鸭腺病毒3型SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为建立鸭腺病毒3型(duck adenovirus 3,DAdV-3)一种基于SYBR Green I染料的荧光定量PCR诊断方法,本试验根据DAdV-3基因组序列中相对保守的Fiber-2基因,通过普通PCR扩增,构建pMD19-Fiber2重组质粒为阳性标准品,在此基础上设计合成特异性引物进行实时荧光定量PCR方法的建立,对其灵敏性、特异性和重复性进行评价,并初步应用于临床样本检测。结果显示,针对DAdV-3的Fiber-2基因建立的SYBR Green I荧光定量PCR检测方法线性关系良好,相关系数0.998 9;检测DAdV-3的灵敏度为3.6×10² copies/μL,敏感性比普通PCR检测方法高100倍;该方法对鸭腺病毒1型、鸭疫里默杆菌等其他常见病原均无交叉扩增反应,批内、批间变异系数均小于5%;临床样本检测与普通PCR符合率100%。以上结果表明,所建方法特异性强、敏感性高且重复性好,适用于临床检测,该方法可为DAdV-3的临床诊断、流行病学调查以及防控提供技术支持。     

禽腺病毒DAdV-3和FAdV-4双重荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及应用

禽腺病毒属成员鸭腺病毒3型(duck adenovirus type 3,DAdV-3)和禽腺病毒4型(fowl adenovirus serotype-4,FAdV-4)是养殖场主要流行的病原,对养禽业造成巨大的经济损失。目前尚未见可同时快速检测这2种病原的双重荧光定量PCR检测方法,本研究基于DAdV-3 GDMM10毒株和FAdV-4 GDMZ毒株Fiber2基因序列比对及遗传进化分析,分别在Fiber2基因保守区设计特异性引物,建立了能同时鉴别临床上常见的DAdV-3和FAdV-4双重荧光定量PCR检测方法。结果表明,DAdV-3 GDMM10和FAdV-4 GDMZ Fiber2基因处于两个不同进化分支上,同源性为46.10%。建立的检测DAdV-3和FAdV-4双重荧光定量PCR方法特异性强、灵敏度高,最低可检出45拷贝/μL的DAdV-3样品和17拷贝/μL的FAdV-4样品;且检测结果可直接通过Tm值差异进行判定,简化操作时间。利用该双重荧光定量PCR方法对2022年度临床上采集的34份肝炎-心包积液疑似样品进行检测,DAdV-3和FAdV-4检出率分别为17.65%和...     

鸭腺病毒3型Hexon基因的克隆及SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR方法的建立

鸭腺病毒3型(duck adenovirus type 3,DAdV-3)是近年来我国新发鸭源禽腺病毒。本试验根据NCBI数据库中DAdV-3 Hexon基因特征,设计特异性引物,获得番鸭源DAdV-3福建株(命名为W1FJ株)Hexon基因全长,明确其分子特征,并基于此建立检测DAdV-3的SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR方法。结果表明,克隆的W1FJ株Hexon基因全长为2 814 bp,编码937个氨基酸,和DAdV-3(CH-GD-12-2014株)核苷酸同源性为100%,但和鸭源禽腺病毒B型(也称鸭腺病毒2型,DAdV-2,GR株)核苷酸同源性仅为76.6%。Hexon蛋白遗传进化分析表明,W1FJ株和CH-GD-12-2014株在遗传进化上形成一个独立的分支,与鸭源禽腺病毒B型和鹅源禽腺病毒A型(goose aviadenovirus A)在遗传进化上明显不同,建议将其命名为鸭源禽腺病毒C型(duck aviadenovirus C)。建立的检测DAdV-3的SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR方法,灵敏度高,最低检测限为61拷贝/μL;特异性强,和鸭群常见传染病病原均无交叉反应,扩增产物的熔解曲线只出现1个特异性单峰,Tm值为(81.48±0.25)℃;重复性好,组内和组间重复试验变异系数分别为0.49%～1.64%和0.67%～2.40%。本试验为DAdV-3的科学分类和后续开展DAdV-3感染的流行病学调查及致病机理研究奠定基础。     

鸭腺病毒3型PCR检测方法的建立

鸭3型腺病毒(Duck adenovirus type 3,DAdV-3)为近年来新发的以引起鸭肝脏肿大出血、肾脏大面积出血点为特征的鸭群新发疫病。为建立特异性的检测DAdV-3的PCR方法,研究通过分析鸭群中鸭腺病毒A型(DAdV-A)、鸭源禽腺病毒4型(FAdV-4)、鸭2型腺病毒(DAdV-2)和DAdV-3的Fiber 2基因特征,建立特异性检测DAdV-3的PCR方法。结果显示:优化后的PCR方法最佳退火温度为54℃,对DAdV-3扩增片段大小为548 bp;敏感性强,最低检测限为36.4 pg;特异性好,对DAdV-A、FAdV-4、鸭病毒性肠炎(DEV)、番鸭细小病毒(MDPV)、鹅细小病毒(GPV)、鸭圆环病毒(DuCV)和鹅多瘤病毒(GHPV)均无特异性扩增。表明该方法可有效用于开展新发DAdV-3的流行病学调查。     

基于重组酶聚合酶扩增技术的犬细小病毒快速检测方法的建立

为建立一种快速、简便检测犬细小病毒(CPV)的方法,本研究基于CPV VP2基因的保守序列,设计合成引物,通过对反应条件的优化,建立了CPV的重组酶聚合酶(RPA)检测方法。该方法在38℃恒温反应15 min即可快速、特异性的检测出CPV。特异性试验结果显示,除CPV (BJ-2b株、BJ-2c株)外,犬瘟热病毒、犬冠状病毒、犬腺病毒、犬副流感病毒等检测均为阴性;敏感性试验结果显示,以重组质粒pEASY-CPV-VP2为模板,RPA的检测下限为1×10~1拷贝/μL,其敏感度比普通PCR方法高10倍。利用建立的RPA方法对疑似CPV感染的临床样品的阳性检出率为88%,高于普通PCR的检出率(82%)和胶体金的检出率(76%)。本研究建立的CPV RPA检测方法操作简单,反应灵敏,结果确实可靠,适用于CPV的快速检测。     

非洲猪瘟病毒MGF-505R基因缺失株双重荧光RPA检测方法的建立及应用

旨在建立一种快速现场筛查非洲猪瘟病毒(ASFV)基因缺失株的方法，以便鉴别我国复杂的ASFV感染情况。通过分析国内ASFV流行态势，选择MGF-505R基因及B646L基因，设计特异性引物及exo探针，对其进行敏感性、特异性分析，并进行临床应用。利用双重-重组酶聚合酶扩增(RPA)方法检测ASFV MGF-505R及B646L基因，结果显示：检测时间在15 min内，最低检测限均为10 copies/反应，且与猪瘟病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪圆环病毒2型等均无交叉反应；利用所建立方法对266份临床样品进行检测，结果与世界动物卫生组织(WOAH)推荐荧光PCR检测方法的符合率为100%。建立的ASFV MGF-505R基因缺失株的荧光RPA检测方法适配可移动式荧光RPA检测仪，具有快速、灵敏度高、特异性强的优点，适用于ASFV现场快速临床检测，为非洲猪瘟疫情防控提供一种新的筛查手段。     

炭疽杆菌RPA等温检测方法的建立和应用

为建立一种简单、快速的炭疽杆菌(Bacillus anthracis)分子检测方法,本研究基于炭疽杆菌BA5345基因保守序列,设计合成1对重组酶聚合酶扩增(RPA)引物,通过对反应时间的优化,建立39℃恒温水浴锅检测炭疽杆菌的RPA方法。结果显示,所建立的RPA方法在39℃水浴锅中恒温反应30 min,能够特异性的检测炭疽杆菌;以重组质粒pUC57-BA5345作为模板,RPA方法对其检测下限为102拷贝/μL,与荧光定量PCR检测试剂盒检测下限一致,比常规PCR方法敏感性高100倍;RPA方法对污染皮毛临床样品的阳性检出率为65.71%,略低于荧光定量PCR试剂盒的检出率(71.43%),明显高于常规PCR的检出率(42.86%)。本研究建立的RPA方法操作简单、反应快速,结果确实可靠,适用于炭疽杆菌的快速检测。     

禽腺病毒血清4型感染鸡组织中NLRP3基因转录水平的实时荧光定量PCR分析

旨在分析禽腺病毒血清4型(FAdV-4)感染鸡组织中NLRP3基因的转录水平,本研究设计鸡NLRP3特异性引物,利用RT-PCR扩增NLRP3基因180 bp片段并克隆至pMD-18T载体,制备重组质粒pMD-18T-NL-RP3.以pMD-18T-NLRP3质粒作为标准品进行荧光定量PCR并建立标准曲线.通过反应条件...     

猪细小病毒重组酶聚合酶扩增快速检测方法的建立

试验旨在建立一种简单、快速检测猪细小病毒（porcine parvovirus,PPV）的重组酶聚合酶（recombinase polymerase amplification,RPA）检测方法,为中国PPV的防控和诊断提供一种新的、可靠的技术支持。本研究基于PPV VP2基因的保守序列,设计合成1对RPA引物探针,通过对反应时间的优化,建立38℃恒温水浴锅检测PPV的RPA方法。结果表明,所建立的RPA方法在38℃水浴锅中恒温反应30 min,能够特异性的检测PPV;以重组质粒pPPV-VP2作为模板,RPA的检测限为10²拷贝,同本研究中应用的实时荧光定量PCR方法检测限一致,比普通PCR方法高100倍;RPA方法对疑似PPV感染临床样品的阳性检出率为82.6%,略低于实时荧光定量PCR的检出率（86.9%）,明显高于普通PCR的阳性检出率（66.7%）。本研究建立的RPA方法操作简单、反应快速,结果确实可靠,适用于PPV的快速检测。     

鸭腺病毒3型Fiber-2蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及初步应用

为进一步研究鸭腺病毒3型（DAdV-3）Fiber-2蛋白，研究通过PCR扩增fiber-2基因，构建p ET32a-DAdV3-fiber2原核质粒，表达并纯化蛋白，以纯化的蛋白为免疫原，免疫6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠制备抗Fiber-2单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞，采用间接免疫荧光试验和免疫印迹试验进行鉴定，并用于DAdV-3 Fiber-2杆状病毒表达产物的鉴定。结果显示：原核表达获得1.77 mg/mL Fiber-2蛋白，筛选获得2株阳性单克隆细胞株2E10E4和4F7F10，两株单克隆抗体均为IgG 1型，轻链类型为κ；DAdV-3感染的LMH细胞中存在特异性荧光，免疫印迹试验确认在约59 ku处出现特异性条带；采用制备的单克隆抗体确认了表达Fiber-2蛋白的重组杆状病毒。研究获得了针对DAdV-3 Fiber-2蛋白的单克隆抗体，为深入探究Fiber-2在DAdV-3感染机制中的作用以及为建立DAdV-3抗原免疫测定技术奠定了基础。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -