手扶拖拉机配套驱动式圆盘犁的参数设计

阐述了手扶拖拉机配套驱动式圆盘犁研究过程中有关参数确定等设计内容。研究结果可供手扶拖拉机配套驱动式圆盘犁产品设计时参考。     

直联式驱动圆盘犁试验研究与参数优选

以降低直联式驱动圆盘犁功耗为目的,通过部件试验,分析了圆盘耕作阻力三分力与刀轴扭矩的分布特征及变化规律,对其结构参数和工作参数完成了优化,对驱动圆盘犁的研究开发具有较大的实用价值。     

手扶拖拉机配套驱动式圆盘犁的参数设计

阐述了手扶拖拉机配套驱动式圆盘犁研究过程中有关参数确定等设计内容。研究结果可供手扶拖拉机配套驱动式圆盘犁产品设计时参考。     

速度参数对驱动式圆盘犁动力特性的影响

利用多档变速的试验专机进行了四种圆盘转速和四种车速相互配合下的驱动扭矩及牵引阻力的测定。根据试验结果归纳出机组功率分配系数、负牵引力现象和速度参数的关系,归纳出机具扭矩,驱动功率及牵引阻力与速度参数的关系,并据之对驱动式圆盘犁的实用车速和转速范围提出了建议。     

入土切割对甘蔗切割过程影响的仿真试验

采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA显式动力学仿真软件及反求技术,建立甘蔗-切割器系统仿真模型,进行甘蔗材料参数反求,获得了适用于动力学仿真的甘蔗材料模型,且进行了物理试验验证;通过建立土壤-甘蔗-切割器系统的动力学仿真模型,进行动力学仿真试验,建立相关数学模型,研究了土壤的软、硬程度及切割状态对甘蔗最大切割力及切割破头的影响,结果表明,土壤的软硬程度对甘蔗的最大切割力影响小,对甘蔗轴向剪应力影响大;甘蔗两刀切断比一刀切断的最大切割力小,甘蔗入土切割比非入土切割的最大切割力大,但轴向剪应力小,甘蔗入土一刀切断的平均轴向剪应力比非入土一刀切断的小43.3%,甘蔗入土两刀切断的轴向剪应力比非入土两刀切断的小49%,入土切割是降低甘蔗切割破头的有效途径。     

履带车辆转向时最大驱动力矩的计算

履带车辆转向时不仅要克服行走阻力,还要克服转向阻力,该文对不考虑车体重心偏移时的转向驱动力矩进行了研究,并在此基础上着重研究了考虑重心偏移时的转向驱动力矩的计算方法,进行了实例计算和比较分析,可知横向偏心距对总的转向阻力矩没有影响,而纵向偏心距对其有影响,且随纵向偏心距的增加转向阻力矩减小;只考虑纵向偏心距,而不考虑横向偏心距时,转向时驱动力矩小于不考虑重心偏移时的驱动力矩;当只考虑横向偏心距,而不考虑纵向偏心距时,转向驱动力矩最大。当履带车辆原地转向,且只存在横向偏心距时靠近偏心一侧的履带的驱动力矩最大。     

犁面的计算机辅助设计

为采用计算机辅助设计犁体曲面,提出以耕作速度为基础的十二参数设计法。通过其设计原理分析,建立数学模型,研制了计算机辅助设计硬、软件系统。应用该软件计算、绘制各种幅宽犁体曲面及犁面展开图方便、快捷,比人工设计提高工效20倍以上;按绘图试制的30cm幅宽犁体,经生产试验表明,较对照犁体使用性能良好,降阻10％左右。     

步行轮式气垫车的需求功率匹配

在对模型车试验的基础上,提出了步行轮式气垫车系统需求功率匹配模型和最佳匹配关系的概念。通过速度品质系数和载荷品质系数将垫升和驱动需求功率比与运输效率建立了联系,并且对最佳需求比进行了初略估计。结果表明在一定的车速、土壤条件和载荷下,步行轮存在着一个合适的入土深度,此时总需求功率最小,而此时的功率匹配和载荷匹配关系则是最佳的。     

四足激光除草机器人腿部结构参数优化

电驱四足激光除草机器人的续航能力取决于其电池容量和自身功耗,为了提高其续航能力,降低其目标轨迹下的驱动力矩将具有重要意义。该文以四足激光除草机器人为研究对象,提出一种动力学尺度综合方法,将其腿部尺寸参数作为优化设计目的,在给定的目标轨迹上,针对腿部关节驱动力矩进行优化,最终得到一组最优腿部杆长,使其完成目标轨迹的驱动力矩和功耗最小。以四足机器人腿部关节驱动力矩最大值最小作为优化目标,腿部尺寸参数作为约束变量,利用粒子群算法和理想点法进行二次优化,将多目标优化问题转化为单目标优化问题,得到一组最优杆长。计算结果表明:经过尺度综合后的四足机器人动力学性能得到明显改善,优化后单腿的大腿关节驱动力矩峰值下降5.29%,小腿关节驱动力矩峰值下降18.05%,验证了该尺度综合方法的有效性。该文提出的动力学尺度综合方法可为四足类机器人的设计提供参考依据。     

斜置驱动缺口圆盘刀功耗模型的试验研究

为了较准确计算出在不同的工作条件下单个斜置驱动圆盘刀的功率消耗和为研制新型免耕播种机所需配套拖拉机的动力提供理论依据，通过二次正交回归试验建立了斜置驱动圆盘刀的功耗模型。对功耗模型的回归分析和理论分析表明，在影响功率消耗的因素当中，入土深度影响最大，其次是刀轴转速；机组前进速度、刀轴转速以及入土深度之间的联合作用对功率消耗的影响较小。     

Simulating trends in soil organic carbon of an Acrisol under no-tillage and disc-plow systems using the Century model

Soil organic matter (SOM) and its different pools have key importance in nutrient availability, soil structure, in the flux of trace gases between land surface and the atmosphere, and thus improving soil health. This is particularly critical for tropical soils. The rates of accumulation and decomposition of carbon in SOM are influenced by several factors that are best embodied by simulation models. However, little is known about the performance of SOM simulation model in an acid tropical soil under different tillage systems including no-tillage (NT). Our objective was to simulate soil organic matter dynamics on an Acrisol under no-tillage and different plowed systems using Century model. Tillage systems consisted of no-tillage, disc plow, heavy disc harrow followed by disc plow, and heavy disc harrow. Soil C stocks simulated by Century model showed tendency to recovery only under no-tillage. Also, simulated amounts of C stocks of slow and active pools were more sensitive to management impacts than total organic C. The values estimated by Century of soil C stocks and organic carbon in the slow and passive pools fitted satisfactorily with the measured data. Thus fitted, except for the active pool, Century showed acceptable performance in the prediction of SOM dynamics in an acid tropical soil.     

Tillage and crop straw methods affect energy use efficiency,economics and greenhouse gas emissions in rainfed winter wheat field of Loess Plateau in China

Data from a field experiment conducted in China's Loess Plateau (2013–2015) were used to determine the energy balance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as affected by tillage and straw treatments. Tillage treatments included chisel plow, no tillage, and mouldboard plow. Crop straw levels included straw returning and straw removed. The energy balance was evaluated by comparing the following parameters: net energy, energy profitability, energy use efficiency, and energy intensity. The yield parameters were significantly influenced by the tillage treatments and revealed that the chisel plow entailed fewer field operations and lower energy requirements with a higher yield than mouldboard plowing tillage. The highest proportion of energy input came from a nitrogen fertiliser, followed by diesel fuel. The total energy input applied per hectare increased with an increase in the tillage intensity, and the lowest energy input was required for the no tillage case with the straw returning treatment, and the highest for the case of mouldboard plow with the straw returning treatment. The lowest average energy intensity was recorded for the no tillage case, followed by the case of chisel plow tillage in both cropping seasons. Moreover, in the case of mouldboard plough tillage, the maximum energy intensity was recorded in both cropping seasons. In the cases of the chisel plow tillage and the no tillage, we observed the maximum energy gain, while in the no tillage case, we observed the maximum energy use efficiency. The net return and the benefit/cost ratio were higher in the case of straw returning than those in the case of no straw treatment. We concluded that no tillage and chisel plow tillage with straw returning could improve the energy use efficiency and the benefit/cost ratio of winter wheat production systems.     

通过耕地和施入硫酸措施来改善盐碱地土壤

Amelioration of saline-sodic soils through land preparation with three tillage implements （disc plow, rotavator and cultivator） each followed by application of sulfuric acid at 20% of gypsum （CaSO4-2H2O） requirement or no sulfuric acid application during crop growth period was evaluated in a field study for 2.5 years at three sites, i.e., Jhottianwala, Gabrika （Thabal）, and Thatta Langar, in Tehsil Pindi Bhattian, Hafizahad District, Pakistan. Within 2.5 years, there was a decrease in the salinity parameters measured （electrical conductivity, pH, and sodium adsorption ratio）, with a gradual increase in rice and wheat grain yields. It was observed that the disc plow, which not only ensured favorable yields but also helped improve soil health at all the three sites, was the most effective tillage implement. Also, application of sulfuric acid resulted in higher yields and promoted rapid amelioration of the saline-sodic soils.     

驱动缺口圆盘玉米秸秆根茬切断装置的研究

针对一年两熟地区免耕播种机播种小麦时存在的问题,提出以驱动缺口圆盘刀作为切断覆盖玉米秸秆、根茬装置,该装置的缺口圆盘平面中心垂直线与刀轴的轴线有一个较小夹角(7°)。通过对该装置的运动分析和土槽试验,确定主要基本参数。当刀轴转速为350 r/min时,消耗功率为1.7 kW,并能够有效切断秸秆根茬。开出沟槽的地表宽度为56.7 mm。     

基于TM和MODIS数据的水旱地冬小麦面积提取和长势监测

采用Mahalanobis Distance分类法提取了冬小麦种植面积,通过搭建决策树结构进行了不同灌溉类型冬小麦种植面积的提取,通过两个年份不同生育时期MODIS-NDVI的比较,分析了NDVI时间曲线与冬小麦长势的响应规律和水旱地冬小麦年同期长势。结果表明：2007年临汾地区冬小麦总种植面积为234778.5 hm2,提取精度为96.96%,其中水地种植面积为107488.3 hm2,提取精度为86.15%,旱地冬小麦为127290.2 hm2,提取精度为86.16%。生育期内,水地冬小麦整体长势好于旱地冬小麦,通过NDVI变化斜率比较,表明随着生育期的推进,水地冬小麦NDVI达到峰值前的上升速度远大于旱地冬小麦,峰值后水地冬小麦NDVI下降速度小于旱地冬小麦。     

休闲期耕作方式和施用保水剂对旱地小麦产量及水分利用率的影响

为探讨提高旱地麦田休闲期土壤蓄水保水能力、保证旱地小麦稳产高产的有效途径,本研究采用双因素裂区试验,主区为耕作方式(深松、深翻和旋耕),副区为保水剂施用量(0、45、90 kg·hm^-2),研究了耕作方式和施用保水剂对土壤含水量、土壤养分、旱地小麦产量和水分利用率的影响,并分析了土壤含水量、生育期耗水量与旱地小麦产量及其构成因素和水分利用率之间的相关关系。结果表明,与休闲期旋耕相比,休闲期深松提高了播前20~160 cm土层的土壤含水量,休闲期深翻提高了播前0~20 cm和60~140 cm土层的土壤含水量,加速了收获期20~200 cm土层的水分利用;并通过增加穗数和穗粒数使旱地小麦产量分别提高了12.63%和6.88%,显著提高了水分利用率和降水利用率,20~40 cm土层有机质、碱解氮、速效磷含量总体提高。休闲期耕作,配施保水剂45 kg·hm^-2显著提高了旱地小麦休闲期蓄水保水能力、水分利用率和产量。休闲期深松增产效果和提高水分利用率效果优于休闲期深翻。旱地小麦产量和降水利用率与播前60~120 cm土层含水量呈正相关。本研究结果为晋南旱地小麦优化耕作方式和保水剂施用量提高产量和水分利用率提供了理论依据,对旱地小麦稳产高产、减小年际间产量波动具有重要意义。     

陵县试区土壤速效磷、钾养分的演变浅析

本文研究了山东省陵县土壤养分定位监测试区土壤速效磷、钾养分随时间的变异。结果表明,1992～2002年10年间,耕层土壤速效磷含量呈上升趋势,增加0 33mg L-1 a-1;而土壤速效钾含量呈下降趋势,降低1 52mg L-1 a-1。土壤速效磷和速效钾养分时间变异趋势与土壤磷养分平衡处于盈余状态和钾养分平衡处于亏缺状况有关,土壤 作物系统内磷素(P)盈余平均为38 6kg hm-2 a-1,其实际平衡盈余率大大超过合理的范围,磷肥用量明显偏高,未得到合理高效利用;而钾素(K)亏缺平均为95 7kg hm-2 a-1,其实际平衡亏缺率略低于允许平衡亏缺率,若试区土壤钾素长期处于亏缺状态,会明显降低土壤供钾能力。     

秸秆还田深松旋埋联合耕整机设计与试验

深松作业能有效打破犁底层,提高土壤蓄水保墒能力。秸秆还田是秸秆资源利用最为直接有效的方式,将2种保护性耕作方式结合在一起可大大提高作业效率。为了满足深松和秸秆还田同时作业的需求,设计了集土壤深松、破茬碎土、秸秆旋埋、平地等多功能于一体的深松旋埋联合耕整机。该机主要由自激振动深松装置和秸秆还田旋埋刀辊组成,自激振动深松装置可调节预紧力,不仅可以在一定程度上减少深松耕作阻力,还可以在遇到障碍物时有效保护深松铲,深松铲柄的设计利用了滑切原理,可有效切断秸秆和杂草,防止缠绕和堵塞深松铲,对旋埋刀辊进行了重新布置和优化,提高了工作稳定性和破土能力。田间试验表明深松作业可有效减小旋埋刀辊功率;在拖拉机1挡和2挡速度下深松旋埋组合作业总功率分别为单独深松和单独旋埋2项作业之和的85.0%和82.2%;深松旋埋组合作业下深松和旋埋的平均耕深分别为28.9和17.5 cm,耕深稳定性分别为93.5%和87.4%,秸秆埋覆率为92.0%,耕后地表平整度为1.0 cm,深松旋埋联合作业后的各项性能参数均超过质量评定指标,满足农艺要求。