基于分区决策树的省级耕地地力评价——以山西省为例

省级耕地地力评价对快速准确掌握大区域耕地地力水平,有效的进行农业区划并指导农业生产有着重要的作用。本研究在收集分析山西省2005~2014年县域耕地地力评价数据、测土配方施肥采样点数据以及土地利用现状等数据的基础上,运用多尺度指标分区方法将山西省划分为5个区域。基于决策树方法构建了隶属各区的不同评价指标体系并对耕地地力进行了评价与分级,将山西省耕地划分为1~10等地。其中,1至3等地的耕地占总面积的11.56%,该部分耕地地力较高,为山西省的优质耕地;4至6等的耕地占耕地总面积的61.22%,可以通过进行一系列耕地保护措施有效提高耕地质量以提升粮食产量;7至10等的耕地占耕地总面积的27.22%,该部分耕地生产障碍因素突出,应通过加强生态保护继续开展农田建设以提高耕地地力水平。评价结果可为省级耕地资源管理及辅助决策提供依据。     

基于GIS的县域耕地测土配方施肥技术研究

该文以山东广饶县为例,进行了面向管理层面的县域耕地测土配方施肥技术研究.在耕地地力调查分析数据及其地力评价的基础上,采用GIS支持下的"地力分区 目标产量法"确定区域施肥配方.以耕地地力等级图和作物布局图叠加的方法划分配方单元,通过田间试验得到各种参数,通过GIS将配方单元图与相应属性数据模型的联结,采用养分平衡法计算各养分需要量和施肥配方.结果显示,广饶县耕地氮、磷、钾养分含量空间分布差异较大,得到的施肥配方种类较多,全县共有14种施肥配方,其中氮磷钾配方比例分布在1:0.04～1.53:0.05～0.82之间.该研究较好地探索了基于GIS的县域耕地测土配方施肥技术方法,对县域耕地利用和施肥管理工作有积极的指导作用.     

耕地资源管理信息系统的建立及应用——以永济市为例

以山西省永济市为例 ,运用GIS技术建立了耕地资源管理信息系统。该系统采用MapGis管理空间数据库和属性数据库 ,FoxPro管理数据录入、应用模型分析与统计数据库 ;叠加土地利用现状图、基本农田保护区规划图和土壤图 ,形成 6 782个图斑 ,组成空间数据库的基本管理与评价单元 ,使得每个评价单元上土地利用方式一致、土壤类型一致。采用VisualC 语言开发了层次分析、模糊综合评价等应用模型。针对永济市的实际情况 ,经过专家组研究从 6 4个耕地地力调查与质量评价指标中筛选出 15项指标进行评价。对 6 782个评价单元中的每一个评价单元 ,用 15项耕地质量评价指标计算其综合评价指数 ,并以该指数作为耕地质量评价依据。评价结果反映出该市耕地中低产田面积大、施肥结构不合理、忽视盐碱地改造和垆土地改良利用等一系列问题 ,并针对耕地的不同等级所存在的障碍因素提出了相应的建议。该系统可掌握全市耕地地力及质量状况 ,为耕地地力建设与土壤改良利用提供了依据。     

基于GIS与模糊数学的县级耕地地力质量评价研究

以安徽省宣城市宣州区为例,结合开展的测土配方施肥工作,在 GIS 支持下,利用土壤图和土地利用现状图叠置法确定评价单元,选取土壤养分含量和有效性以及立地条件 3 个方面共 14 个因子,建立耕地地力评价体系及其模型,运用层次分析法和模糊数学、综合指数等方法对耕地地力进行综合评价,评价结果符合当地实际,可以为全国测土配方施肥提供方法和技术支持.     

基于RS和GIS的耕地资源质量评价——以浙江省富阳市为例

开展耕地质量调查与评价对更科学地利用有限的耕地资源、提高综合生产能力、遏制耕地质量退化、确保地力等有十分必要的作用.本研究综合运用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,对研究区Landsat TM多光谱影像进行了定量分析,最终将富阳耕地质量划分为5个等级.结果表明,一级耕地只占了0.28％,二、三级耕地占了约70％,较差的耕地占了约30％.在此基础上分析了各等级耕地的分布情况并提出了改进建议,探讨了基于RS和GIS技术进行耕地质量评价的意义.     

基于GIS的咸阳市区耕地地力评价——以秦都区为例

采用综合指数法对秦都区耕地地力进行评价。以关中平原的陕西省秦都区为研究区,借助GIS技术,结合层次分析法、模糊数学法等现代统计分析技术,在耕地地力调查的基础上,从立地条件、土壤性质、肥力状况、土壤管理4方面选取12项指标,对研究区耕地地力进行自动化、定量化和可视化评价。结果表明:秦都区耕地地力可分为4级,l—4级地分别占耕地总面积的52.08%,39.72%,7.35%,0.85%,该地区耕地地力水平较高。本研究分析了各级耕地的空间分布特征,对耕地资源的科学管理和可持续利用具有积极意义。该研究结果不仅可以直接应用于研究区农业生产,而且为关中平原开展耕地地力评价的方法进行了有益探索。     

阿克苏市耕地地力评价与改良利用研究

为了掌握阿克苏市耕地地力基本情况和科学指导农业生产,运用GIS技术和综合指数法对阿克苏市耕地土壤进行了地力评价与改良利用分区研究.结果表明,阿克苏市1,2,3级耕地面积占耕地总面积的63.81％,绝大部分耕地处于中上等水平,耕地生产潜力总体较高.地力等级相对较低的耕地主要障碍因素是土壤盐渍化,其次是土壤中有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效锌和有效锰的含量相对较低.利用评价结果对阿克苏市现有耕地进行改良利用分区,并提出相应的改良利用措施,实现了耕地改良利用分区的定量化.     

基于GIS的华中丘陵区耕地地力评价研究

在GIS支持下,利用土壤图、土地利用现状图叠置划分法确定评价单元,选取土壤养分状况、理化性状、剖面性状、立地条件、土壤管理等5个方面13个影响因子,建立耕地地力评价体系及其模型。以鄂州市为研究试区,采取专家打分和特尔斐法确定各影响因子的隶属函数,运用层次分析法和模糊数学方法对耕地地力进行综合评价,并就其空间分布进行了分析。结果表明,在该市40892.4 hm²耕地中,一至六等地分别占耕地的3.39%、19.18%、39.21%、31.08%、6.32%、0.82%,这一评价结果符合当地实际。该研究结果不仅直接应用于试区农业生产,而且为我国华中丘陵区开展耕地地力评价在方法上进行了有益探索。     

喀斯特地貌区耕地地力评价与分级

为了解喀斯特地貌区耕地地力详情并掌握土壤肥力演变规律,该文以广西壮族自治区德保县为研究区域,借助GPS（global positioning system）、RS（remote sensing）技术,通过野外调查采样、实验室化验等方法获得耕地地力评价相关信息,包括N、P、K、有机质、pH值、成土母质、排灌能力、障碍因素、耕层厚度、质地等74项基本信息。以GIS（geographic information system）技术为核心基础支撑,综合运用模糊评价、专家意见法、层次分析等方法和模型对耕地地力进行自动化、定量化评价。结果表明：德保县1～6级的耕地面积分别占总耕地面积的8.80%、13.84%、20.29%、39.63%、16.83%、0.61%。在量化分级的基础之上,将此次评价数据与1980年进行的土壤第二次土壤普查数据进行深入比较,比较发现：德保县的耕地地力总体水平上升;有机质、有效磷的含量水平明显上升;同时pH值趋于中性;速效钾呈下降趋势。该结果为喀斯特地貌区的个性化施肥、土壤改良、农业生产决策、绿色农产品的生产等提供了基础信息和科学依据。     

基于GIS的地市级耕地地力评价研究

为了更好地反映市级耕地地力状况,在Arc GIS9.3软件平台下,将吉安市1:1万的土地利用现状图缩编为1:10万的土地利用现状图,并与土壤图进行叠加确定评价单元;根据实地情况,选取了立地条件、剖面性状、耕层状况、障碍因素和土壤管理5个评价因素13个评价因子,采用特尔菲法确定评价因子的权重和隶属度对吉安市耕地地力进行综合评价。结果表明,吉安市的耕地地力水平分为七等,一等地占4.17%,二等地占7.02%,三等地占9.83%,四等地占12.72%,五等地占22.38%,六等地占22.91%,七等地占2096%,摸清了吉安市耕地基础地力状况及存在的问题。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.