Breeding of a new pear cultivar‘Xinli No.11’北大核心CSCD

‘Xinli No.11’is a new pear cultivar,which was bred by crossing‘Kuerlexiangli pear’as the female parent and‘Yali’as the male parent. Five single plant was initially selected in 1989 for theirs strong adaptability,good quality and different maturity charateristics,and then a single plant number‘75-4-1’was finally selected for its better comprehensive quality,early fruiting,high yield,strong cold resistance and stable agronomic traits charateristics,After regional adaptability testing at three sites (including Korla area,Tarim area and Yanqi area) over five years from 2014 to 2018,it was finally selected in 2018. We applied for the registration as a new cultivar in April 2018 and got identification certificate from Trees Variety Approval Committee of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in November 2019 and named‘Xinli No.11’. The canopy was conical under natural conditions,the young trees growth potential was flourishing. Leaves were ovoid and eiiipse with average 11.30 cm length and 9.08 cm width,petiole was 3.95 cm in length. Leaf color was dark green. Flowers were pale pink,the relative position of petals was separated. The petal shape was oval,pollen was abundant.It was mainly on the short branch in the fields with ratio of 64%. The average setting rate of single flower was 35.4% and the setting rate of single inflorescene was 86.2% under the condition of natural pollination. The fruit was gourd shape and regular,shed calyx. The average single fruit weights was 181.2 g. The ground col- or of fruit skin was green yellow. The fruit skin was smooth and shining,the peel was thin,the fruit dot was middle-small and was not obvious. The fruit flesh was creamy white,fine and crisp. It was juicy,sour-sweet flavor and tasted delicious along with aromas. The fruit quality was excellent. The content of soluble solid,soluble sugar,titratable acid and vitamin C was 13.42% ,10.41% ,0.108% and 41.9 mg · kg- 1 fresh,respectively. The sarcocarp hardness was 4.66 kg · cm- 2. The vigor of growth of‘Xinli No.11’was middle,germinating capability was high,branch development capability was middle. The fruit development period was about 140 to 150 days,the growth period per year was 210 days,and the fruit was ripening in early or middle of September in Korla,China. It can be stored in cold storage conditions for 5 to 6 months. It has the characters of early fruiting and high yield,the production of 3-4 year old tree was 2-3 times compared to‘Kuerlexiangli pear’. It began flowering after 2 years of planting and the average yield of individual plant was 9.7 kg at 4 years after planting,and it had better adaptability and strong cold resistance (can survive minus 28 ℃ low temperature). The orchard should with mild saline-alkaline and well drained soil. The suitable planting space in the rows and plants are (4-5) m×(3-4) m and 4 m×1.5 m,respectively. The suitable tree shape was evacuation and thin-long spindle. ‘Xinli No.11’has high rate of fruit setting under natural conditions,fruit thinning should be carried out within three weeks after fallen petal with a standard of leaving fruit with good shape and bright color without any diseases and pests and mechanical injuries. The fertilizer should be provided properly according to the period of growth and development and the tree age,and the water should be provided properly according to the soil moisture,both drip irrigation and flood irrigation are available. Grapholitha molesta,Cydia pomonella and Valsa canker should be regard as the most important pests and diseases and controled by scientific using physical and chemical technology according to their occurrence rule. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

Breeding of a new grape rootstock cultivar‘Zhenghan No. 1’北大核心CSCD

‘Zhenghan No.1’was newly selected from hybrids of the cross between‘Hean 580’(female parent) and Shan putao (male parent) in 2008,432 hybrid seeds were harvested in autumn. In March 2009,156 hybrid seedlings were obtained by sowing hybrid seeds through sand accumulation treatment. Through selection and elimination,120 hybrid seedlings were preserved until 2011. In 2012,46- 8- 4 showed the characteristics of high cold resistance and salt-alkali resistance,and was designated as a superior cold-resistant rootstock line. In 2013,regional test sites were established in Weishi county in Kaifeng,Changyuan county in Xinxiang,Mengzhou county in Jiaozuo and Yanqing county in Beijing,and main varieties such as Sunshine Rose,Xiahei Seedless and Hutai No.8 were grafted. Regional test showed good grafting compatibility. The cultivar is high resistant to salinity tolerance,wide adaptability and high yield. It has good grafting affinity with common varieties in production.‘Zhenghan No. 1’ has strong growth potential,strong branch growth,few bad branches,good maturity of branches,and can yield 10 250 meters per mu. The relative conductivity and recovery growth of branches were measured after freezing at different temperatures. The semi- lethal temperature of‘Zhenghan No. 1’ was -30.78 ℃ ,‘Beida’was -28.88 ℃ ,‘Zhenghan No. 1’had higher cold resistance than‘Beida’,and the germination rate of‘Zhenghan 1’was also higher than‘Beida’. In spring,18 rootstocks of one-year- old‘Kangzhen No. 3’‘Kangzhen No. 1’‘HuajiaNo.8’‘DogRidge’‘Saltreek’‘Cloire’‘Beida’ ‘SO4‘’3309C‘’1103‘’5BB‘’SandyGrape‘’5C‘’775P‘’110R‘’420A‘’Zhenghan No. 2‘’Zhenghan No. 1’were cut into branches. Cuttings with 3-5 buds were cultured in laboratory. After the cuttings had grown a small number of roots,they were cultured with 1/10 Hoagland nutrient solution until the branches had grown a large number of roots. Treated with different concentrations of Nacl and saturated lime water. The results showed that‘Zhenghan No. 1’could tolerate 0.3% NaCl + 18% saturated lime water under hydroponic conditions,while Beida could only tolerate 0.2% NaCl + 15% saturated lime water. Compared with the commonly used cold-resistant rootstock‘Beida’,there was no obvious effect on the economic characters of the scion varieties such as‘Summer Black seedless’‘Hutai No.8’and‘Sunshine rose’. The survival rate of‘Zhenghan No. 1’grafted with‘Summer Black Seedless’and‘Hutai No. 8’was 90.0% and 86.6%,respectively; the yield of‘Sunshine Rose’grafted with‘Zhenghan No. 1’ could reach 646 kg in the second year and 2 132 kg in the third year. It can be seen that ‘Zhenghan No. 1’ had good affinity with the main varieties ‘Summer Black seedless’‘Hutai No. 8’and‘Sunshine Rose’. It began to germinate in early April,blossom in early May,branch began to aging in early July,leaves began to fall in early November,and the whole year’s growth period was about 216 days in Zhengzhou. ‘Zhenghan No. 1’had no leaf and branch diseases throughout the year,and no chemical control was needed. ‘Zhenghan No. 1’showed good plantability in different producing areas. It could grow normally in the areas such as Changyuan with low temperature in winter and Boai with cloyed ground. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

Effects of fructose sodium diphosphate on expression of CHOP and JNK in endoplasmic reticulum stress and islet apoptosis in rats with type 2 diabetes

AIM: To study the effects of fructose sodium diphosphate (FDP) on the expression of CHOP and c-Jun N-terminal binase(JNK) in endoplasmic reticulum stress and islet apoptosis in the rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: T2DM model was established in male Wistar rats by feeding of high lipid diet and injection of streptozotocin. The rats were divided into 4 groups (n=8):normal control group, T2DM model group, T2DM+low-dose FDP (2 mL穔g^-1穌^-1, ip) group and T2DM+high-dose FDP (5 mL穔g^-1穌^-1, ip) group. The rats in the treatment groups received FDP for 8 weeks. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting serum insulin (FINS) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) were measured. TUNEL was used to detect the islet apoptosis. The protein levels of CHOP and JNK were determined by the method of immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: (1) Compared with normal control group, FBG, FINS, the expression of CHOP and JNK, and apoptosis in T2DM model group were significantly increased (P<0.01). The level of ISI was significantly decreased. (2) Compared with T2DM model group, the levels of FBG and FINS, the expression of CHOP and JNK, and apoptosis in high-dose FDP group were significantly decreased. The level of ISI was significantly increased (P<0.01). However, the level of FBG, the expression of CHOP and JNK, and apoptosis in low-dose FDP group were significantly decreased. Compared with low-dose FDP group, the levels of FBG and FINS, the expression of CHOP and JNK, and apoptosis in high-dose FDP group were significantly decreased. The level of ISI was significantly increased (P<0.01 or P<0.05). CONCLUSION: FDP may prevent islet cells from apoptosis in T2DM rats by decreasing the expression of CHOP and JNK.     

Effects of nitrogen application rates on the leaf qualityof‘Cabernet Gernischet’in desert areas北大核心CSCD

【Objective】As an essential mineral element in plant growth and development, nitrogen has irreplaceable roles in organ construction, nutritive metabolism, biochemical processes as well as fruit yield and quality. The quality and yield of grapes are greatly influenced by the amount of nitrogen applied. In recent years, the industry of China's wine grape has developed rapidly, but there are problems with unreasonable fertilization in production. The Gansu Corridor has the climatic conditions and geographical resources suitable for producing high-quality wine grapes. However, wine grapes are extensively planted on a sandy loam soil with low organic matter. In the actual production, chemical fertilizers are often applied to ensure the normal growth and development of the grapes. At the same time, water-saving agriculture has become the demand for agricultural development in this area. The aim of our study is to investigate the effects of nitrogen application rates on key enzyme activities and related gene expression during nitrogen metabolism, so as to further provide a theoretical reference for the application of nitrogen in wine grape growing in the Gansu Corridor. 【Methods】The experiment was carried out in a 10-year-old‘Cabernet Gernischet’vineyard of the Mo Gao located in Wuwei City from 2014 to 2015. All the grapevines were planted from west to east with simple hedge-shape. The planting spacing was 0.7 m×3.0 m. The area of the plot was about 240 m2, and each plot contained 40 plants. During the test period, the irrigation was carried out according to the“Wuwei Mo Gao Brewing Grape Drip Irrigation Water Distribution Quota”, which formulated by the research team. The irrigation amount in the bud break stage was 675 m3·hm-2, the flowering stage was 900 m3·hm-2, the first berry swell period was 900 m3·hm-2, the secondary shoot growth period was 150 m3·hm-2, and the second berry swell period was 600 m3 · hm- 2, and overwintering water was 1 275 m3 · hm- 2. The total irrigation amount during the whole growth period was 4 500 m3·hm-2. Five different application amounts of nitrogen (0 kg·hm-2, 150 kg·hm-2, 300 kg·hm-2, 450 kg·hm-2 and 600 kg·hm-2, characterized as CK、N1、N2、N3 and N4, respectively) were applied with a completely randomized block. Urea was used as external nitrogen and applied with water. The 750 kg·hm-2 of calcium superphosphate was applied before the first irrigation during the soil excavation. The 825 kg·hm-2 of potassium sulfate was applied in fruit color-changing period. Effects of nitrogen application rates on total nitrogen content, soluble protein content, key enzyme activities including nitrate reductase(NR), glutamine synthetase(GS), glutamate synthase(GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH) as well as the related gene expression levels in leaves (VvNR1, VvGS1, VvGOGAT1 and VvGDH1) were determined at different developmental stages (5th day before anthesis, 20th day after anthesis, 50th day after anthesis, 80th day after anthesis). Ten to fifteen leaves were collected from each treatment. Fresh leaves were punched out with a punch and 1.0 g was weighed for determination of soluble protein content and enzyme activity assay with 3 replicates. The new leaves without pests and diseases on the top of the current shoots were selected to extract RNA. 2.0 g of grape leaves wrapped in tin foil were placed in a liquid nitrogen tank and stored in arefrigerator at -80℃ for RNA extraction. 【Results】The results showed that nitrogen application significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate in leaves. The treatment of N2 significantly increased leaf area and the total nitrogen content in leaves in comparison with CK 5th day before anthesis, 20th day after anthesis and 80th day after anthesis. The soluble protein content increased by nitrogen application in leaves on 80th day after anthesis. The NR activity in leaves showed an increasing trend with the increase of nitrogen application in the range of 0 to 300 kg on 5th day before anthesis, 20th day after anthesis and 80th day after anthesis. The GS activity in leaves increased significantly by N2 treatment on 5th day before anthesis, 50th day after anthesis and 80th day after anthesis, which were 1.66, 1.25 and 1.34 times more than the control, respectively. The GOGAT activity in leaves increased significantly by N2 treatment on 5th day before anthesis and 80th day after anthesis, 0.53 and 0.42μmol·g-1·min-1, respectively. Compared with CK, N2 and N3 treatments could improve the GDH activity in leaves during the whole growing period. The expression level of VvNR1 in N2 treatment was significantly higher than CK and other nitrogen treatments on 5th day before anthesis, 20th day after anthesis and 80th day after anthesis. VvGS1 was significantly up-regulated by N1 and N2 on 5th day before anthesis, which was up-regulated by 142.33% and 283.47% in comparison with CK, respectively. VvGDH1 was up-regulated during the whole growing period after nitrogen application. With N2 treatment, fruit soluble sugar, the ratio of sugar to acid, tannins, anthocyanin content reached the maximum, the titratable acid content was the lowest, the yield was at a medium level. 【Conclusion】The results suggested that different nitrogen application rates affected the expression of VvNR1, VvGS1, VvGOGAT1 and VvGDH1 genes in leaves, thereby improving leaf nitrogen metabolism. In addition, the nitrogen application with 300kg·hm-2 (N2) among all the treatments significantly promoted the accumulation of nitrogen in leaves during the late growth period. At the same time, it promoted the increase of leaf area and net photosynthetic rate, and improved the fruit quality. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

龙眼TIR1和ABP1基因的克隆及其在体胚发生过程中的表达分析

AIM: To investigate the expression and the role of histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) in cardiac hypertrophy and the effects of valproic acid sodium (VPA, a histone deacetylase inhibitor) on the expression of HDAC8 and cardiac hypertrophy in two-kidney two-clip (2K2C) renovascular hypertensive rats. METHODS: Male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, 2K2C group, high dose VPA (400 mg穔g^-1穌^-1) treatment group, low dose VPA (200 mg穔g^-1穌^-1) treatment group and candesartan (10 mg穔g^-1穌^-1) treatment group.Four weeks after surgery,the rats were intraperitoneally injected with VPA for 4 weeks. Sham operation and 2K2C rats were given vehicle for 4 weeks. All animals were sacrificed 8 weeks after surgery. The ratio of left ventricular weight to body weight (LVW/BW) was calculated and pathological changes of the myocardium were observed with HE staining. The mRNA expression of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and HDAC8 was examined by RT-PCR. The protein level of HDAC8 was also measured by Western blotting analysis. RESULTS: Compared with the control rats, the mRNA and protein expression of HDAC8 significantly increased in the myocardium in 2K2C rats while the mRNA and protein expression of HDAC8 was significantly decreased by VPA treatment in 2K2C rats. The mass index (as measured by LVW/BW) and cardiomyocyte cross areas were markedly increased and myocardial fibers were disordered in 2K2C rats, but these parameters were markedly reversed after treated with VPA for 4 weeks, indicating that VPA attenuated cardiac hypertrophy. Moreover, VPA also decreased the mRNA expression of ANF. CONCLUSION: HDAC8 may play an important role in cardiac hypertrophy in 2K2C renovascular hypertensive rats. VPA inhibits the expression of HDAC8 and prevents the development of cardiac hypertrophy.     

Sequence analysis,prokaryotic expression and antiserum preparation of coat protein gene of Actinidia virus A in Sichuan province北大核心CSCD

【Objective】The purpose of the research was to study the occurrence and molecular diversity of Actinidia virus A (AcVA), so as to provide scientific basis for the rapid detection, scientific prevention and control of AcVA and the variety breeding of kiwifruit in China.【Methods】Total RNA was extracted from kiwifruit leaves by CTAB (Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide). Nested- PCR was used to amplify AcVA CP gene sequence. The first round PCR amplification was performed by using primers AcVA- 1F (5’- ATGAATCGTTCGAGCA TAGGT- 3’) and AcVA- 1R (5’- TGCGAACATGGTCCCACACTTA-3’), and the pair of primers was designed according to the full length of AcVA sequence, and the amplified fragment was 888 bp that included the complete CP gene sequence. The reaction was conducted under conditions of initial 5 min denaturation at 94 ℃, 34 cycles of 94 ℃ for 60 s, 54 ℃ for 60 s, 72 ℃ for 60 s and extension for 10 min at 72 ℃. Then, 1 μL PCR product was used as template for the second round of PCR amplification with the primers AcVA- 2F (5’- ATGGCAAAGAATATCTCAAG-3’) and AcVA-2R (5’-CTATATTTCAACAGCCTGC-3’). PCR was performed using the following parameters: one cycle at 94 ℃ for 5 min, 34 cycles at 94 ℃ for 30 s, 54 ℃ for 30 s, and 72 ℃ for 40 s, and extension for 10 min at 72 ℃. The BLAST algorithm was used to search the NCBI GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) databases for homologous sequences and ascertain the identity of target gene. DNAMAN was used to analyze the AcVA CP gene sequence, and MegAlign was used to analyze the sequence identity. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method in MEGA 6.0. The restriction enzymes Bam HⅠ and Sal Ⅰ were added to the corresponding end of the AcVA CP gene sequence, respectively. The PCR purified products and pET28a vector were digested by Bam HⅠ and Sal Ⅰ, after that they were ligated with T4 DNA ligase (TaKaRa) and transferred into E. coli (Escherichia coli) strains DH5á (TaKaRa), and finally plated onto LB (Luria-Bertani) agar containing Kana (Kanamycin). The expression strain BL21 containing the recombinant plasmid was cultured at 37 ℃ overnight, and transferred to a new medium at a 10% inoculum on the second day, until OD600 reached 0.4-0.6, IPTG (Isopropyl β-D-Thiogalactoside) was added to a final concentration of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 mM, and incubated at 16 ℃ overnight. The expressed protein was purified and then anti-AcVA-CP antibody was obtained from a rabbit. The optimal titer of the antiserum was tested by Western blot.【Results】The complete CP gene sequences of AcVA Sichuan isolates were cloned by nested-PCR and named as AcVA-DJY4, AcVA-HYZ1 and AcVA-WBS12, respectively. In the study the frequency of AcVA in Sichuan province was also counted. The full length of the CP gene sequence was 597 bp, encoding 198 amino acids. Based on the comparison of the nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of CP gene of the AcVA isolates, the nucleotide identity between the AcVA isolates from Sichuan province ranged from 86.9% to 88.3%, and the identity of the encoded amino acids ranged from 96.0 to 96.5%. The CP genes of three AcVA Sichuan isolates shared 87.9%-90.8% nucleotide identity and 94.9%-97.5% amino acid identity with the Actinidia virus A isolate TP7-93A (AcVA-TP7-93A) from New Zealand and the Actinidia virus A isolate Haenam (AcVA-Haenam) from South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequence of AcVA CP gene showed that AcVA-HYZ1 was clustered with AcVA-Haenam (Group I), and AcVA-WBS12 was clustered with AcVA-TP7-93A (Group II), but AcVA-DJY4 was an independent branch. Phylogenetic analysis based on amino acid sequence of AcVA CP gene showed that AcVA-WBS12 was a single branch, AcVA-DJY4 and AcVA-HYZ1 were clustered into one group (Group I), and the AcVA-Haenam reported in South Korea and the AcVA-TP7-93A reported in New Zealand were clustered into another group (Group II). The results of the phylogenetic analyses indicated that there were significant differences among the AcVA isolates. The prokaryotic expression plasmid pET28a-AcVA-DJY4-CP was successfully constructed. The target fusion protein (27 kDa) was highly expressed in E. coli induced by 0.6 mmol · L- 1 IPTG at 16 ℃. The expressed protein was purified and retrieved and then used to immune rabbits and the corresponding specific antiserum was prepared. Western blot analysis confirmed that the antiserum reacted strongly and specifically with the CP of AcVA-DJY4, with the optimal titer of the antiserum being up to 1:5 000.【Conclusion】Three AcVA Sichuan isolates were obtained for the first time, enriching the sequence diversity of the AcVA CP gene sequences. In the study, the optimal conditions were explored for prokaryotic expression and specific antisera was prepared for detection of AcVA-DJY4-CP. Western blot analysis showed that the antiserum could be used for the detection of AcVA in the kiwifruit producing districts. These results can also provide a technical support for the rapid detection, scientific prevention and control of virus disease in kiwifruit plant and the breeding of kiwifruit varieties. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

Effects of Fruit Thinning Severity on Yield and Quality in ‘Sensation’ Mango （Mangifera indica）

Four different fruit thinning severities were tested.The thinning treatments were carried out in October before the occurrence of physiological fruit drop.Different parameters were measured(both qualitative and quantitative) and the results compared among treatments as well as to that of the control.The results showed that wher fruit on ‘Sensation’ mango pani-cles were thinned to two fruit per panicle,a significant difference was obtained for most of the quantitative parameters.The fruits of the treatment where one fruit per panicle was retained and 50% panicles removed,produced the best results for most of the qualitative parameters.     

Analysis the efficiency of inter and intra-specific hybridization of new cultivars of sweet cherry and chinese cherry北大核心CSCD

【Objective】To explore the rules of intra-specional and inters-pecific cross breeding of some new sweet cherry cultivars and improve the efficiency of cross breeding of sweet cherry in the area where winter is warm and summer is hot and moist.【Methods】The intraspecial and interspecifichybridization test of sweet cherry was carried out by using sweet cherry as the mother,using sweet cherry and chinese cherry as the father. The rate of fruit set,embryo,embryo abort of the cross and quality of the F0 fruit were investigated in order to analysis the efficiency of the cross.【Results】The four cultivars of sweet cherry‘Jiangnanhong’‘Chaoyang-1’‘Changfeng-1’and‘Van’were taken as the mother. Five sweet cherry cultivars or selections‘04-8’‘04-11’‘Chaoyang-1’‘Van’‘Lapins’and five cultivars of chinese cherry‘Chaozaohong’‘Duanbing’‘Gejiawu’‘Heizhenzhu’‘Zijing’were taken as the male parent. Among them‘Jiangnanhong’and‘Zijing’are newly identified cultivars in Zhejiang province,and‘Chaoyang-1’and‘Changfeng-1’are new selections. After pollination for 1 week,the fruit setting rate was relatively high and significant decrease in the 4 weeks and mature stages in intra and inter- species with the development of fruits. In the mature stage,all the fruit setting of the other cross of intra-species were higher than 5%,except that of‘Jiangnanhong’ב04-11’was 1.85% lower than 3%,and that of‘Changfeng-1’בLapins’was 4.35% lower than 5%,which indicates the basic affinity between the cross of intra-specific sweet cherry. The fruit setting rate of intraspecific cross was higher than that of interspecific cross. The fruit setting rate of‘Chaoyang-1’was the highest in both intraspecific and interspecific hybridization. The interspecific hybrid combination of‘Changfeng-1’had the lowest fruiting rate. The embryo rate and abortion rate of the intraspecific cross were higher than those of interspecific cross when the female parent is same. The abortion rate is high when hybrid embryos mature,and only 4 crosses group can obtain non-abortion embryos,which are the hybrid cross of‘Jiangnanhong’with‘04-8’‘Lapins’‘Chaozaohong’,and the cross of‘Changfeng-1’with‘Van’. The abortion is lower when the hybrid embryos immature. The embryo rate was lowest and the abortion degree was the highest of the cross of‘Jiangnanghong’in immature embryo stage. The cross with the mother of‘Chaoyang-1’was the best with high setting rate,high embryo rate and low abortion rate in immature embryo stage,so‘Chaoyang-1’is the best female parent in this test.‘Chaoyang-1’and‘Zijing’were the better fathers in the ten test male parents for the cross with them had a high embryo rate (65.84% and 75.21%,respectively),and most of the embryos were bright white and full with good development in the immature embryos stage. ‘Chaoyang-1’is the best female and male parent in this test. The cross between‘Chaoyang-1’and‘Van’shows‘Chaoyang-1’is the better female than male parent. The ripening stage of F0 fruit was delayed,and the color and shape of F0 fruit showed the same col- or and shape of open pollination of parent fruit. The soluble solid of interspecific hybrid fruit was lower than that the intra-specific hybrid,and they all lower than that of the open pollinated female fruit. In order to obtain hybrid offspring,the author suggests three methods could be used in the area where is warm in winter,hot and moist in summer: one is selecting hybrid offspring which comes from the main producing areas,which means making cross and getting hybrid offspring in the main producing areas but select it in future planting area. The other is using embryos rescue technology after getting immature fruit; the third one is using mixed pollen for open pollination.【Conclusion】The fruit set and embryo development have significant differences among the different cross group in the area where winter is warm and summer is hot and moist. The fruit set is higher and the embryo abort is lower of intraspecific cross than that of interspecific cross when the mother is the same sweet cherry.‘Chaoyang-1’is the best female and male parent in this test when making cross. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

Protective effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate on kidneys in type 2 diabetic rats

AIM: To investigate the protective effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on the kidneys in type 2 diabetic rats. METHODS: High-fat diet and a small dose (27 mg/kg) of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with or without PDTC (50 mg穔g^-1穌^-1, ip) for 1 week, and age-matched nondiabetic animals were also used for comparison. The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA)and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined by commercial kit. The ratio of urine microalbumin/creatinine was measured by an automatic biochemical analyzer. The morphological changes of renal glomerulus were observed by HE/Masson staining and transmission electron microscopy. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine (NT) in the renal tissues was examined by the method of immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: PDTC-treated rats had lower blood glucose level and urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio than those in untreated diabetic rats. The levels of tissue MDA in diabetic rats were significantly higher, and the activity of SOD and GSH-Px was lower than those in normal control rats (P<0.05). The renal damage in diabetic rats was significantly improved after PDTC treatment. PDTC administration markedly attenuated the expression of iNOS and the production of NT in renal glomerulus and tubule in diabetic rats. CONCLUSION: PDTC not only reduces blood glucose level, but also protects the diabetic rats from diabetic nephropathy by diminishing the expression of iNOS and the production of NT.     

‘鸭梨’及其自交亲和性突变体‘金坠梨’花粉蛋白质组比较分析

【目的】分析‘鸭梨’和‘金坠梨’花粉蛋白差异,探讨‘金坠梨’花粉侧自交亲和突变的机制。【方法】以‘鸭梨’及其自交亲和性芽变‘金坠梨’花粉为材料,利用双向电泳技术(two-dimensional electrophoresis,2-DE)对二者花粉总蛋白进行分离,并对差异蛋白进行功能和质谱分析,通过qRT-PCR进行相关差异基因的表达验证。【结果】分离得到23个差异蛋白,其中14个蛋白在‘金坠梨’中上调表达,9个蛋白在‘金坠梨’下调表达;对其中差异显著的10个蛋白点质谱检测结果表明,1个为半胱氨酸甲基转移酶(cysteine S-methyltransferase,4 803),1个为存储蛋白(Storage protein,5413),4个为蛋白酶类:果糖激酶(fructokinase,5 316)、顺乌头酸水合酶(aconitate hydratase,5 811)、烯酰-ACP-还原酶(Enoyl-ACP reductase,7 303)和JPR ORF1蛋白(JPR ORF1 protein,7 506),4个为HSP家族蛋白:HSP70伴侣26(HSP70-type chaperone 26,8 633)、HSP 90.5(8 822)和2个ER结合蛋白(ER-binding protein,4 209和8 805)。这些蛋白涉及到遗传信息处理、碳水化合物代谢、能量代谢、酶和氨基酸代谢等生理过程;qRT-PCR对8个基因进行验证,发现部分基因在蛋白水平与基因表达水平有明显差异。这些差异的蛋白在不同的信号途径中参与了‘金坠梨’花粉侧自交亲和突变。【结论】明确了‘鸭梨’和‘金坠梨’花粉侧自交亲和性突变中差异表达蛋白,为进一步研究梨亚科自交不亲和性的调控机理提供理论依据。     

Artesunate negatively controls expression of cyclin D1 and activity of AP-1 by inhibiting the activation of ERK1/2 protein in HSC-T6 cells

AIM: To investigate the effects of artesunate(Art) on the expression of ERK1/2, AP-1 and cyclin D1 in rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and to elucidate the molecular mechanism of Art against hepatic fibrosis. METHODS: HSC-T6 cells were treated with platelet-derived growth factor BB(PDGF-BB) to induce cell proliferation. The cells were divided into control group, PDGF-BB group, PDGF-BB+Art groups (with 6.25 mg稬^-1, 25 mg稬^-1or 50 mg稬^-1 of Art) and PDGF-BB+PD98059 group. The level of collagen type I in the supernatant was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression levels of ERK1/2 and cyclin D1 were measured by RT-PCR. The protein levels of p-ERK1/2 and cyclin D1 in HSC-T6 cells were detected by Western blotting. The activity of AP-1 was analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS: The concentration of collagen type I was significantly higher in PDGF-BB group than that in control group (P<0.05), and decreased in PDGF-BB+Art group and PDGF-BB+PD98059 group in comparison with that in PDGF-BB group (P<0.05, P<0.01). The protein level of ERK1/2 in PDGF-BB+Art group (50 mg稬^-1) was lower than that in PDGF-BB group (P<0.05), and was even lower in PDGF-BB+PD98059 group (P<0.01). The mRNA expression of cyclin D1 in PDGF-BB+Art groups (25 mg稬^-1and 50 mg稬^-1) and PDGF-BB+PD98059 group were significantly lower than that in PDGF-BB group (P<0.05). The protein levels of p-ERK1/2 and cyclinD1 were the highest in PDGF-BB group, and significantly lower in PDGF-BB+Art groups (6.25 mg稬^-1, 25 mg稬^-1 and 50 mg稬^-1) and PDGF-BB+PD98059 group (P<0.05, P<0.01). The AP-1 binding activity in HSC-T6 cells was down-regulated by Art. CONCLUSION: Artesunate inhibits the proliferation of HSC-T6 cells in vitro by inhibiting the activation of ERK1/2, thus down-regulating the activity of AP-1 and expression of cyclin D1.     

整合农艺性状和分子标记数据构建新疆野苹果核心种质

AIM: To explore the effect of traditional Chinese medicine Qiliqiangxin on cardiomyocyte apoptosis after myocardial infarction (MI) in a rat model. METHODS: MI was induced in rats by ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery. The survivors were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham operation group, MI group and Qiliqiangxin treatment group (4 g穔g^-1穌^-1). After 28 days, the infarction size was measured. Apoptotic index (AI) was determined by TUNEL. The expression of Fas was detected by the method of immunohistochemistry in non-infarcted zones (NIZ), and the expression of xanthine oxidase (XO) and caspase-3 in myocardial tissue from NIZ was detected by Western blotting. In addition, XO activity, and O₂ ^-? and OH? scavenging activity of myocardial tissues in the NIZ were measured by colorimetry. RESULTS: Compared with MI group, AI and the expression of Fas and caspase-3 in the NIZ were significantly depressed in Qiliqiangxin treatment group. Moreover, the activity of XO was significantly decreased while O₂ ^-? and OH穝cavenging activity was significantly increased in Qiliqiangxin treatment group. Ventricular remodeling was attenuated. No significant difference in infarct size and XO expression level between Qiliqiangxin treatment group and MI group was observed. CONCLUSION: Qiliqiangxin may inhibit apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in the NIZ of rats by reducing reactive oxygen species and depressing the expression of Fas and caspase-3.     

A new pest in vineyard under grass management model: study on the biological characteristics and control of Smaragdina nigrifrons北大核心CSCD

【Objective】For many years, our team have been working on organic cultivation management and pest control of wine grapes. Ground cover management model has been a new green management model currently implemented in the northern orchards. However, under the grass-covering system, new or secondary pests and diseases may increase in the orchards if the pasture type and planting and management models are not carefully chosen. These pests and diseases might become a new problem in fruit production. For example, a serious insect pest of wine grapes, Smaragdina nigrifrons (Hope) (Coleoptera: Eumolpidae) was found in the vineyard in Changli, China for the first time. This pest is highly harmful and occurs continuously in grass-covered orchards. In order to understand the occurrence and damage of the pest, the authors conducted field and lab investigations for three consecutive years. Its morphological characteristics were described, and its living habits, damage, and occurring pattern were observed, and the control methods were suggested.【Methods】Systematic field investigation was combined with indoor feeding and observation. Morphological characteristics of the beetles were observed under Primo Star microscope, and their taxonomic status was determined. The population dynamics and occurrence pattern were monitored by yellow cards trapping technique. 【Results】 The results showed that the adult of S. nigrifrons was long ovate. Female adults were 4.5 to 5.9 mm in length and 2.2 to 3.0 mm in width; males were 4.0 to 5.6 mm in length and 1.9 to 2.6 mm in width. Their head was black, the top was highly convex, and the leading edge had a wavy fold. There was no obvious boundary between the lip base and the forehead, which was slightly raised with numerous deep points. The tentacles were short and thin. The basal 4 knots of the tentacle were yellowish brown, the other sections were brown or black, and the sections after the 5th section were jagged. The chest was red brown or yellow brown. The scutellum and the elytra were yellow brown or red brown, and the elytra had wide black transverse band. Male's abdomen penultimate web was raised and female’s was sag. The adults of S. nigrifrons do damage on the tender new leaves. They had pseudo- lethality, coming out during the day and hiding at night. Generally it damaged tender leaves on the top of the canopy, with irregular notches in the injured leaves. The damage rate of local wine grape reached 100%. The adults usually appeared in July and August and might have one generation a year. They were active during 8:00 to 11:00 and 15:00 to 18:00. They had no phototaxis but had feigned death. In addition to harming the top leaves of wine grape trees, they also harmed the inter-row weeds, and the damage in the grass growing area was significantly more serious than in the weeding area. 【Conclusion】It is speculated that the occurrence and harm of S. nigrifrons in the wine grape vine of Changli Langes Winery is closely related to the implementation of the new orchard management mode with grass cover, indicating that it has potential risk. Therefore, it is extremely important to carry out a risk assessment analysis of S. nigrifrons. The occurrence and damage of S. nigrifrons in other fruit orchards in the north, especially in slopes, semi-mountainous areas and mountainous areas, needs further investigation. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

Risk assessment of dietary intake of pesticide residues in kiwifruit北大核心CSCD

【Obiective】Risk assessment of dietary exposure to pesticide residues in kiwifruit and quantifiction of the dietary risk levels of commonly used pesticides provide references for safe production and guidance for consumption of the fruit, food safety supervision, and revision of the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) of kiwifruit.【Methods】Based on detection of the residues of 66 pesticides in 61 kiwifruit samples from a major producing area, chronic dietary intake risk (%ADI) and acute dietary intake risk (%ARfD) of pesticide residues in these samples were assessed. Based on the veterinary drug residue risk ranking matrix constructed by the British Veterinary Drug Residues Committee, the risk of th epesticides and samples was ranked by integrating kiwifruit consumption and pesticide toxicity, frequency of use and residue level, and maximum residue limit estimates (eMRL) were calculated using allowable daily intake (ADI) values, large portion consumed (LP), and body weight (bw). The study will provide a reference for the regulation of the maximum residue limit (MRL) for the corresponding pesticides.【Results】(1)Among the 62 pesticides, a total of 21 pesticides were detected, and they were low-toxic pesticides except for chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, cypermethrin and cyhalothrin, which were moderately toxic; (2) Using the pesticide toxicology data, acceptable daily intake (ADI) and acute reference does (ARfD), residual data and kiwifruit consumption data, the risk assessment of the 21 pestcides detected showed that the chronic dietary intake (%ADI) of each pesticide inkiwifruitranged from 0.000 01% to 0.016 04%. All the 21 pesticides detected but acetamiprid and chlorpyrifos without ARfD information had an acute dietary intake (%ARfD) ranging from 0.01% to 26.20%. The acute dietary intake risk difference between different pesticides was significantly. (3) According to the residual risk score, the 21 pesticides detected were medium- to low-risk pesticides. The risk scores for deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos were 16.5 and 16.1 ie(15≤S<20), respectively, which were in the medium-risk range. The risk scores of cypermethrin, pyrimidine, buprofezin, cyhalothrin and difenoconazole were between 12.1 and 12.4, and the risk scores of 14 pesticides including procymidone and chlorpyrifos ranged from 8.0 to 9.3 (S< 15). All of them were low-risk pesticides. Among the 61 kiwifruit samples, 45.9% of the samples were in a very low risk area with a pesticide residue risk index (RI) below 5; 34.4% of the samples were in a low risk range with a pesticide residue RI between 5 and 10; and 18.0% of the samples were in a medium risk range with a pesticide residue RI of 10 and 15; (4) At present, there were few standard pesticides in kiwifruit. Among the 21 pesticides detected, only carbendazim, acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, and cyhalothrin had maximum residue limit (MRL) in kiwifruit or berries and other small fruits in GB 2763—2016, while 76.2% the pesticides had not a limit value. Compared with eMRL, the MRL values of the five pesticides was a more strict parameter related to limitation of quantities. For example, the eMRL of carbendazim was 6.6 times that of MRL; the eMRL of acetamiprid was 3.8 times that of MRL; the eMRL of cyhalothrin was 10.9 times that of MRL; the eMRL of deltamethrin 21.9 times that of MRL; and the eMRL of chlorfenuron was 153 times that of MRL. Among the 21 pesticides detected, carbendazim, acetamiprid, cyhalothrin, deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos had MRLs, and azoxystrobin, chlorfenapyr, malathion, and procymidone had no necessecity to formulate MRL. 12 pesticides including thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, thiophanate- methyl, tebuconazole, propiconazole, prochloraz, difenoconazole, buprofezin, trifloxystrobin, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and chlorothalonil had no MRLs.【Conclusion】The pesticides detected were all middle- risk or low- risk pesticides, and the acute and chronic dietary risks of the 21 pesticides were acceptable. At the same time, 98.4% of the 61 samples were at medium, low or very low risk. Therefore, the kiwifruit in the major producing area was relatively safe. It was recommended to develope the MRLs of 12 pesticides including thiamethoxam and imidacloprid for in kiwifruit. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

Detection and differential analysis of fruit organic acids among different local wrinkled papaya varieties(Chaenomeles speciosa ) by GC-MS北大核心CSCD

【Objective】Organic acid plays a key role in affecting fruit flavor by changing acid-sugar ratio. And GC-MS is also an important detecting platform to inspect fruit organic acids due to its stable, sensitive and accurate features. With methyl ester derivatization, the objective organic acids could be effectively detected for their reduction of ingredient polarity. To provide the basic data for Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai fruit quality improvement, the the organic acid inspection of the fruit sampleswas carried out from 10 main producing areas in China and their compositions and contentswere disclosed by extracting with methal, derivating with methyl esterification and detecting by means of GC-MS.【Methods】In this study, 10 local varieties were used as materials that were collected from 10 main producing areas in China. After methanol extraction and methyl-ester derivatization, the compositions and contents of organic acids with each sample were comprehensively determined by GC- MS. The derivatives were analyzed by a Shimadzu GC-MS 2010 Qplus with a Rxt-5MS weak polar capillary MS column(30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm, Shimadzu Technology). Helium was used as the carrier gas at 0.87 mL · min- 1 with a split ratio of 53:1 for the testing solution. The GC-MS detecting time was 35 min. Qualitative retrieval was conducted with similarity searching in NIST08 and NIST08S coupled with Kovats Reservation Index(RI value) matching and quantitative analysis was performed by an external standard method and the ingredient peak responding value was adjusted according to the n-alkanes mixed standards that came from USA O2Si calibration standards company. The difference in objective organic acids of all the 10 local variety samples was done through the Excel 2007 software and the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis(HCA) of organic acid composition among different samples was completed with SPSS20.0.【Results】Six standards for organic acids including malic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid and oleic acid as well as their gradient regression equations showed that there was a high correlation between the standard concentration and their component peak area(R2 ≥ 92.9%). All baselines of the TICs were stable and all the component peaks were evenly distributed during the detecting period and their resolution was high. So the method for extracting by methanol, derivating by methyl ester and detecting by GC-MS was stable and reliable. A total of 43 organic acids including 9 short-chain carboxylic acids, 22 long-chain fatty acids, 4 aromatic dicarboxylic acids, 4 mono-basic phenol acids and 2 amino acids were identified from the 10 fruit samples of different producing areas in China. The top 10 organic acids with the highest contents were dl-malic acid, citric acid, hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, (+/-)-10-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid, levulinic acid, stearic acid, 9,10-dihydroxy-octadecanoic acid and benzoic acid, respectively. There were 33 common ingredient peaks among the total 10 local varieties and their total contents of organic acids were between 85.02-170.76 mg·g-1. From high to low content, it showed like this: Linyi of Shandong > Jinghong of Yunnan > Zheng’an of Guizhou > Chun’an of Zhejiang > Qijiang of Chongqing> Changyang of Hubei > Xuancheng of Anhui > Yilong of Sichuan > Nanning of Guangxi > Baihe of Shaanxi. The total organic acid content had an extremely significant positive correlation with the long-chain fatty acids, mainly including hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid and 9-octadecenoic acid; a significant positive correlation with the short-chain carboxylic acids, mainly consisting of dl-malic acid and citric acid; a negative correlation with the aromatic carboxylic acids, mainly containing benzoic acid. Analysis of the cluster according to 33 common components showed that all the fruit samples were classified into 4 categories when their clustering distance was 5: Yilong of Sichuan, Xuancheng of An’hui, Baihe of Shaanxi, Nanning of Guangxi, and Changyang of Hubei were clustered into the first group; Qijiang of Chongqing and Chun’an of Zhejiang were clustered into the second branch. Zheng’an of Guizhou and Linyi of Shandong were clustered into the third group, and Jinghong of Yunnan was alone clustered into the fourth group. The Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) coupled with the total organic acid content showed that Zheng’an of Guizhou and Linyi of Shandong belonged to the high-acid varieties, Qijiang of Chongqing and Chun’an of Zhejiang were the middle-acid varieties, and Yilong of Sichuan, Baihe of Shaanxi and Nanning of Guangxi belonged to the low-acid varieties.【Conclusion】Compared with the acid-base titration method and HPLC, GC-MS method not onlywas more stable, sensitive and accurate, but also could realize a qualitative identification of more chemical components. So it was much better to be used in the determination of total organic acid contents in fruits and their derived products. The results showed that there was a small difference among the different local varieties and an obvious difference existed in organic acid compositions and contents among the samples from different producing areas in China. And dl-malic acid and citric acid were the main components in most of C. speciosa fruit samples from 10 producing areas in China. Therefore, it belonged to the fruit type of malic acid accumulating mode. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science     

Identification of resistance to anthracnose in leaves of grape resources and QTL localization of disease resistance genes北大核心CSCD

【Objective】 Grape anthracnose is one of the main diseases of grape, which mainly infects the fruits, young leaves and new branches of grape, causing fruit rot, shedding, or water loss and shrinkage into stiff fruits. Breeding disease-resistant grape varieties is the most economical, effective, and environmentally friendly long-term control strategy for the prevention of the anthracnose disease. There have been a few studies on the identification of the resistance to anthracnose and the QTL localization of relative disease resistant genes so far. The study aimed to identify the resistance to the anthracnose disease of different grape germplasms and seek for new QTL locus for the resistance and provide germplasm materials and basis for the breeding and research on the disease resistance mechanism. 【Methods】 The indoor ex vivo leaf inoculation method was used to identify and evaluate the resistance to anthracnose in 60 strains of Chinese wild grapes, 122 accessions of V. vinifera and 76 accessions of V. vinifera-V. labrusca, and the hybrid offsprings of Manicure Finger (susceptible)×Ciputao0940 (resistant), and the QTL localization of grape anthracnose resistance was carried out using the genetic map constructed by SNP markers.【Results】 A total of 1 germplasm with high resistance, 43 germplasms with resistance and 75 germplasms with medium resistance were screened out, accounting for 0.39%, 16.67% and 29.07% of the total identified accessions, respectively. There were great differences in the resistance to anthracnose in different germplasm populations. 63.34% of the East Asian population 56.57% of the V. vinifera-V. labrusca population, and 31.15% of the Eurasian population had the resistance to anthracnose. In the identification of anthracnose resistance in Chinese wild grape germplasms, it was found that the resistance of different strains in the same population varied greatly, and the species with strong resistance on the whole included V. davidii, V. pseudoreticulata, V. amurensis, and V. piasezkii. The strong resistance of the strains include Shanputao &, Longyuwanfuye1 &, Duolieye-yingyu, Shanputao- shanyang1807, Mianmaoputao-chayu1955, and Ciputao0940. The resistance of the hybrid offsprings of Manicure Finger (susceptible)×Ciputao0940 (resistant) were distributed in five grades. According to the normality test and single-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test based on the resistance level distribution of the F1 population, it was found that the hybrid offsprings of Finger (susceptible) × Ciputao0940 (resistant) showed continuous variation in anthracnose resistance, which was a typical quantitative trait controlled by polygens, and the phenotypic distribution of disease resistance identification results showed a trend of partial normal distribution, which could be analyzed by QTL localization. In the positioning of QTL related to grape resistance to anthracnose, the interval or site of LOD≥3.0 was used as the threshold value for QTL, and when the above conditions were met, the site corresponding to the highest LOD value in the interval was considered to be one QTL of grape anti-anthracnose. In this experiment, a QTL interval associated with grape anthracnose resistance was detected on the 8th linkage group, and the locus with the highest LOD value in this interval was located at 140.682 cM, and the tightly linked label was Maker1675910, which could explain the 14.7% of the phenotypic variation. Based on the gene annotation results of the QTL locus interval, 15 resistance- related genes were screened out, and they were hypothesized to play a role in grape anthracnose resistance. 【Conclusion】 The resistance level of different grape germplasms to anthracnose was clarified, one QTL site against anthracnose was located and 15 resistant-related genes were screened. © 2023 Journal of Fruit Science. All rights reserved.     

Changes of hydroxyl radical,malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capa-city in intestines after orthotopic liver autotransplantation in rats

AIM: To explore the pathological changes of small intestines after orthotopic liver autotransplantation in rats and to analyze the correlation between these changes and the levels of hydroxy radical (稯H),malondialdehyde(MDA)and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC). METHODS: Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (group S, n=6) and model group (group M). According to the period after liver reperfusion, the rats in group M were divided into 5 sub-groups: 2 h after reperfusion (group M1, n=6), 4 h after reperfusion (group M2, n=6), 8 h after reperfusion (group M3, n=6), 16 h after reperfusion (group M4, n=6), and 24 h after reperfusion (group M5, n=6). After anesthesia, the rats in group S involved laparotomy and vascular dissection without hepatic vascular exclusion and perfusion. The rats in other groups received orthotopic liver autotransplantation. The intestinal tissues starting from 5 cm to terminal ileum were removed 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 16 h and 24 h after reperfusion. The morphological changes of intestinal epithelial basement membrane were observed under optical microscope. The levels of 稯H, MDA and T-AOC were detected. RESULTS: (1) In model groups, the morphological damages in the intestines were significant compared to group S, especially 8 h after reperfusion. The intestines showed massive epithelial lifting down the sides of villi and a few tips being denuded. The repair of pathological damage in the intestines 24 h after reperfusion was observed. (2) Compared to group S, the levels of 稯H in the intestines significantly increased in group M2, M3 and M4 (P<0.05). The levels of MDA in the intestines significantly increased in group M1, M2 and M3 (P<0.05). The levels of T-AOC significantly decreased in group M1, M2, M3 and M4 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Orthotopic liver autotransplantation increases the levels of 稯H and MDA, diminishes T-AOC and induces reversible pathological changes in intestines.     

两种砧木对年橘果实品质与产量的影响

AIM: To investigate the effect of ovariectomy (OVX) and simvastatin (SVS) on the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in bone callus of rats. METHODS: Simvastatin (10 mg穔g^-1穌^-1) was injected subcutaneously to tissue overlying the site of fractured tibiae of ovariectomized rats for a treatment period of 5 days. Vehicle reagent was used as control in sham and OVX rats. Bone callus were harvested at time points of 1, 2 and 4 weeks after fracture and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and OPG was measured by the method of immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Compared with OVX+vehicle group, the expression of PCNA decreased by 17.3%, 32.1% and 26.1% in OVX+vehicle group than that in sham+vehicle group (P<0.01), and increased by 60.1%, 67.7% and 67.7% in OVX+SVS group (P<0.01) at the time points of 1, 2 and 4 weeks after fracture, respectively. The expression of OPG was the lowest in OVX+vehicle group. The significant differences of OPG expression between OVX+SVS group and OVX+vehicle group at the 3 time points (P<0.01), and significant differences of OPG expression between sham+vehicle group and OVX+vehicle group at 1st week and 2nd week after fracture (P<0.05) were observed. CONCLUSION: Ovariectomy decreases the expression of OPG in bone callus of rats, while simvastatin increases it, indicating that simvastatin can indirectly inhibit the function of osteoclasts.     

Binding characterization of cholecystokinin receptors in rat pulmonary interstitial macrophages

AIM: To investigate the binding characteristics of cholecystokinin receptors in rat pulmonary interstitial macrophages (PIMs). METHODS: The PIMs were isolated from rat lung tissues, purified using the collagenase digestion method combined with alveolar lavage and pulmonary vessel perfusion. The PIM membrane was obtained by supercentrifuge. Receptors for CCK in PIMs were examined using labeled CCK-8S as ligand. The specificity of -CCK-8S binding to PIMs membrane and the subtypes of CCK receptors were determined by competitive inhibition experiments with CCK-8S, CCK-A and CCK-B receptors selective antagonists (CR1409 and CR2945). The effects of time and incubation temperature on the specific binding were also observed. RESULTS: The specific binding of -CCK-8S was not detected in normal rat PIMs, but was detected in the rat administrated with LPS for 48 h. The capacity of ligand-receptor binding was dependent on the incubation temperature and time. Scatchard analysis of the saturation curves suggested that the presence of CCK receptors with high affinity[Kd=(0.68士0.28) nmol/L] and low binding capacity [Bmax=( 32.50±12.70) pmol·g^-1in PIMs. By means of competitive inhibition studies, the specific binding of [³H]-CCK-8S to rat PIMs was inhibited by unlabelled CCK-8S[IC₅₀=(3.20士1.13)nmol/L],CCK-AR specific antagonist CR 1 409 and CCK-BR specific antagonist CR 2945[IC₅₀=(2.30士0.08)nmol/L].CONCLUSION:These results suggest the presence of two subtypes of CCK一AR and CCK-BR and provide a structural basis for CCK to play a pivotal role in PIMs.