Research with high-power short-wavelength lasers

Three high-temperature, high-density experments were conducted recently with the 10-terawatt, short-wavelength Novette laser system at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The experiments demonstrated successful solutions to problems that arose during previous laser-plasma interaction experiments with long-wavelength (greater than 1 micrometer) lasers: (i) large-scale plasmas, with dimensions approaching those needed for high-gain inertial fusion targets, were produced in which potentially deleterious laser-plasma instabilities were collisionally damped; (ii) deuterium-tritium fuel was imploded to a density of 20 grams per cubic centimeter and a pressure of 10(10) atmospheres under the improved laser conditions, and compression conditions (preheating and pressure) were consistent with code calculations that predict efficient (high-gain) burn of a large thermonuclear fuel mass when driven with a large, short-wavelength laser; and (iii) soft x-rays were amplified by a factor of 700 by stimulated emission at 206 and 209 angstroms (62 electron volts) from selenium ions in a laser-generated plasma. These small, short-pulse x-ray sources are 10(10) to 10(11) times brighter than the most powerful x-ray generators and synchrotron sources available today. The plasma conditions for these experiments were made possible by advances in Nd:glass laser technology, in techniques to generate efficiently its short-wavelength harmonics at 0.53, 0.35, and 0.26 micrometers, and in diagnostic and computational modeling.     

Spectrum of Venus in the Violet and Near-Ultraviolet

Recent observations of the spectrum of the planet Venus, with spectrographs of low and high dispersion at the Georgetown College Observatory, show that a wide, continuous absorption band is present in the violet and near-ultraviolet. The band begins near wavelength 4500 A and extends to the short-wavelength limit of our spectrograms near 3800 A. It is similar in structure to the strong absorption, reported by others, for gaseous nitrogen tetroxide.     

Meso-Zeaxanthin:One of Important Carotenoids for Human Health

As one of optical isomers of zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin is an important ingredient of macular pigment. Compared with lutein and zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin may display strong functions as antioxidant and filtering short-wavelength, for example, the blue light. Comparisons among lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin as well as functions and distributions together with the source of meso-zeaxanthin were discussed. The application as a supplement of diet and issues should be studied in the future for mesozeaxanthin were also analyzed.     

Efficient near-infrared polymer nanocrystal light-emitting diodes

Conjugated polymers and indium arsenide-based nanocrystals were used to create near-infrared plastic light-emitting diodes. Emission was tunable from 1 to 1.3 micrometers--a range that effectively covers the short-wavelength telecommunications band--by means of the quantum confinement effects in the nanocrystals. The external efficiency value (photons out divided by electrons in) is approximately 0.5% (that is, >1% internal) and is mainly limited by device architecture. The near-infrared emission did not overlap the charge-induced absorption bands of the polymer.     

Soft X-ray-driven femtosecond molecular dynamics

The direct observation of molecular dynamics initiated by x-rays has been hindered to date by the lack of bright femtosecond sources of short-wavelength light. We used soft x-ray beams generated by high-harmonic upconversion of a femtosecond laser to photoionize a nitrogen molecule, creating highly excited molecular cations. A strong infrared pulse was then used to probe the ultrafast electronic and nuclear dynamics as the molecule exploded. We found that substantial fragmentation occurs through an electron-shakeup process, in which a second electron is simultaneously excited during the soft x-ray photoionization process. During fragmentation, the molecular potential seen by the electron changes rapidly from nearly spherically symmetric to a two-center molecular potential. Our approach can capture in real time and with angstrom resolution the influence of ionizing radiation on a range of molecular systems, probing dynamics that are inaccessible with the use of other techniques.     

Value of x-ray films of hand and wrist in human identification

Fechner colors are visible when two black and white photographs of a scene which have been taken with longwavelength and short-wavelength light, respectively, are viewed in an alternating sequence. Such colors may be combined with spatially induced, two-primary colors to enhance or reduce the vividness of the latter.     

Nonvisual photoreception in the chick iris

The embryonic chicken iris constricts to light ex vivo, but with characteristics atypical of visual phototransduction. The chick iris was most sensitive to short-wavelength light, demonstrating an action spectrum consistent with cryptochrome rather than with opsin pigments. Pupillary responses did not attenuate after saturating light exposure, but showed paradoxical potentiation. Iris photosensitivity was not affected by retinoid depletion or inhibitors of visual phototransduction. Knockdown of cryptochrome expression, but not of melanopsin expression, decreased iris photosensitivity. These data characterize a non-opsin photoreception mechanism in a vertebrate eye and suggest a conserved photoreceptive role for cryptochromes in vertebrates.     

Phonon optics and phonon propagation in semiconductors

Recent experiments involving the propagation of extremely high frequency, short-wavelength acoustic phonons in semiconductors are described. Such phonons, which play an important role in thermal energy transpor and nonradiative recombination processes, can be used as sensitive microscopic probes of electronic, defect, and interface states. Experiments on phonon transmission thrugh epitaxially grown bulk material as well as thin-film superlattice structures in the semiconductor gallium arsenide are described. Such thin-film periodic structures can be used to build frequency-selective phonon filters and reflectors, which can in turn be used to manipulate phonon diagnostic beams in technologically important materials.     

Absorption of sunlight in the atmosphere of venus

In this report the fluxes measured by the solar flux radiometer (LSFR) of the Pioneer Venus large probe are compared with calculations for model atmospheres. If the large particles of the middle and lower clouds are assumed to be sulfur, strong, short-wavelength absorption results in a net flux profile significantly different from the LSFR net flux measurements. Models in which the smallest particles are assumed to be sulfur gave flux profiles consistent with the measurements if an additional source of absorption is included in the upper cloud. The narrowband data from 0.590 to 0.665 micrometer indicate an absorption optical depth of about 0.05 below the cloud bottom. The broadband data imply that either this absorption extends over a considerable wavelength interval (as might be the case for dust) or that a very strong absorption band lies on one side of the narrowband filter (as suggested by early Venera 11 and Venera 12 reports). Thermal balance calculations based on the measured visible fluxes indicate high surface temperature for reasonable assumptions of cloud opacity and water vapor abundance. The lapse rate becomes convective within the middle cloud. For water mixing ratios of 2.0 x 10(-4) below the clouds we find a subadiabatic region extending from the cloud bottom to altitudes near 35 kilometers.     

Detection of the intrinsic size of Sagittarius A* through closure amplitude imaging

We have detected the intrinsic size of Sagittarius A*, the Galactic center radio source associated with a supermassive black hole, showing that the short-wavelength radio emission arises from very near the event horizon of the black hole. Radio observations with the Very Long Baseline Array show that the source has a size of 24 +/- 2 Schwarzschild radii at 7-millimeter wavelength. In one of eight 7-millimeter epochs, we also detected an increase in the intrinsic size of 60(-17)(+25)%. These observations place a lower limit to the mass density of Sagittarius A* of 1.4 x 10(4) solar masses per cubic astronomical unit.     

Room-temperature ultraviolet nanowire nanolasers

Room-temperature ultraviolet lasing in semiconductor nanowire arrays has been demonstrated. The self-organized, <0001> oriented zinc oxide nanowires grown on sapphire substrates were synthesized with a simple vapor transport and condensation process. These wide band-gap semiconductor nanowires form natural laser cavities with diameters varying from 20 to 150 nanometers and lengths up to 10 micrometers. Under optical excitation, surface-emitting lasing action was observed at 385 nanometers, with an emission linewidth less than 0.3 nanometer. The chemical flexibility and the one-dimensionality of the nanowires make them ideal miniaturized laser light sources. These short-wavelength nanolasers could have myriad applications, including optical computing, information storage, and microanalysis.     

Photoinduced DNA-protein cross-links and bacterial killing: a correlation at low temperatures

The increased sensitivity of Escherichia coli to killing by ultraviolet irradiation when frozen and the variation in this sensitivity as a function of the temperature during irradiation have been correlated with changes in the amount of DNA that was cross-linked to protein by ultraviolet light. These variations in sensitivity to killing do not correlate with the production of thymine dimers.     

水分敏感指标人工神经网络模型研究

 选用经度、纬度和土壤有效含水量、全生育期日平均参考作物腾发量作为输入因子，水分敏感指标作为输出因子，构建了一个具有二层隐含层的BP人工神经网络模型，利用湖北和广西的水稻试验数据作为样本对网络进行训练和检验。结果表明：模型具有较高的拟合精度和预测精度，能够用于缺乏试验数据的地区进行水分敏感指标的计算。     

萍乡显性核不育水稻育性感温性研究

萍乡显性核不育水稻感温性主要表现：①不同稃尖性状的不育株感温效应不同,红色稃尖的不育株比白色稃尖的不育株感温效应更强;②不同遗传背景的不育株感温效应不同;③同一株系不同单株感温效应不同;感温性强的单株其后代不育材料感温性也强。说明显性核不育材料的感温性具有相对稳定的遗传效应,通过理想亲本选择可削弱不育材料的感温性。本文提出了通过高温筛选减少温度对不育性影响,使显性核不育基因更好地利用于育种实践上     

Discrete visual defects in pearl mutant mice

The mutant mouse pearl, characterized by its hypopigmentation, has a specific functional defect in a sensory system--the retina. The intact pearl mouse has reduced sensitivity in the dark-adapted condition. Normal sensitivity is restored by isolation and superfusion of the retina with bicarbonate-buffered Ringer solution, suggesting that the retinal expression of the pearl mutation depends on a diffusible substance. The pearl phenotype is described as a possible model for human congenital stationary night blindness.     

黑龙江省西南部土地沙漠化敏感性评价

以黑龙江省西南部的土地沙漠化敏感性为研究对象,从自然和人为影响因素中选取湿润指数、土壤类型、起沙风的天数、植被覆盖和景观破碎度等5个因子作为评价指标,按土地沙漠化敏感度的高低将研究区划分为5级：极高敏感区、高敏感区、中敏感区、低敏感区和不敏感区,在GIS技术的支持下对研究区的土地沙漠化敏感性进行评价。结果表明：评价区域内有88.9%的面积为轻度敏感和中度敏感,有15.3%的区域为高度敏感,无极敏感区域;从土地沙漠化敏感性的空间分布来看具有从西南向东北具有逐渐降低的趋势;最后结合沙漠化敏感性的等级,提出了防治土地沙漠化的建议。     

猪霍乱沙门氏菌的分离与鉴定以及PCR检测方法的建立

[目的]为了确定四川省某猪场初生仔猪大规模发病的原因。[方法]对发病仔猪进行细菌分离、培养特性及形态结构观察、生化鉴定、药敏试验、动物致病性试验和血清型鉴定,并建立PCR快速检测方法。[结果]从发病仔猪体内分离到1株优势菌,初步鉴定为沙门氏菌。根据沙门氏菌invB基因设计的1对引物进行PCR扩增,得到408bp的特异性条带,PCR产物经T-A克隆测序证实为invB基因,与参比序列具有非常高的同源性,说明该PCR检测方法具有较高的特异性和敏感性。经血清学试验确定该分离株为猪霍乱沙门氏菌,毒力试验和药敏试验结果表明分离菌致病性很强,对头孢三嗪、氯霉素、氧氟沙星等敏感。[结论]该研究为沙门氏菌病原鉴定与疾病诊断提供了依据。     

The cholinergic synapse and the site of memory

A simple hypothesis can explain the results obtained to date if we disregard those results when we wait 30 minutes after original learning to inject. The hypothesis is that, as a result of learning, the postsynaptic endings at a specific set of synapses become more sensitive to transmitter. This sensitivity increases with time after initial learning and then declines. The rate at which such sensitivity increases depends on the amount of initial learning. If the curve of transmission plotted against time is displaced upward with anticholinesterases then the very low portions will show facilitation, and the high portions will cause block (Fig. 8). The middle portions will appear unaffected (unless special experimental tests are made). If the curve of transmission is displaced down with anticholinergics, then the middle portion will appear unaffected and only the very early or late components will show block. The results are evidence that synaptic conductance is altered as a result of learning. So far it seems (i) that cholinergic synapses are modified as a result of learning and that it probably is the postsynaptic membrane that becomes increasingly more sensitive to acetylcholine with time after learning, up to a certain point. (ii) After this point, sensitivity declines, leading to the phenomenon of forgetting. (iii) There is also good evidence that there is an initial phase of declining sensitivity to cholinesterase or increasing sensitivity to anticholinergics. This could reflect the existence of a parallel set of synapses with fast decay that serve as a shortterm store. (iv) Increasing the amount of learning leads to an increase in conductance in each of a set of synapses without an increase in their number. (v) Both original learning and extinction are subserved by cholinergic synapses.     

应用ABC－ELISA和SPA－ELISA检测狂犬病疫苗免疫犬后血清中的抗体水平

本文报道应用ＡＢＣ－ＥＬＩＳＡ和ＳＰＡ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测狂犬病疫苗免疫犬后血清中抗体的效价，比较研究了两种方法的特异性，敏感性和重复性，结果显示两种方法均适用于检测狂犬病血清抗体水平。ＡＢＣ－ＥＬＩＳＡ较ＳＰＡ－ＥＬＩＳＡ敏感性高４倍，前者的阳性检出率（１００％）高于后者（９２．８％）。