农户禀赋对农户低碳农业生产行为的影响——基于山东省大盛镇农户调查

农业生产环节中的土壤呼吸、农药化肥的使用、农业废弃物(如农膜、秸秆等)的处理都会产生碳的排放,从而加剧温室效应,农业已成为温室气体排放的第二大来源。从农户的角度进行研究,基于理性行为、计划行为等理论和经济社会心理因素考虑,利用山东省大盛镇的农户调查数据,运用计量模型对调研数据进行了分析,通过"认知—意愿—实践"的逻辑建立4个计量模型探究农户低碳农业生产行为。结果表明:农户禀赋对低碳生产行为有着重要作用,农户对农业二氧化碳排放影响气候变化问题的认知接近一般水平,农户对低碳农业生产重要性的认知水平和对低碳农业生产意愿处于较高水平,农户对低碳农业的生产实践程度处于一般水平。     

中国农业废弃物资源化现状与发展战略

该文依据中国农业废弃物数量大、品质差、价格低、危害多的污染特点和农业废弃物作为能源、肥料、饲料和材料的资源化利用现状,分析了农业废弃物的资源潜力以及在资源化过程中的限制因素和技术瓶颈,并结合中国社会、经济发展的目标,提出农业废弃物资源化的发展战略思路和战略重点,发展生态农业、走循环经济的对策;提出了依靠政策引导、技术支撑和资金投入,大力发展生物质经济的保障措施。     

农业有机废弃物发酵CO2施肥在大棚生产上的应用及其环境效应

利用作物秸秆与畜禽粪便发酵产生CO2的原理,设计了适合农业生产用的简易发酵装置。通过接种3种高效产气菌及堆料pH的调节,发酵大棚内CO2浓度可提高1倍以上,且一次堆料的发酵时间可维持3周左右。该农业有机废弃物发酵CO2施肥技术,可使大棚内的芹菜、生菜、莴苣、油麦菜和青菜5种蔬菜可食部分的生物量分别提高260%、135%、115%、140%和322%。因此,利用农业有机废弃物发酵进行大棚CO2施肥,不仅可以提高作物产量、增加农民收入,而且有望为农业固废合理处置提供新的策略。     

钠盐对玉米秸秆热解气生成规律影响及反应动力学分析

东北地区主要的农业废弃物玉米秸秆焚烧严重,造成环境污染,其合理消纳是亟需解决的问题。基于此,该文利用微型流化床与过程质谱联用仪研究在床温分别为550、600、650、700及750 ℃添加Na2CO3和NaCl的玉米秸秆热解气相产物（CO、CO2、CH4、H2）的析出特性,并采用等温模型拟合法计算了单组分气体产物生成反应的动力学参数。结果表明：随着温度的升高,4种热解气体产物的释放强度均有所增大,其中CO的变化程度最大。同时,添加钠盐后,各种气体释放起始时间差逐渐减小,说明钠盐促进了热解反应的进行。其中,添加Na2CO3后热解产生的CO、CO2和CH4的速率明显变快,表明其对含炭气相组分的生成具有明显促进作用。而添加NaCl后H2的生成速率明显加快,说明NaCl对H2生成具有选择性催化作用。此外,秸秆热解中不同气相产物生成反应活化能的计算结果也证实了上述结论。该文通过热解制备可燃气的方式以期为玉米秸秆的处理提供参考。     

沙柳生物质燃料颗粒致密成型粘结机理研究

东北地区主要的农业废弃物玉米秸秆焚烧严重,造成环境污染,其合理消纳是亟需解决的问题。基于此,该文利用微型流化床与过程质谱联用仪研究在床温分别为550、600、650、700及750 ℃添加Na2CO3和NaCl的玉米秸秆热解气相产物（CO、CO2、CH4、H2）的析出特性,并采用等温模型拟合法计算了单组分气体产物生成反应的动力学参数。结果表明：随着温度的升高,4种热解气体产物的释放强度均有所增大,其中CO的变化程度最大。同时,添加钠盐后,各种气体释放起始时间差逐渐减小,说明钠盐促进了热解反应的进行。其中,添加Na2CO3后热解产生的CO、CO2和CH4的速率明显变快,表明其对含炭气相组分的生成具有明显促进作用。而添加NaCl后H2的生成速率明显加快,说明NaCl对H2生成具有选择性催化作用。此外,秸秆热解中不同气相产物生成反应活化能的计算结果也证实了上述结论。该文通过热解制备可燃气的方式以期为玉米秸秆的处理提供参考。     

都市农业及其环境保护

阐述了都市农业的概念与范畴,北京市都市农业发展特点及其发展过程中废弃物类型、主要环境问题、废弃物处理与资源化的途径以及发展资源综合利用型都市农业的重要性,并提出了都市农业发展方向与对策和北京市都市农业的分区发展规划。     

农业工程技术创新与可持续农业

当前我国农业生产中,由于农药、化肥、地膜、农用水等的过量和不合理使用,以及禽畜废弃物的处理不当,造成严重的土壤白化、荒漠化和盐渍化,致使大量水土流失,对环境造成严重污染,同时对资源造成大量浪费。解决这些问题的办法之一,是通过农业工程等技术的创新,来实施农业的可持续发展。该文分析了农业工程技术创新在持续农业中的作用,并指出了农业工程技术创新在实现农业可持续发展中应注意的几个问题。     

都市农业及其环境保护

简述了都市农业的概念与范畴,北京市都市农业特点及其发展过程中废弃物类型、主要环境问题、主要环境问题、废弃物处理与资源化的途径以及发展资源综合利用型都市农业的重要性,并提出了都市农业发展方向与对策和北京市都市农业的分区发展规划。     

发展循环农业是低碳经济的重要途径

低碳经济是当前世界应对全球气候变化问题倡导的新的经济发展思路,农业节能减排是发展低碳农业的重大任务。本文认为发展循环农业是农业节能减排的重要路径。主要体现在:发展农田循环生产模式,增强农田碳汇功能,实现物质减量化投入,促进低碳农业发展;发展农牧结合循环模式,减少废弃物污染,提高牧业竞争力;发展农菌循环链,延长农田产业链,提高农民收入;发展复合生物循环模式,增加生物多样性,提高农业自然资源利用效率;发展农业企业循环产业模式,实现农业节能减排的工程化。     

加快农业废弃物资源化利用的思路与路径

为促进农业废弃物资源化利用,对农业废弃物与资源化利用存在的问题进行分析,探讨了农业废弃物资源化利用的思路,提出了促进农业废弃物资源化利用的路径,以供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.