川西北大穗大粒型小麦灌浆规律研究

摘要：本文研究大穗大粒小麦籽粒灌浆干物质积累模型及灌浆特性与粒重的相关分析。结果表明：小麦籽粒干重变化呈“S”曲线,灌浆速率和籽粒水分含量均呈正态曲线。最大灌浆速率Rmax,渐增期(R1)快增期(R2)和缓增期速率(R3),渐增期持续天数(T1)是影响粒重的重要参数,各阶段灌浆速率与持续时间呈显著负相关。因此在大穗大粒高产小麦栽培和育种中可通过选育高灌浆速率,尤其是高快增期灌浆速率的品种;通过适当的栽培措施协调灌浆速率与持续时间的矛盾,增加缓增期灌浆速率而提高粒重     

小麦增小穗育种方法与中质资源拓宽研究

为探求小麦超高产育种的新途径,通过以“种内相对较少小穗早熟类型与相对较多小穗晚熟类型多次杂交形式”逐步完善了小麦以显性阶梯式增小穗育种新方法,获得了早熟较多小穗（２７－３０个）小穗和晚熟多小穗（３０－３８个小穗）的新种质系列,发现小麦中存在着显性可增性多小穗基因。进一步研究表明,新种拷贝人有三个特点：一是多小穗性状呈显性可增性遗传特征;二是幼分化速率显著提高,比对照增加２１．７３％;三是籽粒日灌浆     

不同麦类作物籽粒灌浆特性研究

为研究不同麦类作物籽粒的灌浆特性,以小麦品种‘宁麦13’、大麦品种‘龙啤1号’和青稞品种‘昆仑15号’为试材,利用Logistic模型对籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合,分析了3种作物粒重增长进程和灌浆参数的差异。结果表明：小麦、大麦和青稞千粒重分别为51.60、49.01、46.43 g/(1000grain),三者之间差异显著(P<0.05)。小麦籽粒有效灌浆时间为45.89 d,分别比大麦和青稞长9.84 d和3.59 d (P<0.05);小麦粒重快增期和缓增期持续时间显著长于大麦和青稞,青稞与大麦无显著性差异。大麦籽粒平均灌浆速率为1.37 g/(1000grain·d),高于小麦和青稞18.10%和24.55%(P<0.05);大麦籽粒粒重快增期灌浆速率、缓增期灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率显著高于小麦和青稞,青稞与小麦无显著性差异,但大麦在快增期灌浆速率下降最快。可见,小麦与大麦、青稞之间粒重的差异主要取决于籽粒灌浆持续时间,大麦与青稞之间粒重的差异主要取决于籽粒的灌浆速率。     

黄淮麦区小麦主栽品种粒重与籽粒灌浆特性的关系

研究粒重与籽粒灌浆特性的关系对提高小麦产量潜力和稳定性具有重要意义。采用Logistic方程, 对2012—2015连续3年度种植在河南安阳的14份黄淮麦区主栽品种和苗头品系的粒重及其籽粒灌浆特性研究表明, 粒重和灌浆速率参数主要受基因型控制, 灌浆持续时间主要受环境影响。不同粒重类型品种间平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率和各时期灌浆速率均存在显著差异, 表现为高粒重>中等粒重>低粒重, 灌浆持续时间则差异不显著。灌浆速率, 特别是快增期灌浆速率快慢是造成品种间粒重差异的主要原因。粒重与所有灌浆速率参数均呈显著正相关(P<0.001), 与快增期灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率的相关系数分别为0.97和0.90, 与灌浆持续时间相关不显著。建议采用平均灌浆速率对相关性状进行基因定位, 以进一步改良黄淮麦区小麦品种的粒重。     

高产小麦品种绵麦37号灌浆特性及冠层结构研究

本文研究了绵麦37号籽粒灌浆干物质积累模型及灌浆特性与粒重的相关性。结果表明:小麦籽粒干重变化呈"S"曲线,灌浆速率和籽粒水分含量均呈正态曲线。最大灌浆速率Rmax,渐增期(R1)快增期(R2)和缓增期速率(R3),渐增期持续天数(T1)是影响粒重的重要参数,各阶段灌浆速率与持续时间呈显著负相关。同时,绵麦37号具有植株叶型紧凑,通风透光好,光合作用强,整个灌浆过程千粒重较高等特性。因此在栽培和育种中可通过选育高灌浆速率,尤其是高快增期灌浆速率的品种;通过适当的栽培措施协调灌浆速率与持续时间的矛盾,增加缓增期灌浆速率而提高粒重。     

不同小麦品种籽粒脱水特性研究

为探讨小麦籽粒灌浆后的脱水特性,选用生产中大面积种植的5个半冬性小麦品种(矮抗58、百农418、百农4199、温麦6号和周麦18),研究了不同年际间不同品种小麦的籽粒脱水速率,以及其与籽粒质量之间的关系。结果表明,小麦籽粒成熟期的脱水特性在不同品种间存在着较大差异,同一品种年际间受温度条件的影响,籽粒脱水速率亦存在较大差异。百农4199籽粒脱水速率较快,各年度均显著高于其他品种,百农418籽粒平均脱水速率显著低于百农4199,但高于其他品种,矮抗58、温麦6号和周麦18的籽粒平均脱水速率无显著差异。通过相关分析,籽粒的脱水速率与0～21 d籽粒灌浆速率呈正相关,其中与7～14 d灌浆速率的相关性达到了显著水平,而与21 d以后的灌浆速率呈负相关;籽粒的平均灌浆速率又是影响千粒质量的重要因素(R~2=0.99,P0.01)。小麦品种百农418具有相对较高的平均籽粒灌浆速率,千粒质量较大;百农4199后期籽粒脱水速率较快,年际间籽粒质量稳定。由此得出,小麦籽粒脱水特性除受到灌浆期温度条件的影响外,主要受基因型的影响,生产中选用灌浆前中期(0～21 d)籽粒灌浆快与后期籽粒脱水速率相对较快的品种,是提高籽粒质量、稳定产量的关键,5个品种中百农4199和百农418为本次试验的优选品种。     

水稻籽粒发育过程中可溶性糖含量的遗传及其与品质的关系

选用不同类型的 6个水稻品种 (系 )按双列杂交设计 (5× 6 )配制成一套包括亲本、F1和F2 3个世代的遗传群体。应用包括 3套遗传体系基因效应的数量性状发育遗传模型 ,分析了水稻籽粒发育过程中4个不同时期可溶性糖含量的遗传及其与稻米品质的关系。结果表明 ,三倍体种子、细胞质和二倍体母体植株的遗传效应均可明显影响稻米各个发育时期的可溶性糖含量。其中灌浆始期以三倍体种子和二倍体母体植株效应为主 ,灌浆中期以母体植株遗传效应为主 ,灌浆后期和成熟期以种子直接显性效应和母体植株显性效应为主。控制稻米可溶性糖含量表现的多种遗传效应基因在稻米各个发育时期均有新的表达 ,共同调控着可溶性糖含量的动态表现。不同发育时期可溶性糖含量与稻米品质性状之间存在一定的相关性。灌浆始期和中期籽粒中可溶性糖含量的增加不利于增长成熟期的籽粒长和厚度 ,但可增大籽粒宽度。灌浆始期的可溶性糖含量越多 ,对提高成熟期粒重越明显 ,中、后期和成熟期则明显降低粒重。灌浆始期籽粒中可溶性糖含量愈多 ,会明显增加糙米直链淀粉含量 ,但随着发育进程的推进 ,影响程度趋于减弱 ,在后期和成熟期转为负向相关。不同遗传体系基因效应控制着不同发育时期可溶性糖含量与最终稻米品质的相关性     

贵州高原夏秋麦籽粒灌浆特性的研究

本文据１９９２－１９９５年试验结果,以Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ方程拟合贵州高原不同夏秋麦品种的籽粒灌浆过程并计算出有关籽粒灌浆参数,发现不同夏秋小麦品种灌浆特性有所不同。通径分析灌浆参数与千粒重的表明,籽粒平均灌浆速度和最大灌浆速度是影响夏秋麦千粒重的两个主要因素。且两因素间有极显著相关。进一步分析发现,缓增期和渐增期日数以及快增灌浆速率对千粒重作用显著;缓增期日数与渐增期日数间有极显著负相关,快增期灌浆     

花后高温、弱光及其双重胁迫对小麦籽粒内源激素含量与增重进程的影响

在田间试验条件下研究了花后不同时期高温、弱光和温光双重胁迫对小麦籽粒内源激素含量与增重进程的影响。结果表明,灌浆中期温光双重胁迫处理对小麦粒重的影响最为显著,不同时期3种处理后,单粒重的降低主要是缓增期灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率显著降低所致,而灌浆持续期对其影响较小。灌浆进程中籽粒GA₃含量的降低或ABA含量的升高可能是导致平均与最大灌浆速率以及渐增期、快增期和缓增期灌浆速率变化的生理原因。对籽粒各内源激素变化速率之间及其与籽粒平均灌浆速率的相关分析表明,对籽粒灌浆速率的调节作用GA₃主要体现在灌浆前期（开花后7~12 d）和后期（开花后19~28 d）;而ABA主要是在灌浆中期（开花后12~19 d）,且籽粒平均灌浆速率与ABA之间的关系要比其与GA₃的关系相对密切。整个籽粒灌浆过程,ZR和IAA含量变化与籽粒平均灌浆速率的相关性均不显著。     

淮北地区高产小麦籽粒灌浆特性分析

选取安徽省淮北地区7个小麦高产品种,对其籽粒灌浆过程进行了研究。结果表明,小麦籽粒灌浆进程呈"慢-快-慢"的"S"型曲线,籽粒灌浆期可分为渐增期、快增期、缓增期三个阶段。灌浆过程可以用Logistic方程拟合,方程的相关系数均大于0.980 1,达到显著水平,拟合效果良好。相关分析表明,粒重主要是由快增期持续时间和缓增期速率决定的,与整个灌浆期持续期和平均灌浆速率正相关。在小麦灌浆快增期和缓增期,灌浆速率越快,持续时间越长,干物质积累越多,粒重就越高。     

Development Traits Affecting Time to Low Ear Moisture in Maize

A diallel cross of six inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.) from the Corn Belt of the USA and one inbred line (NZ1A) with characteristics of maize from the highlands of Mexico was grown in a cool, temperate environment. The objective was to investigate interrelationships and combining abilities of plant development traits likely to influence the time required to reach low ear moistures in the field. The traits were days to silking, days to physiological maturity, ear moisture at physiological maturity, grain filling duration and ear drying rate after physiological maturity. Grain yield and grain moisture at harvest were also considered. Differences among the hybrids of this diallel cross for ear and grain moisture at the usual harvest time were largely determined by differences in ear drying rate after physiological maturity, and not by differences in days to silking, days to physiological maturity, or in ear moisture at physiological maturity. General combining ability (GCA) effects were much larger than specific combining ability (SCA) effects for all traits. NZ1A had positive GCA effects for grain filling duration and negative GCA effects for ear moisture at physiological maturity which were outside the range of the Corn Belt lines suggesting that this line, or similar Mexican germplasm, could be useful for developing hybrids with high grain yields and low ear moistures at harvest in cool, temperate environments.     

小麦不同器官磷含量的遗传模型研究

为了研究小麦不同器官全磷含量的遗传模型随机选用8个亲本,组配成28个双列杂交组合,在正常和肥水亏缺胁迫两种环境下,进行随机区组试验,采用Hayman 双列杂交分析方法,研究了不同器官磷含量的遗传模型。结果表明,在正常和肥水亏缺两种环境下子粒、叶片和茎秆全磷含量的遗传均为加性—显性—上位性;正常环境下子粒和叶片全磷含量的显性遗传表现为增效,正常环境下茎秆和肥水亏缺胁迫环境下子粒、叶片和茎秆的全磷含量的先行遗传表现为减效。最后,根据各性状的遗传模型和基因在亲本中的分布,讨论了杂交后代的选择和亲本选配。     

Genetic variation for traits relating to nitrogen content of maize stalks

Summary The objective of this research was to obtain information about expression of genes controlling N concentration in the lower stalk internodes of maize at silking stages and in two other stages during the grain filling period. The inheritance of nitrate-N concentration, total N concentration, and the nitrate-N/total N ratio in the lower stalk internodes was measured in an eight-line diallel cross experiment and in an experiment involving segregating generations. The results show that the parameters examined, particularly nitrate-N concentration, are genetically controlled and that maize plants differ in this respect. Moreover, the magnitude of the general combining ability effects in relation to the size of specific combining ability obtained from the diallel analysis and the mean squares of the analysis of variance of generation means indicated additive heritability of nitrate-N concentration and other N-related traits in maize stalks. These findings suggest to us that a cyclic selection program in maize should be effective in modifying the level of N-related traits concentration in the stalks.     

Diallel analysis of grain filling rate and grain filling period in tropical maize (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis> L.)

Grain yields of maize in the lowland tropics are generally limited by short days and high temperatures that minimize durations of incident light. Little has been published on the effects of this limiting environment on the genetics of grain filling rate (GFR), and grain filling period (GFP) in tropical maize germplasm. This study sought to address these limitations. A set of 8 elite maize inbreds of tropical origin and their 28 diallel hybrids were grown in three seasons at Waimanalo, Hawaii, USA. Seasonal differences included > 100% differences in values of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) during grain formation. Information was sought on the performance variations and the genotype by season interactions for GFR, GFP, days to mid-silk (DTS), kernel weight, with estimates of general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) and their interactions with seasons. Significant differences occurred for inbreds, hybrids, and genotype by season interactions, GCA and SCA effects and their interactions with seasons, which could be attributed primarily to the differences in PAR values among seasons in Hawaii during grain filling. Additive genetic effects predominated for GFR and GFP. Breeding approaches that take advantage of additive gene effects including hybrid breeding with evaluations in multiple Hawaii seasons may be used to alter GFR and GFP.     

Genotypic variation and polymorphism of 2S albumins of sunflower

Summary An early postfertilization ovule culture technique in Alstroemeria was described in which young ovules were cultured in vitro two days after pollination. This resulted in the direct production of seedlings in a normally incongruous cross combination. A histological study of the in vitro cultured ovules revealed the development of the embryo inside the ovule in the absence of normal endosperm. The in vivo grown ovules showed a total breakdown of the developing seed within four weeks after pollination due to a postfertilization barrier. This ovule culture technique was applied in a diallel cross of seven Alstroemeria species, five from Chile and two from Brazil. The selfings and the reciprocal crosses between the Brazilian species A. inodora and A. brasiliensis were congruous and gave seed set. The cross A. inodora x A. pelegrina gave viable seeds. In all other 39 combinations no viable seeds were harvested. In those cross combinations both pre-and postfertilization barriers were found. After early ovule culture hybrid plants were obtained in 27 of the 39 incongruous species combinations of the diallel.Abbreviations DAP days after pollination - MS medium medium according to Murashige & Skoog (1962)     

水稻不同穗型品种穗颈节间组织与籽粒充实特性的研究

本文用7个不同穗型的中稻品种,研究了重穗型、中穗型、轻穗型品种的穗颈节间组织特性及其与籽粒充实的关系.结果表明:穗颈节间维管束数目,维管束、韧皮部面积,茎横切面、茎壁、髓腔面积,均是重穗型>中穗型>轻穗型品种.穗颈节间输导组织特征与空壳率的大小无关,但它是籽粒充实的重要前提和解剖学基础.穗颈节间茎的粗度、茎壁的     

高粱杂种一代性状间及优势强度间的相关分析

本文研究了30个基因型的6个性状与单株籽粒产量间及6个性状优势强度与单株产量优势强度间的相关性,并进行了通径分析。6个性状与单株产量间的相关系数均为正值。两组通径分析表明,穗粒数对单株产量的直接效应最大,其次是千粒重。穗长优势对单株产量优势的影响无论是直接还是间接的效应均较小。生育期和株高优势对单株产量优势     

小麦磷效率相关性状配合力与环境互作分析

为了研究小麦磷效率相关性状的配合力与环境互作,随机选用8个亲本,组配成28个双列杂 交组合在两种环境条件下进行试验。结果表明,所有4个性状的一般配合力与环境互作和特殊配合 力与环境互作均达极显著水平;子粒全磷含量以环境效应的作用最大,非加性效应与环境互作次之; 叶片和茎秆磷含量以及磷素利用效率以非加性效应与环境互作为主,非加性效应次之;除子粒全磷 含量外,其它3个性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力稳定性都较低,在50％以下。最后讨论了配合力的 测度和不同器官磷含量与磷素利用效率的关系。     

不同灌浆期小麦种子发芽能力与活力的研究

为探讨不同灌浆时期小麦种子的发芽能力及活力,以4个小麦基因型为试验材料,对不同灌浆时期种子的发芽能力等指标进行了测定。结果表明,随着灌浆期的推进发芽势和发芽率不断增强,4个基因型6个不同灌浆期处理中以5月8日发芽势和发芽率为最低,平均发芽率为85%,此后各期均超过93%以上,说明小麦种子在灌浆初期就已经具备较强的发芽能力。各灌浆期蛋白质含量测定结果表明,4个基因型6个灌浆期处理的千粒种子蛋白质含量在各处理间差异极显著,5月8日测定结果平均值为0.76 g,6月1日为3.1 g,前者为后者的23.5%,说明蛋白质含量达到种子总含量的1/4左右时,种子就具备了较强的发芽能力和较高的活力。     

Inheritacne of submergence tolerance in rice

Summary Inheritance of submergence tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was investigated in an 8×8 diallel cross. Duration to 50% mortality of the diallel populations (F₁'s + parents) under completely submerged conditions at the seedling stage was used to characterize submergence tolerance instead of the usual submergence survival percentages.A strong prepotency of parents was found in transmitting the character to their offspring. Additive and nonadditive gene effects were highly significant. Parents highly tolerant to submergence also had high gca effects, and F₁'s between two tolerant parents were found to be the most tolerant of the diallel combinations. A high narrow-sense heritability was also observed.The additive-dominance model was found valid for this diallel cross. Submergence tolerance was partially dominant over susceptibility and recessive alleles were more concentrated in the susceptible parents IR42 and IR11288-B-B-69-1.