切削方向对木材切削力的影响

以杉木、樟子松、水曲柳等三种木材为试验对象,采用闭式切削方式,研究切削方向对木材主切削力的影响.结果表明:不同切削方向时,木材主切削力大小具有明显的各向异性,主要趋势为端向主切削力最大,横向最小.相同切削方向时,水曲柳主切削力最大,杉木最小;木材不同截面的主切削力呈现规律性变化,但3种木材间的差异较大.     

实木地板榫槽铣削力的试验分析

【目的】以实验为基础,研究实木地板榫槽铣削加工中切削参数对切削力的影响,为不同切削工艺下加工参数的优化以及设置提供参考依据,达到提高加工质量、延长刀具寿命并用以指导生产的目的。【方法】以山毛榉材地板为试验材料,运用木材切削机理对切削速度、进给速度及切削宽度3个参数进行单因素试验,并采集切削过程中随着切削参数变化产生的切削力值,揭示在顺铣和逆铣方式下不同切削参数对实木地板榫槽铣削力的影响规律。【结果】在不同铣削方式下,随着切削速度的增大,XYZ方向的切削力总体呈降低趋势;随着进给速度和切削宽度的增大呈现升高的趋势,顺铣加工时XYZ 3个方向的铣削力变化相比逆铣加工的波动趋势小,稳定性要好。通过对铣削力回归模型进行方差分析,可知R2(Fdown)=0.9490,R2(Fup)=0.8516,均接近1,回归效果显著,验证了铣削力模型的合理性。【结论】通过对比相同切削参数在不同工艺条件下产生的切削力变化,可知顺铣加工稳定性高于逆铣加工。     

自制测力仪用于木材三向切削力的测定

评定木材切削刀具的切削性能及切削表面的加工质量时，均需测定木材切削时的三向切削力：主切削力、进给力及侧向力，因此设计一台合适的三向测力仪成为关键。本文以单一八角环为基础，引申出单向延伸式八角环、组合式八角环及双向延伸式八角环测力仪，并逐一分析其结构特点及应用于木材三向切削力测定的可行性。最终确定双向延伸式四耳环八角环性能最优，并对其进行设计、制选、标定及切削试验。试验结果表明该型完全符合木材三向切削力测定的要求。     

Combined effect of wood moisture content,drill bit rotational speed and feed rate on drilling resistance measurements in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)

ABSTRACT

An IML-RESI PD 400 drilling tool and a standard spade drill bit (IML System GmbH, Wiesloch, Germany) were used to study the combined effect of wood moisture content (MC), drill bit rotational speed and feed rate on drilling resistance (DR) and feeding force (FF). Tests were made with Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) conditioned in a normal climate (20°C/65% RH), at 20°C/95% RH, vacuum-pressure impregnated in water, and oven-dried. Rotational speeds and feed rates had an impact on feed rate per cutting edge for the major cutting edge of the drill bit which was used for correlation with DR and FF for various MC. Impact of MC on DR and FF depended on rotational speeds and feed rates of the drill bit. For feed rates per cutting edge less than 0.09?mm, DR was higher for water saturated (WS) specimens. Negligible differences between DR for various MC were found for feed rates per cutting edge between 0.09 and 0.15?mm. DR was higher at low MC for feed rates per cutting edge which were higher than 0.15?mm. FF extremely increased in conditioned (20°C/95% RH) and WS specimens at feed rates per cutting edge less than 0.1?mm.     

木材压缩改性技术研究进展

为改善速生材自身固有的缺陷,提升其利用价值,需对速生材进行强化改性处理.木材压缩改性技术作为一种木材物理强化改性方法,具有生产效率高、无化学污染和易于产业化生产等优点,是扩展速生材应用范围最具潜在商业价值的木材改性技术之一,已成为木材改性研究领域的前沿和热点.笔者在广泛阅读文献的基础上,对木材压缩强化改性方面的代表性成...     

表面涂层木工刀具的研究进展

介绍几种表面涂层木工刀具的加工方法和使用状况,分析表面涂层刀具的切削特点和磨损形态,概述了国内外研究进展.研究成果表明,涂层处理可以延长刀具使用寿命,减少刃磨和换刀时间,提高生产效率和表面加工质量.     

Toward a process monitoring of CNC wood router. Sensor selection and surface roughness prediction

The measurement of wood surface roughness is performed once the machining process is completed. It requires considerable time since the measurement is performed at slow speed. The objective of this study was to develop a method to evaluate the surface roughness of paper birch wood while routing. For this purpose, a number of transducers were mounted on the router spindle and also in the proximity of the workpiece and cutting zone. Signals were acquired during a wide range of cutting conditions and analyzed. Statistical regression and artificial neural networks were employed to establish relationships between the signals and the actual cutting depth and surface roughness. The sensor selection and the feasibility of the sensor placement were determined. The models were subjected to a validation procedure to confirm their performance. The placement of the microphone at constant distance from the cutting zone was determined to be the most useful one. A model able to predict the surface roughness of routed paper birch wood regardless of the depth of cut was produced. The performance of the model was valid independently of the length of the workpiece.     

超高压水射流切割木材的粗糙度分析

在我国木材加工领域,数控超高压水射流技术的应用尚处于起步阶段,多用于珍贵木材的切割。通过对3种地板生产常用热带木材的试验,分析木材气干密度、水切割压力、进料速度、石榴砂粒度和切削厚度等参数,对加工表面粗糙度的影响,为珍贵树种花式地板生产加工提供参考。     

Orthogonal cutting mechanics of maple: modeling a solid wood-cutting process

The experimental results of orthogonal cutting of maple and the modeling of the cutting mechanics are presented. The tool cutting forces were measured for different feed rates. A set of equations relating the tangential and feed forces to the tool edge width and feed rate (chip thickness) to calculate the chip and edge cutting force coefficients was developed. Then the chip force and edge force coefficients were calculated from experimentally obtained cutting forces and were plotted in a polar-coordinate system with respect to the fiber orientation of the maple disk. The polar-coordinate presentation of the cutting force results and the calculated cutting force coefficients provides an excellent visual appreciation of the relation between the cutting forces and the wood fiber orientation. Chips were also collected from various sectors of the wood disk. This analysis further identified the effects of fiber orientation and cutting forces on the types of chip formed and hence the cutting mechanics involved. By applying the calculated cutting coefficients for each tool orientation (in respect to the grain) it is possible to predict the feed and tangential forces for any feed rates. There is good agreement between the predicted and measured cutting forces.     

Evaluation of wood cutting forces in dry and wet conditions by small-scale chipping tests applying different analysis methods

ABSTRACT

The aim of this paper is to study the effect of high moisture content in comparison to dry timber on the resulting cutting forces based on experimental small-scale chipping tests. Therefore, a wood chipper for single cuts is designed and different species of Austrian locally growing trees are utilized. The test specimens are investigated in almost dry and soaked wet conditions. The resistance of wood is measured utilizing a force sensor and the signal during the cutting process is subsequently analysed by two different methods. The results reveal that the mean value of the acting force during cutting is 38–81% minor compared to the maximum force. Even though the peak of the dynamically acting load is measured for just a comparably small time range, it reveals an impact on the fatigue behaviour of the tool as well as the tool supporting material. Hence, an approach of evaluated load spectra is applied to include the load distribution of the chipping process. The effect of dry and wet wood on the cutting resistance is examined, whereby wood exhibiting a high moisture content of 30–40% changes the acting load up to 98%, depending on the method of analysis.     

超细木粉的加工原理与运动分析

通过对超细木粉的形态分析,提出了超细木粉颗粒的粒径范围为600～1 500目;介绍了超细木粉加工设备的结构与原理,分析了制备超细木粉的粉碎过程及粉碎力,以及超细木粉的制备方法及所采用的设备对粉体产品的粒度大小、粉体形状及分散性等的影响。提出采用高速旋转搅拌式磨削粉碎方法,将粉碎设备与粉体分级设备连为一体,对未达到加工目数要求的颗粒进行循环式加工,提高了加工效率;在分级装置的不同位置安放两个转速不同的离心风机形成不规则的气流流场,能减少木粉收集时的颗粒团聚,提高了粒度分布的均匀性和木粉质量。     

Comparison of terrestrial laser scanning and X-ray scanning in measuring Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) branch structure

While X-ray scanning is increasingly used to measure the interior quality of logs, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) could be used to collect information on external tree characteristics. As branches are one key indicator of wood quality, we compared TLS and X-ray scanning data in deriving whorl locations and each whorl’s maximum branch and knot diameters for 162 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) log sections. The mean number of identified whorls per tree was 37.25 and 22.93 using X-ray and TLS data, respectively. The lowest TLS-derived whorl in each sample tree was an average 5.56?m higher than that of the X-ray data. Whorl-to-whorl mean distances and the means of the maximum branch and knot diameters in a whorl measured for each sample tree using TLS and X-ray data had mean differences of ?0.12?m and ?6.5?mm, respectively. One of the most utilized wood quality indicators, tree-specific maximum knot diameter measured by X-ray, had no statistically significant difference to the tree-specific maximum branch diameter measured from the TLS point cloud. It appears challenging to directly derive comparative branch structure information using TLS and X-ray. However, some features that are extractable from TLS point clouds are potential wood quality indicators.     

Towards a model predicting cutting forces and surface quality in routing layered boards

The general aim of work reported here was to assist designers and operators of routers and similar tools for cutting wood-composite boards, by providing a model predicting cutting force components from readily available material properties. This initial study explored, for edge cutting, the variation within a single medium density fibre board across the thickness and in various cutting directions in the plane of the board. Material properties of interest were specific gravity and friction coefficient. In slow linear cutting on a modified milling machine, carbide router inserts cut the edges of layers cut from a medium density fibre board. Specific gravity and coefficient of sliding friction were measured for each layer. Cuts were also made on full-thickness edges in various directions in the plane of the board. Chip thickness was varied from 0.025 to 0.8 mm. Parallel and normal force data and digital video images of chip formation were stored for analysis. Specific gravity increased as the fourth power of the distance from the central plane to the surface. Friction coefficient values, estimated both from cutting forces and from rubbing forces during return, varied about a value of 0.23, with no significant difference between layers. The values for cutting force per mm width of cut increased progressively from the central plane to the surface, in a logarithmic relation with specific gravity. The cutting forces did not vary with cutting direction in the plane of the board. For a sharp edge with 32° rake angle cutting at chip thickness values above 0.1 mm, the normal force component was negative, indicating reduced feed force and improved surface quality. With dulling, the threshold value of chip thickness for this increased. It is concluded that elaboration of this approach would generate relationships suitable for incorporating in a useful general model. However, it may be found that weight per unit area of board will suffice as a proxy for cutting resistance in modelling the cutting of full-thickness edges. Received 10 June 1999     

微米长薄片木纤维切削加工功率的理论计算方法与效益分析

对传统纤维加工的功耗进行分析,将细胞学、超精加工理论、纤维学等一系列现代分析手段运用到木纤维的形成过程中,提出微米长薄片木纤维切削的概念,从而将微米长薄片木纤维的研究上升到微观结构,并通过对纤维形状的产生和切削力变化的分析,解释传统木纤维加工消耗的能源高、产生纤维质量差的本质原因.示例对微米长薄片木纤维的加工功率进行计算,将其与传统加工方法的功率进行对比,得出结论:以微米级机械法加工木纤维耗能远远低于热磨法,且可以加工出质量较高的微米级长丝木纤维.     

Theoretical computation and analysis of benefits of wood cutting power

This paper studies the problem of high energy waste in the course of the wood fiber processing in the wood-based panel industry. In the light of the energy economy principle, the cutting theory on the micron and long-slice wood fiber was put forward. In this paper, by means of analyzing the power waste in traditional processing, a series of analytical measures, such as, cytology, super precision work theory and fiber processing, and so on were utilized in the micron wood fiber formation process, and the cutting conception of the micron and long-slice wood fiber was put forward. Accordingly, the study of the micron and long-slice wood fiber was put into the microstructure study. This paper scientifically explains the reasons why the traditional wood fiber processing consumes more energy and the fiber quality low. In an example, the cutting power on the micron and long-slice wood fiber was calculated, which was compared with the traditional cutting power. The result showed that the energy waste by machining at micron is much lower than by heat grind and the high quality and long-slice wood fiber was gained. Thus, a revolutionary step was taken in the paper-making and wood-based panel industry of China. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(3): 44–46 [译自: 林业科学 2006, 42(3): 44–46]     

松材线虫疫木树蔸铣削过程仿真及优化

针对松材线虫疫木所处环境复杂、难以携带普通林业设备到达疫木位置的问题,需对实地铣削松材线虫疫木树蔸粉碎机的切削刀具进行减阻特性研究,最终达到设备轻量化的目的.阐述了树蔸粉碎机的结构、工作原理及操作方法;以切削刀具单刀片为研究对象,基于Ansys的Ls-Dyna有限元显式求解程序进行松材线虫疫木树蔸铣削过程的仿真计算,构...     

影响木材产品质量因素及控制方法的研究

木材产品质量是影响林业企业经济效益最关键的因素之一。本论文从树木生长特性、采伐技术、集材、造材等六种因子对木材产品质量影响进行了分析，并采取科学的方法加以控制，以减少木材损伤，提高木材产品质量。     

木质材料激光表面处理研究进展

激光以其能量密度高、运行轨迹自如、方向性好等优点,被广泛用于木质材料切削加工以及表面处理等领域.其中,木质材料激光表面处理,即利用激光热/光电子效应促进材料发生物理、化学变化,以实现改性的目的.笔者对木质材料激光表面处理原理、激光类型与用途以及激光表面处理技术特点与应用领域等内容的研究现状进行了综述与分析.现有研究表明...     

计算机断层扫描技术在木材科学中应用研究进展

计算机断层扫描（CT）技术作为一种高质、高效的无损检测技术,具有重建图像分辨率高、速度快等优点。鉴于该技术在医学领域取得的重大成就,国内外学者基于CT技术对木材做了大量研究,并将其应用于木材科学研究领域,验证了CT技术在木材检测和木材加工领域的可行性,同时取得了良好的使用效果。文中综述了CT技术在木材缺陷检测、木材宏观构造检测和木材切割中应用的研究进展,分析了现有技术存在的问题,展望了CT技术在木材科学领域的应用前景。     

声发射技术在木材加工领域的应用

作为一种主动无损检测方式, 声发射技术通过分析被测物体内部因能量变化所引发的弹性波的特征, 判断物体内部损伤程度并确定损伤位置。声发射技术为木材加工过程应力监测提供了一种主动无损检测模式, 但受木材自身各向异性等特点的限制, 目前声发射技术在木材工业中的应用尚处于探索阶段。为此, 文中重点介绍了目前声发射技术在木材切削加工、木材及木质结构、木材力学性能、木材干燥过程等木材加工过程的应用现状, 并在此基础上根据木材声发射信号特点, 提出一种基于LabView及高速采集设备的木材干燥过程声发射监测系统设计方案。