籽粒灌浆过程气候因子对不同品质类型春小麦产量和蛋白质含量的影响之一:温度的影响

对3个不同品质类型的春小麦品种在籽粒灌浆过程进行温度处理。结果表明，温度略低时（比对照低2.5℃），3个品种千粒重均增加，温度继续降低（比对照低5℃），3个品种千粒重，主穗和单株粒重均下降。随温度升高，千粒重，主穗和单株粒重均下降，3个品种籽粒蛋白质含量随温度升高均明显增加。温度略低时变化不明显，温度继续降低时，高蛋白品种Roblin和东农7742蛋白质含量增加，而低蛋白品种新克旱9号无显著变化。     

无机痕量元素分析的好帮手:安捷伦ICP-MS 7500i

“工欲善其事，必先利其器。”对一名分析工作者来说，身边有一台性能卓越的仪器将是对他工作的最大支持。     

城市生活垃圾堆肥对春小麦生长和土壤的影响

利用垃圾堆肥作为肥料,采用大田试验对春小麦生长和土壤的影响进行了试验研究。结果表明,堆肥用量的春小麦试验中,每公顷施150t最好,产量增幅达25％。施堆肥提高土壤有机质和养分供应力,土壤容重下降,偏碱性土壤pH向中性点靠拢。土壤重金属Cu、Zn全量,随堆肥用量而递增。作物体内Cu、Zn浓度有增加的趋势,表现为根系＞籽粒＞茎叶。     

污泥农用对痕量元素在小麦-玉米轮作体系中的积累及转运的影响

利用田间试验初步研究了污泥农用对小麦、玉米大田作物及土壤环境影响以及污泥中痕量元素在土壤与植物可食部分之间转移规律。结果表明,施用污泥后,尤其是36t·hm^-2施用量时,土壤中Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、As和№的含量均显著增加,但是施用污泥4．5至36t·hm^-2后,除小麦籽粒中Zn、Cu含量和玉米籽粒中Zn、Cr含量显著增加外,其他痕量元素在小麦和玉米籽粒中的含量没有显著增加。作物籽粒中Zn含量与土壤中污泥施加量之间存在着显著的线性回归关系,土壤中增施1t·hm^-2之污泥,小麦和玉米籽粒中Zn的含量分别增加0．570和0．118mg·kg^-1。小麦和玉米籽粒除M和Pb的富集系数相近外,对其他痕量元素而言,小麦籽粒的富集系数显著高于玉米籽粒。从痕量元素的累积速率和现行土壤环境质量标准考虑,北京污泥中Hg是优先考虑控制的元素,但是污泥中№对食品安全的影响还需要进行长期的大田实验研究。     

氮肥品种及施用时期对春小麦籽粒氨基酸含量的影响

在内蒙古河套与土默川地区进行田间小区试验,研究了在不同时期施用尿素、硝铵、碳铵3种形态氮肥对春小麦籽粒中氨基酸含量的影响.结果表明,在土默川地区,施氮肥后,必需氨基酸含量、酸性和碱性氨基酸含量及氨基酸总量极显著增加;河套地区氨基酸总量、赖氨酸含量显著增加,酸性和碱性氨基酸含量的增加达到极显著水平,必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的百分比降低1.64%,达到了显著水平.各种氨基酸含量在氮肥品种间的差异均不显著.氮肥后期施用可不同程度提高各类氨基酸含量,其中,氨基酸总量、酸性氨基酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、脯氨酸的增加达0.10以上显著水平.     

气候变暖将显著降低引黄灌区春小麦产量和氮磷钾养分吸收

【目的】探索宁夏引黄灌区春小麦不同生育时期氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）养分吸收利用对气候变暖的响应机制,为预测气候变暖对干旱半干旱区春小麦生长的影响提供依据。【方法】试验于2018年3月在宁夏银北引黄灌区宁夏大学试验站进行。供试春小麦品种为‘宁春50号’,供试肥料为磷酸二铵和尿素。采用自动控制红外线辐射器进行野外增温,每个小区内分别设置一组红外灯管作为增温装置、一套自动控温电子设备与一组可移动温度传感器作为控温装置,增温装置直接连接控温装置以使增温梯度达到预设水平,增温时间为昼夜不间断增温。以春小麦冠层自然温度为对照温度 (增温0℃,CK),设置4个增温梯度 (0.5℃、1℃、1.5℃、2.0℃) 处理。于苗期、拔节、抽穗、灌浆、灌浆后10天、成熟期采集植株样品,测定叶、茎、穗的N、P、K养分含量,计算地上部各器官的养分累积吸收量、养分分配率和地上部植株养分累积量,并测定春小麦植株地上部干物重和产量。【结果】增温0.5℃,春小麦植株苗期干物重、拔节期地上部各器官N、P、K养分含量及养分累积吸收量均显著高于CK。增温1.0℃,苗期植株N、K含量和N素吸收量以及拔节期叶片的N、P、K含量显著高于CK,较对照提高3.2%～23.7%。增温1.5℃,仅苗期植株K含量显著高于CK,较对照提高22.2%。增温2.0℃,从苗期开始各项指标均显著低于CK。拔节期以后,除增温0.5℃春小麦K素含量与CK差异不显著外,其余指标均显著低于CK,春小麦成熟期小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量均随温度的升高呈下降的趋势,增温2.0℃,分别较对照降低53.7%、24.1%、13.4%、21.7%。增温梯度越大,各指标下降的幅度越大。【结论】春小麦苗期温度升高0.5℃～1.0℃尚有利于拔节期前春小麦对N、P、K养分的吸收,但拔节期后增温超过1.0℃以上都会对N、P、K养分吸收产生显著负作用,导致使生育后期干物质的累积量减少,千粒重、穗粒数等降低,并最终导致产量和品质的下降。     

气候变暖对新疆核桃种植气候适宜性的影响

基于新疆102个气象台站1961-2015年逐日平均气温、最低气温、最高气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、累积距平、t检验以及ArcGIS的空间插值技术,对影响新疆核桃种植的关键气候因子（≥10℃积温、最低气温≤-25℃日数、最高气温≥40℃日数、终霜冻日早于≥10℃初日天数）的时空变化特征进行分析的基础上,结合核桃种植气候适宜性区划指标,研究了气候变化对新疆核桃种植气候适宜性及其分布的影响。结果表明：新疆≥10℃积温的空间分布总体呈现“南疆多,北疆少;平原和盆地多,山区少”的格局,最低气温≤-25℃日数有“南疆少,北疆多;平原和盆地少,山区多”的特点,夏季最高气温≥40℃日数为“东部多,西部少;平原和盆地多,山区少”的特点;终霜冻日早于≥10℃初日的天数呈现“西部多,东部少;山区多,平原和盆地少”的格局。在上述气候要素空间分异的综合作用下,新疆核桃种植的气候适宜区主要在塔里木盆地西部平原;次适宜区在塔里木盆地大部和吐哈盆地南部;北疆大部,阿尔泰山、天山和昆仑山区以及吐哈盆地、塔里木盆地东部为核桃不适宜种植区。在气候变暖背景下,近55a新疆≥10℃积温、最高气温≥40℃日数和终霜冻日早于≥10℃初日的天数分别以64.7℃·d·10a-1、0.48d·10a-1、0.120d·10a-1的倾向率呈显著（P＜0.05）增多趋势,冬季日最低气温≤-25℃日数以-0.980d·10a-1的倾向率呈极显著（P＜0.001）减少趋势。上述各要素分别于1986年和1997年发生了突变,受其影响,1997年后较其之前,新疆核桃种植的气候适宜区和次适宜区明显扩大,而不适宜区明显减小,气候变暖对新疆核桃种植总体趋于有利。     

气候变暖对甘肃省不同气候类型区主要作物需水量的影响

作物需水量是农田水分循环系统中最重要的因素之一。在未来温度上升1~4 ℃的情景下, 研究了气候变暖对我国甘肃省不同气候类型区主要作物需水量的影响。结果表明, 气候变暖对不同作物需水量的影响程度不同。其中对冬小麦需水量的影响最大, 对玉米和春小麦次之。当生长期内温度上升1~4 ℃时, 冬小麦需水量将增加3.05%~12.90%, 相当于13.2~81.2 mm; 玉米需水量将增加2.49%~10.80%, 相当于9.9~60.6 mm;春小麦需水量将增加2.74%~11.69%, 相当于6.7~40.0 mm。气候变暖对作物需水量的影响存在一定地域性差异。对干旱区的作物需水量影响最大, 半干旱区次之, 其次是半湿润区, 对湿润区影响不大。根据甘肃省目前的种植结构, 据此估算, 当温度上升1~4 ℃时, 将使甘肃省冬小麦的灌溉需水量增加12.43×10⁸ m³、13.02×10⁸ m³、13.74×10⁸ m³ 和14.65×10⁸ m³, 玉米的灌溉需水量增加7.94×10⁸ m³、8.32×10⁸ m³、8.78×10⁸ m³ 和9.30×10⁸ m³, 春小麦的灌溉需水量增加4.97×10⁸ m³、5.16×10⁸ m³、5.42×10⁸ m³ 和5.76×10⁸ m³。     

气候变化对甘肃农牧交错带春小麦种植区划的影响

为探索气候变化对甘肃农牧交错带春小麦种植区划的影响,科学合理地调整春小麦种植格局。该研究以甘肃农牧交错带30个气象站点1971—2020年的气温和降水时序数据为基础,用BP神经网络对异常和缺失数据进行了插补,依据春小麦生长关键期和整个生育期对光、热和水的需求选取了年均温（温度因子）、年均降水量（水分因子）和≥0 ℃积温（热量因子）作为春小麦种植适宜性区划指标。采用线性倾向率法、累计距平法及Mann-Kendall突变检验法对3个区划指标进行了时间变化特征分析及突变检验,运用ArcGIS技术对区划指标进行了空间分析。结果表明：研究区多年年均温为6.84 ℃,年均温以0.56 ℃/10 a的速率增加,增温趋势明显,于1998年发生突变;年降水量以6.10 mm/10 a的速率呈略微增加趋势,1980年发生突变;≥0 ℃积温以155.41 ℃/10 a的速率呈显著升温趋势,≥0 ℃积温没有发生突变现象。从空间分布来看,年均温和≥0 ℃积温呈现出西部地区气温低,其他地区气温高的空间格局,而年均温倾向率和≥0 ℃积温倾向率则呈现出由西向东、由北向南逐步递增的变化趋势;年降水量表现为由南向北逐步递减的空间分布格局,而年降水量倾向率则呈现出自南向北逐步递增的趋势。气候变化导致甘肃农牧交错带春小麦可种植区海拔提升了565 m,使适宜春小麦种植的范围显著扩大,空间上向南、西扩展,总面积增加到1.66×10⁶ hm²,比1998年前增加了0.80×10⁵ hm²,占总耕地面积的5.06%,其中最适宜区范围扩大最为显著,增加了24.44个百分点。同时,春小麦种植适宜程度区划的区域分配呈现出明显的差异性,1998年后甘肃农牧交错带春小麦种植最适宜区耕地面积较1998年前增加了4.18×10⁵ hm²,适宜区缩小了2.20×10⁵ hm²,次适宜区缩小了1.17×10⁵ hm²,不适宜区缩小了0.68×10⁵ hm²。研究结果可为气候变化背景下甘肃农牧交错带春小麦种植结构的优化调整提供科学依据,有助于区域决策,制定合理利用气候资源的策略,以促进甘肃农牧交错带农业可持续发展和春小麦高产优质。     

Molecular characterization of salinity tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to estimate the genetical variability of three salt-resistant genotypes, SARC-1, SARC-5 and S-24, exposed to saline environment. High-yielding and salt-sensitive variety MH-97 was used as standard for comparison. The behavior of these genotypes under saline environment was analyzed by using the hydroponics screening methods at the seedling stage. One hundred and fifty primers were tested of which 52 primers revealed differences between SARC-1 and SARC-5, 54 revealed differences between SARC-1 and S-24 and 61 revealed differences between SARC-5 and S-24. Polymorphism differences between MH-97 and SARC-1, MH-97 and SARC-5 and MH-97 and S-24 were 53%, 64% and 42%, respectively. Four primer pairs amplified special fragments, which were located in all the three salt-resistant genotypes but none on the salt-sensitive genotype MH-97. Primer GLD-15 (5?-CCGTGGCATT-3?) generated a prominent fragment of length 1460 bp; primer GLF-18 (5?-ACCCGGAACC-3?) produced a fragment of length nearly 980 bp in the salt-resistant genotype; the primer pair GLE-5 (5?-TTCAAGCCCG-3?) located one polymorphic amplified band of 1290 bp and the primer GLH-9 (5?-ATCCAGGTCA-3?) performed as a weak polymorphic band of 640 bp, respectively.     

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth potential in the Slovak rural landscape

By the application of geographic information system (GIS) based on existing databases on soil characteristics, it is possible to quantify and assess categories of soil suitability important for crop cultivation. In this article we demonstrate such methods for winter wheat. The objective was to differentiate the Slovak rural landscape with respect to the possibility of effective winter wheat cultivation. The differentiation was based on soil climatic and production economic parameters. For soil categorization, correlation relationships between the site properties (soil and climatic conditions) and crop biological and agro-technical requirements were considered. The prediction was subsequently interpolated into four suitability categories: soils not suitable for wheat cultivation, less suitable soils, suitable soils, and very suitable soils. The database was developed and each area was added to it as well as the particular category of suitability for wheat cultivation. By using the GIS distribution in Slovakia, the maps of soil suitability categories for wheat cultivation were generated. In Slovakia, 29% of farmland was found to be very suitable for wheat cultivation, 25% suitable, 9% less suitable and 37% non-suitable by our calculations. These categories are characterized in detail and specified from the point of view of geographic, soil, climatic, production, economic and energetic parameters.     

Use of IR thermography in screening wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars for salt tolerance

Thermography is proposed to be an alternative non-destructive and rapid technique for the study and diagnosing of salt tolerance in plants. In a pot experiment, 30 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were evaluated in terms of their leaf temperature and shoot growth and their ion distribution responses to NaCl salinity at two concentration levels: the control with electrical conductivity (EC) of 1 dS m^?1 and salinity treatment with EC of 16 dS m^?1 (150 mM). A completely randomized block design with factorial treatments was employed with three replications. The results indicated that thermography may accurately reflect the physiological status of salt-stressed wheat plants. The salt stress-based increase in leaf temperature of wheat cultivars grown at 150 mM NaCl reached 1.34°C compared to the control. According to the results obtained, it appears that thermography has the capability of discerning differences of salinity tolerance between the cultivars. Three salt-tolerant wheat cultivars, namely Roshan, Kharchia and Sholeh, had higher mean shoot dry matter (0.039 g plant^?1) and higher mean ratio of leaf K⁺/Na⁺ (14.06) and showed lower increase in the mean leaf temperature (0.37°C) by thermography compared to the control. This was while nine salt-sensitive cultivars, namely Kavir, Ghods, Atrak, Parsi, Bahar, Pishtaz, Falat, Gaspard and Tajan, had lower mean plant dry matter production (0.027 g plant^?1), lower mean ratio of K⁺/Na⁺ (9.49) and higher mean increases in leaf temperature (1.24°C).     

冬小麦生物量高光谱遥感监测模型研究

【目的】高光谱遥感能快速、实时、无损监测作物长势。研究不同氮磷水平下冬小麦不同生育时期地上部生物量高光谱遥感监测模型,可提高地上部生物量高光谱监测精度。【方法】在西北农林科技大学连续进行了 5 年田间定位试验,设置 5 个施氮水平 (N, 0, 75, 150, 225 和 300 kg/hm2) 和 4 个磷施用水平 (P₂O₅, 0, 60, 120 和 180 kg/hm2),选用不同抗旱类型冬小麦品种,测定了从拔节期至成熟期生物量与冠层光谱反射率,通过相关分析、回归分析等统计方法,建立并筛选基于不同植被指数的冬小麦不同生育时期生物量分段遥感监测模型。【结果】冬小麦生物量与光谱反射率在 670 nm 和 930 nm 附近具有较高相关性,在可见光和近红外波段处均有敏感波段;在拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期,生物量与归一化绿波段差值植被指数 (GNDVI)、比值植被指数 (RVI)、修正土壤调节植被指数 (MSAVI)、红边三角植被指数 (RTVI) 和修正三角植被指数Ⅱ (MTVIⅡ) 均达极显著相关性 (P < 0.01),相关系数 (r) 范围为 0.923～0.979;在不同生育时期,分别基于 GNDVI、RVI、MSAVI、RTVI 和 MTVIⅡ 能建立较好的生物量分段监测模型,决定系数 (R2) 分别为 0.987、0.982、0.981、0.985、0.976;估计标准误差 SE 分别为 0.157、0.153、0.163、0.133、0.132;预测值与实测值间相对误差 (RE) 分别为 8.47%、7.12%、7.56%、8.21%、8.65%;均方根误差 (RMSE), 分别为 0.141 kg/m2、0.113 kg/m2、0.137 kg/m2、0.176 kg/m2、0.187 kg/m2。【结论】在拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期可以用 GNDVI、RVI、MSAVI、RTVI 和 MTVIⅡ 监测冬小麦生物量,具有较好的年度间重演性和品种间适用性。同时,分段监测模型较统一监测模型具有较好的监测效果及验证效果,能有效改善高光谱遥感监测模型精度。     

Determining critical limit of boron in soil for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract

Critical values of boron (B) for wheat nutrition in soil and plant were determined through a pot experiment with twenty-one surface soils of Alluvial flood plain and Red-latertic belt comprising three major soil orders (Entisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols) with four levels of boron. Application of boron significantly increased the dry matter yield as well as uptake of B by plants. Critical concentration of hot calcium chloride (CaCl₂) extractable B in soil for wheat was found to be 0.53?mg?kg^?1. The critical plant B concentration varied with growth stages and values were 7.4?mg?kg^?1 at panicle initiation and 4.18?mg?kg^?1 at maturity, respectively. The findings of this investigation also recommend the application of 2?kg?B^?1?ha^?1 for ensuring B sufficiency to wheat in Indo-gangetic alluvial and Red-Lateritic soils.     

Physiological responses of irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes to water stress

The recent drought in South Africa has reduced the production of both dryland and irrigated wheat. This study evaluated physiological traits of irrigated wheat genotypes in response to water stress (WS) imposed at different growth stages. A 8?×?2?×?3 [(genotypes)?×?(water treatmets; stresses and non-stressed)?×?(growth stages; tillering, flowering and grain filling)] factorial experiment based on a randomised complete block design with three replicates was conducetd. In general, the rate of photosynthesis was unaffected by WS except for genotypes LM43 at tillering and LM98 at grain filling. Stomatal conductance (SC) and transpiration rate (Tr) followed the same treand except for genotype LM35 which reduced its SC and Tr significantly at grain filling. Instantaneous waster use efficiency (IWUE) of genotype LM35 and LM57 was unaffected (p?>?0.05) by WS at tillering but at flowering stage it was affected. However, at grain filling IWUE was affected (p?<?0.05) in genotypes LM35, ML57, LM79 and LM 98. The relative water content was unaffected at tillering except for LM35 and LM47 genotypes whereas at flowering LM57, ML79, LM83 and LM98 were affected. These results indicate some degree of drought tolerance of these genotypes at different growth stages.     

Differential allelopathic potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes on weeds and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop

Studies were conducted to screen eight sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes for their allelopathic potential against weeds and wheat crop, which customarily follows sunflower in Iraq. All sunflower genotypes significantly inhibited the total number and biomass of companion weeds and the magnitude of inhibition was genotype dependent. Among the eight genotypes tested, Sin-Altheeb and Coupon were the most weed-suppressing cultivars, and Euroflor and Shumoos were the least. A subsequent field experiment indicated that sunflower residues incorporated into the field soil significantly inhibited the total number and biomass of weeds growing in the wheat field. Sunflower genotypes Sin-Altheeb and Coupon appeared to inhibit total weed number and biomass more and significantly increased wheat yield compared with the least-suppressive genotypes (Euroflor and Shumoos). Chromatographic analyses by HPLC revealed the presence of 13 secondary metabolites in residues of the tested sunflower genotypes. All the isolated compounds appeared to be phenolic, with the exception of terpinol, which is a terpenoid derivative. The total concentration of Phytotoxins (phenolic compounds) was found to be higher in the most-suppressive potential genotypes compared with the least-suppressive genotypes.     

Screening drought-tolerant genotypes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using different multivariate methods

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most widely cultivated crops in rainfed areas of Iran, where drought is the main limiting factor on yield. The object of this study was the identification of drought-tolerant genotypes in bread wheat. Forty bread wheat genotypes were tested in separate experiments under drought stress and normal conditions in two years (2009–2010 and 2010–2011). Nine drought-tolerance/susceptibility indices including stress susceptibility index (SSI), mean productivity (MP), tolerance (TOL), stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI), linear regression coefficient (β) and drought response index (DRI) were determined. Simultanously applied factor analysis used two factors instead of nine indices in this study. Mahdavi was recognized as the most drought-tolerant genotype in both years based on factor analysis. In this study an equation was developed for estimating the Stress Tolerance Score (STS). The results of the equation were identical to those of factor analysis in both years. The equation was much easier to use than factor analysis and is suggested as a screening tool for the identification of drought-tolerant genotypes. In this study, Mahdavi was the most drought-tolerant genotype also corresponding to this equation.     

Growth-related changes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown under salinity stress

The sensitivity of crop genotypes determines the level of growth reduction by salinity. Effect of salinity levels (7.5 and 15 dihydrate m^?1) using completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications per treatment were compared on germination, chlorophyll content, water potential, ionic sodium and potassium (Na⁺, K⁺) balance, and other growth-related parameters of six wheat genotypes for varietal differences under long-term salinity stress. Chlorophyll contents at flowering stage and yield aspects at maturity of all the wheat genotypes decreased with increasing salinity. The maximum Na⁺ concentration was observed at 7.5 and 15 dS m^?1 in Bhakhar and Saher-2000, respectively, while minimum Na⁺ concentration was observed for 9476. However, the maximum K⁺ concentration and water potential was noticed in 9476 at 7.5 dS m^?1. Careful selection of salt-tolerant genotypes for field crops is an important perspective especially in the developing countries facing salinity problem. Our results revealed that the wheat genotype 9476 performed best regarding growth and physiological parameters compared to other wheat genotypes.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and irrigation on quality characteristics in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In order to evaluate irrigation regimes and nitrogen fertilization on quality characteristics of wheat cultivars, a field experiment was carried out using split-plot factorial design based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Quchan, Iran (2010–2012). Main plots were assigned with four irrigation regimes; I1, 90 mm; I2, 130 mm; I3, 170 mm based on evaporation from a class A pan; and I4, water deficit stress during post-anthesis stage; sub-plots were assigned with four levels of nitrogen (N1, 0; N2, 70; N3, 140; and N4, 210 kg ha^?1); and three wheat cultivars (V1, Mihan; V2, C-87-6; and V3, C-87-11) were used as factorial. The results showed that nitrogen fertilization increased some quality characteristics. Under water deficit (I4), gluten index, grain protein content, grain yield, and sedimentation volume decreased. Significant interactions between irrigation regimes and both nitrogen levels and cultivars were observed.