2为母本,以重庆面包麦为父本杂交组配,经重庆、昆明两地5年7代系谱选育而成。该品种综合农艺性状好，丰产性强，稳产性高，抗条锈性强，品质较优，是中筋小麦品种，对该地区小麦育种具有重大意义，同时也满足了重庆市粮油结构调整对小麦品种的需求，适应重庆市及相似地区推广应用。     

建立我省小杂粮种子基地的必要性和可行性

建立我省优质小杂粮种子繁育基地，可以最大限度地满足山西省小杂粮作物的生产，有效地提高全省小杂粮的单产水平和质量，对保证农民增收，保障粮食安全，促进我省农业整体可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。     

延安市小杂粮产业现状与发展对策

延安市是我国小杂粮的主产区之一,各县区均有种植。小杂粮作物因具有抗旱、耐瘠、稳产、适应性广、抗逆性强、种植方式灵活多样等特点,在当地农业生产中处于不可替代的重要地位。     

黄土高原小杂粮生产可持续发展技术体系构建

针对黄土高原生态环境脆弱的现实情况,立足于小杂粮的资源特点和生产现状,构建的小杂粮生产可持续发展技术体系注重建设基本农田,改善耕地质量;强调保护性耕作和种植,加快小杂粮优良品种选育、繁殖和推广进程,辅以合理的轮作倒茬技术。同时应突出绿色产品产出,持续提高降水利用效率,促进加工增值增效,从而确保小杂粮生产实现高产、优质、高效,最大限度地降低对资源环境的负面影响,实现小杂粮生产的可持续发展。     

民和县北山乡马铃薯生产现状及发展对策

马铃薯是民和县北山乡的主要特色种植作物,常年种植面积占耕地面积的50%以上,是该乡农业收入的主要来源。重点从北山乡马铃薯生产现状出发,利用自然、技术、人力资源等,分析和探讨了如何发展壮大该乡马铃薯生产,为类似地区的政府及科研部门提供决策依据。     

Relationship between grain yield and quality in rice germplasms grown across different growing areas

Rice grain yield and quality are two major foci of rice breeding. In this study, Chinese regional rice test data provide us the unique opportunity to analyze the relationship between yield and quality in rice, because China has an unusually wide range of rice cultivars. We analyzed the relationships between grain yield, yield components, and grain quality of 300 rice germplasms. Japonica was superior in both yield and quality compared with indica. A high setting rate improved the head rice ratio. A higher 1000 grain weight was negatively correlated with quality characteristics but had a positive correlation with yield. A high spikelet density (number of grains per centimeter on the panicle) not only benefits the yield but also the head rice ratio and chalkiness traits. According to our results, global rice production can be increased to at least 8500 kg/ha to meet projected demands in 2025 without sacrificing grain quality.     

Analysis of genotype-by-environment interaction for grain yield of rainfed durum wheat genotypes in warm winter areas of Iran

This study was performed for pattern analysis of genotype-by-environment (GE) interaction on 20 durum wheat genotypes grown in 15 testing environments during 2004–06 in Iran. Combined analysis of variance showed significant genotypes (G), environments (E), and GE interactions (P < 0.01), with environmental main effects being the predominant source of variation, followed by GE interaction. The results showed various patterns of genotype responses to different environment groups and assisted in structuring the durum wheat testing locations with identification of two major-environment groups with high genotype discrimination ability. The locations (Gachsaran and Ilam) corresponding to warm and semi-arid aresa were similar in genotype discrimination and showed no association with the other testing locations (Gonbad, Moghan, and Khoramabad) representing the Mediterranean area, indicating they differ in rankings of genotypes. The top-yielding genotypes, G13, G14 and G9, were highly adapted to warm and semi-arid environments, but those corresponding to the Mediterranean area had a high ability to discriminate the genotypes G16, G11, and Saimareh. The stability and adaptability of specific genotypes were assessed by plotting their nominal grain yields at specific environments in an ordination biplot, which aided in the identification of environment groups. Appropriate check genotypes for all environments or for specific environments were also identified. Pattern analysis allowed a sensible and useful summarization of GE interaction data set and helped to facilitate selecting superior genotypes for target-growing sites.     

Genetic effects determining rice grain weight and grain density

Summary Increasing grain weight is one means of increasing rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yields. Selection for increased density of filled grains may offer an approach to increasing rice grain weight. Before rice breeding programs can begin effectively selecting for higher grain density, the nature and amount of the genetic variation present must be evaluated. A Design II mating plant with two sets was constructed using 16 parents. The 16 parents were representative of cultivars and elite breeding material available to breeders of long-grain rice in the southern U.S. The parents and 32 F₁ hybrids were evaluated in 1990 at two Arkansas locations: Stuttgart and Marianna. Additive variation was essentially zero for grain density as indicated by nonsignificant general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares and a narrowsense heritability estimate –0.04 (±0.07). Increasing rice grain weight through increased grain density would not be feasible in U.S. southern long-grain rice unless new germplasm with higher filled grain densities is introduced. Genetic variation for grain weight was predominately additive and complemented with additive x additive epistatic variation, indicating that selection for increased grain weight could be practiced in segregating generations. The small proportion of epistatic variation to additive variation would not justify delaying selection until epistatic combinations are fixed in the homozygous line. Midparent grain weight means would serve as an adequate indicator of progeny performance for cross appraisal.Abbreviations GCA General Combining Ability - SCA Specific Combining Ability     

小麦子粒构型性状与粒重的相关性分析

对小麦6044和01-35及由这两个材料构建的187个重组自交系群体的子粒构型性状(粒长、粒宽、粒厚、粒形等)和产量相关性状千粒重进行了相关性分析。结果表明,千粒重与粒长、粒宽、粒厚都有较高的相关性,其中与粒厚相关性最高(相关系数r=0.854**),表明粒厚对粒重的影响最大,粒宽与粒长次之。子粒构型性状之间也有一定的相关性,其中粒宽与粒厚的相关性最大(r=0.775**),其次为粒长/粒宽与粒长/粒厚(r=0.754**),而粒厚与粒长/粒厚表现为极显著负相关(r=-0.612**),说明粒形主要受粒长和粒厚的影响。     

Relationship between grain yield and grain nitrogen concentration in winter triticale

Summary Ten hexaploid winter triticale lines were grown for two cropping periods at three locations in western Switzerland. Averaged across the six environments, the differences between lines were statistically significant (P=0.05) for grain yield, above-ground biomass, N uptake, grain N yield, nitrogen harvest index, grain N concentration and straw N concentration. There were significant line x environment interactions for all traits. Grain yield and grain N concentration were inversely related (r=–0.74^**). Diagrams in which grain yields were plotted against grain N concentration were used to identify lines with a consistently unusual combination of grain yield and grain N concentration. Despite comparable grain yields, Line 3 had a high grain N concentration, while that of Line 7 was low. Line 3 was superior to Line 7 in both N uptake and N harvest index. Averaged across environments and lines, the N harvest index was 0.73 which corresponds to N harvest indices reported for bread wheat in the same region. We considered the feasibility of developing triticale lines which would outperform the best recent ones in N uptake and partitioning. However, we doubted that this would bring about a marked increase in grain N concentration, because, in the long run, the expected genetic progress in grain yield will lead to a dilution of grain protein by grain carbohydrate increments.Abbreviations GNC grain N concentration - GNY grain N yield - GY grain yield - HI above-ground dry matter harvest index - NHI nitrogen harvest index - SNC straw N concentration - TB total above-ground biomass - TPN total plant N     

Indirect selection for grain protein and grain yield in winter wheat

Summary The efficiency of the honeycomb selection procedure in selecting outstanding genotypes was observed at two interplant distances (d), i.e. d=100 cm, low density, representing noncompetitive conditions and d=15 cm, high density, representing presence of interplant competition. Progress due to selection among the plants grown with and without competition was established by comparison of the plot performance of offspring from selected plants with that of offspring from plants taken at random. The relation between selection intensity and response to selection was observed to detect a possible negative correlation between competing and yielding ability.So far, the results obtained do not yet allow to make a choice between selection of individual plants in presence or in absence of interplant competition. No significant correlation between single plant yield and plot yield was found at any of the two densities. However, response to selection for yield was higher when selecting at low density supporting Fasoulas' preference for selecting single plants in absence of competition. These results must be taken with caution since seed quality and a biassed sample of random plants exerted an important effect on the obtained response to selection.     

Causes of negative correlations between grain yield and grain protein concentration in common wheat

Summary In a study designed to investigate the nature and basis of the relationships between grain yield (GY) and grain protein concentration (GBC) in common wheat, 11 populations, including 4 homozygous-homogeneous and 7 heterozygous-heterogeneous populations, were evaluated in a space planted and a solid seeded trial. Analysis of yield and protein data from each population revealed that phenotypic and environmental correlations between GY and GPC were negative and highly significant, whereas genetic correlation was significant in only one of 7 segregating populations studied. These results suggested that the inverse relationships between GY and GPC, although phenotypically real, were not caused by genetic factors. It would appear that environmental factors, source-sink interactions, and dilution of protein by non-protein compounds were the major agents that caused undesirable associations between the two traits.Contribution No. of the Department of Plant Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G2P5     

Vegetative protein and its relation to grain protein in high and low grain protein winter wheats

Summary Better understanding of the physiological and genetic basis of wheat grain protein will contribute to breeding efforts for this characteristic. This study provides information about plant protein distribution in high and low grain protein winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) at different growth stages and its relation to grain protein. Field experiments involved two winter wheats with high grain protein, Redwin and Lancota, and two with low grain protein, Centurk and Brule in two years. Protein content in the head, the upper three leaves, the first and second leaf, and the peduncle were estimated with Near Infrared Reflectance Spectrophotometer (NIR) at five growth stages. High protein cultivars had higher leaf protein at ripe and higher protein content in the heads at most growth stages than low grain protein cultivars. High protein cultivars had lower protein content in the peduncle than low protein cultivars at ripe. Correlation coefficients between plant-part protein and grain protein ranged from 0.48 to 0.87 for the heads, from –0.45 to –0.79 for the peduncle, and from 0.55 to 0.84 for the leaves. A combination of head, peduncle, and first leaf protein at heading was significantly related to grain protein (R²=0.71). Indirect selection for head, peduncle, and first leaf (flag leaf) protein at heading should result in increased grain protein. Recurrent selection for increased grain protein, with parent selectionbefore anthesis and hybridization should be successful.     

Quantitative trait loci for phytate in rice grain and their relationship with grain micronutrient content

Phytate (inositol-hexa-phosphate) has an important role in plants but it also may have anti-nutritional properties in animals and humans. While there is debate within the plant breeding and nutrition communities regarding an optimum level in grain, there appears to be little information at the molecular level for the genetics of this trait, and its association with important trace elements, in particular, Fe and Zn. In this preliminary study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for grain phytates, Zn and Fe in glasshouse-grown rice lines from an IR64 × Azucena doubled haploid population were identified. Correlations between phytate and essential nutrients were also studied. Transgressive segregation was found for most traits. Phytate and total P concentrations had one QTL in common located on chromosome five with the (high concentration) allele contributed from Azucena. There were significant positive correlations between phytate and inorganic phosphorus (P), total P, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations for both grain concentration and content. However, the QTLs of phytate were not located on the same chromosomal regions as those found for Fe, Zn and Mn, suggesting that they were genetically different and thus using molecular markers in breeding and selection would modify the phytate level without affecting grain micronutrient density.     

Genotyping by sequencing of rice interspecific backcross inbred lines identifies QTLs for grain weight and grain length

Grain weight and grain length are the most stable components of rice yield and important indicators of consumer preference. Considering the potentials of wild rice and to enhance the rice yields to meet the increasing demands, 185 Backcross Inbred Lines (BILs) in the background of O. sativa ssp. indica cv. PR114, including 63 rufi-BILs derived from O. rufipogon IRGC104433 and 122 glumae-BILs from O. glumaepatula IRGC104387 were evaluated for mapping QTLs for yield and yield component traits using Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS). Phenotypic evaluation of BILs in three seasons spanning two locations revealed significant differences compared with recurrent parent. BILs which did not show significant differences for any trait under investigation, or similar based on pedigree, were excluded from GBS. Some glumae-BILs had to be excluded from mapping QTLs due to less sequence information. A custom designed approach for GBS data analysis identified 3322 informative SNPs in 55 rufi-BILs and 3437 informative SNPs in 79 glumae-BILs. QTL mapping identified one QTL for thousand grain weight (qtgw5.1), two for grain width (qgw5.1, qgw5.2) and one for grain length (qgl7.1) in rufi-BILs. In the glumae-BILs, three QTL for thousand grain weight (qtgw2.1, qtgw3.1, qtgw6.1) and two for grain length (qgl3.1, qgl7.1) were identified. Most of the grain weight and width QTL showed positive additive effect contributed by wild species allele, whereas the grain length QTL showed positive additive effect contributed by recurrent parent allele. Based on their physical position, none of the QTLs were found similar to previously cloned QTLs. QTLs for grain traits identified from low yielding wild relatives of rice reveals their significance in improving further the rice yields and widen the genetic base of cultivated rice.