枇杷疏花疏果技术及对产量品质影响研究

通过对各参试品种在湘南低山丘陵区红壤土、石灰土、钙质土立地条件下枇杷优质丰产高效栽培技术研究及相关资料的系统分析,提出了枇杷疏花疏果技术要点。并以红壤土上10~14年生太城四号枇杷为材料,系统研究了疏花疏果对枇杷果实产量及品质的影响。结果表明:太城四号枇杷疏花疏果后以每穗留果3~5个为最佳,疏果后平均单果重、单株产量及收益分别比对照提高117%、32%、163%。同时可提高果实的可食率、可溶性固形物含量、含糖量,降低含酸量,有效改善果实品质、口感风味、色泽,大大缩短果实采摘期。     

Effects of wide spacing and thinning strategies on wood quality in Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands in southern Sweden

Abstract

The initial density of a stand influences both the prethinning growth and the quality of the harvested trees. This study investigated the effects of different square spacings (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 m) with thinning from above and thinning from below on stand development and tree characteristics in a 33-year-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] plantation in southern Sweden. Before thinning the total standing volume was not significantly different between treatments. Diameter at breast height (dbh) and diameter of the thickest branch were positively correlated. Before thinning, dbh of the trees and their thickest branches were significantly higher in the stands with 3.0 m spacing. After thinning, the dbh and the diameter of the thickest branch did not significantly differ between the 3.0 m spacing with thinning from above and 2.0 and 2.5 m spacing with thinning from below. Spacing did not significantly influence the presence or size of spike knots. The results suggest that a combination of wide spacing with thinning from above may yield timber of similar quality to denser spacing with thinning from below.     

Effects of initial spacing on the stem and branch properties and graded quality of Picea abies (L.) karst

The effects of spacing on the stem and branch properties of Norway spruce growing on a good soil in southwestern Sweden were evaluated. Butt logs from sample trees were test sawn, and the boards were machine‐stress graded and graded according to Swedish export rules. Branch diameter and bole diameter both responded positively to an increase in spacing. Quality, as reflected by stress and export grades, increased in response to a decrease in spacing.     

Effects of flow rate and chamber position on measurement of stem respiration rate with an open flow system in a Japanese red pine

The effects of air flow rate and chamber position on measuring stem respiration rate (R_stem) were examined using an open flow system on six Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. and Zucc) trees. R_stem was more closely correlated with stem temperature observed 2–6 h earlier than with current stem temperature. R_stem was not affected by the air flow rate passing through the stem chamber. Although there were no differences in stem temperatures between azimuth angles, there were significant differences in R_stem between azimuth angles (except for only one case) of each sample stem. The distance from below the bark to the stem centre varied at each azimuth in the samples, and was significantly positively correlated with R₀ (p < 0.01). The chamber type did not affect the measurement of stem respiration, because the mean R_stem of four azimuth angles measured with in a rectangular chamber was almost the same as R_stem measured with in a circular chamber. From these results, we suggest that a whole circumference estimate made by either:

(1) measuring stem respiration at each azimuth separately with a rectangular chamber, or

(2) measuring the total CO₂ efflux from the whole radial circumference with a circular chamber,

must be conducted for scaling-up chamber measurements to individual or stand level.

环剥与环割处理对冬枣生长结果及果实品质的影响

以8年生冬枣为试材,研究不同时期环剥与环割对冬枣生长结果及果实品质的影响,旨在为改进枣树的栽培技术和提高枣树的产量与枣果质量提供理论依据。结果表明:主干环剥及主枝环割适宜在盛花期即开花30%~50%时进行,可明显提高冬枣果实及花序坐果率,提高产量;环剥与环割后果实的维生素C、总酸、总糖和可溶性固形物含量提高;环剥处理后的枣果总糖含量较环割处理高,硬度较环割处理低,果实品质更好;盛花后期即开花60%~80%进行环剥与环割,可提高枣果纵横径及单果质量,促使果实膨大,所以在栽培中可结合盛花期进行环剥、环割后,在盛花后期根据树势情况进行2次环剥、环割处理;木质化枣吊的坐果率、可溶性固形物含量、平均纵横径和单果质量均高于脱落性枣吊,说明在生产中应注意培养木质化枣吊,这是提升枣果产量及品质的有效方法。     

The effect of release cutting on the growth and external quality of the dominant trees in a Pinus sylvestris stand established by spot sowing

The effect of the number of Pinus sylvestris trees in seed spots on the growth and external quality of the dominant trees was studied. The trees were monitored during the period between release cutting and the first commercial thinning. The treatments were one, two and four of the tallest seedlings retained per seed spot, and a control. The mean height of the dominant trees was highest in the one‐tree and two‐tree treatments. Diameter at breast height (DBH) increased with increasing spacing. On average, the stump diameter was 1.5–4.7 cm greater in the one‐tree treatment than in the control. Slenderness (height/DBH) was highest in the control treatments. The average living crown limit of the dominant trees was 4.6 m, and was at its highest in the two‐tree treatment. The results indicate that the competition in seed spots decreases the height growth of the dominant trees.     

Effects of selection cutting on the forest structure and species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest in northern Fujian, southern China

The short-term effects of selection cutting of different intensities on the forest structure and species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest in northern Fujian Province were investigated and analyzed. The results showed that selection cutting of low and medium intensities caused little variation in the forest structure. After cutting, the dominant species retained their leading status in the community. However, the community structure changed significantly following selection cutting of high and extra-high intensities;the status of the dominant species of the community declined dramatically. Some tree species began to disappear from the sampling plots. Except for extra-high intensity cutting, the diversity of tree species did not change significantly for the other three cutting intensities. However, the evenness of the stands was very different among the four kinds of cutting plots. For low and medium intensity selection cutting, the evenness declined slightly. For extra-high intensity selection cutting, the evenness increased to some extent,which might be due to a more even distribution of tree species after cutting. Cutting operations resulted in some adverse reactions to development of arborous species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest, particularly serious damage to the forest canopy. But the rational selection cuttings, which may benefit the restoration and maintenance of species diversity over a long period and may come about from the variations in environmental factors such as sunlight, temperature and humidity.     

Effects of selection cutting on the forest structure and species diversity of evergreen broa-leaved forest in northern Fujian, southern China

The short-term effects of selection cutting of different intensities on the forest structure and species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest in northern Fujian Province were investigated and analyzed. The results showed that selection cutting of low and medium intensities caused little variation in the forest structure. After cutting, the dominant species retained their leading status in the community. However, the community structure changed significantly following selection cutting of high and extra-high intensities; the status of the dominant species of the community declined dramatically. Some tree species began to disappear from the sampling plots. Except for extra-high intensity cutting, the diversity of tree species did not change significantly for the other three cutting intensities. However, the evenness of the stands was very different among the four kinds of cutting plots. For low and medium intensity selection cutting, the evenness declined slightly. For extra-high intensity selection cutting, the evenness increased to some extent, which might be due to a more even distribution of tree species after cutting. Cutting operations resulted in some adverse reactions to development of arborous species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest, particularly serious damage to the forest canopy. But the rational selection cuttings, which may benefit the restoration and maintenance of species diversity over a long period and may come about from the variations in environmental factors such as sunlight, temperature and humidity.