植物人工种子及发展前景展望

1人工种子概念 人工种子的概念是由美国生物学家穆拉希格（Murashige）于1978年在国际园艺植物学术讨论会上首先提出的。它是指将植物离体培养中产生的体细胞胚或能发育成完整植株的分生组织（芽、愈伤组织、胚状体等）包埋在含有营养物质和具有保护功能的外壳内形成的在适宜条件下能够发芽出苗的颗粒体。人工种子与天然种子非常相似，包括具有活力的体细胞胚、人工胚乳和人工种皮，又称合成种子、人造种子或无性种子。     

人工种子胚的培养

阐述了人工种子的优点、构造和人工种子体胚诱导的一般方法及其它因素在诱导体胚产生过程中的作用     

胡萝卜人工种子的干燥类型

用藻酸单个地包裹从细胞悬浮培育中得到的体细胞胚成人工种子。大多数的这种新鲜人工种子在贮藏于4℃下后能萌发。水凝胶囊保持有足够的水份供其中的胚萌发。然而，当水凝胶囊人工种子经受气流干燥脱水超过80％时，其肚的萌发严重受阻。但97％的这种脱水虽达88％的胶囊人工种子在此后重新水合时还能萌发；在包囊之前，用脱落酸（ABA）预处理体细胞胚，能提高重水合后又脱水达95％的运种胶囊人工种子的萌发百分率。当ABA的浓度提高至13mg．1（-1）时，其萌发率升高至31％。68％的这种脱水达92％的胶囊人工种子贮藏于4℃下10天后接着再水合时还能萌发。这些结果说明，含有体细胞的这种脱水胶囊与天然种子在形态和功能上比水凝胶囊入工种子（未脱水）有更大的相似性。     

棉花体细胞胚发生和人工种子的制作

本文对棉花组织培养体细胞胚发生、成熟及萌发,畸形胚问题以及胚胎发生的细胞学组织学研究,人工种子制作等方面的研究现状进行了综述,并对以后的工作进行了展望。     

棉花人工种子的研制

以陆地棉珂字2013日龄无菌苗下胚轴为外植体,在附加0.1mg/L2,4-D、0.2mg/LIAA和0.1mg/LKT的MS固体培养基上诱导体细胞胚胎发生。挑选成熟的子叶胚用于人工种子的制作。2％海藻酸钠是棉花人工种子研制的合理包埋介质浓度,其包埋形成的人工种子颗粒大小均匀,萌发率高。在无菌条件下,人工种子的成苗率达40.0％。     

植物体细胞胚成熟 干燥与人工种子技术研究进展

本文从种子发育和种子生理角度综述了植物体细胞胚成熟、脱水、休眠等和人工种子技术研究进展,对这一领域研究前景和存在问题作了讨论。     

人工种子研究简析

人工种子研究简析合肥经济技术学院（２３００５２）郭俊成，程晓蕾１人工种子的概念与发展所谓人工种子，就是利用植物组织和细胞培养技术，将植物组织或细胞在室内无菌条件下离体培养，形成胚状体，再将其包埋在含有营养物质（人工胚乳）和具有保护性的外壳（人工种皮）...     

悬浮培养条件下体细胞胚发育的同步化控制

利用液体悬浮培养体系进行体细胞胚的大规模生产,被认为是21世纪最具发展潜力的生物技术之一.但是,大多数体胚发生系统都存在发生频率低、同步化程度不高等问题,这在很大程度上限制了体胚发生和人工种子技术在生产上的应用.本文论述了体胚发生不同步的原因,重点介绍了悬浮细胞培养过程中同步化控制的方法和检测手段,提出了利用液体悬浮培养体系进行同步化控制的研究方向.     

小麦种子衰老的生理生化分析

测定了人工老化小麦种子的多项生理生化指标。结果表明，衰老种胚的过氧化氢酶活性明显低于正常种胚，而种子重量，α－淀粉酶活性、电导值、ＭＤＡ及ＴＴＣ还原量等在老与正常种子中的差异均不显著。说明小麦种子衰老的一个重要原因是过氧化氢酶活性降低，Ｈ２Ｏ２积累，从而造成了细胞毒害。     

肉苁蓉种子休眠与萌发特性的初步研究

为深入了解肉苁蓉（Cistanche deserticola）的寄生生长特性，对其种子的休眠及萌发特性进行了研究。采用整体透明法观察了种胚的发育情况；TTC法测定了种子活力；物理方法（水泡、变温、层积等）和化学方法（激素、独脚金酚化学合成类似物GR24、中草药、白刺根、寄主梭梭根的浸提液等）分别对种子进行萌发诱导处理，观察促进萌发情况。结果表明，肉苁蓉种子较小，千粒重仅为0．096g，成熟的种子胚发育不完全，萌发前后始终处于球形胚阶段。具有活力的种子占25．3％。采用室温水处理30d，并以GA3（0．5μg/ml）培养种子，在恒温25℃条件下，萌发率最高，可这16．7％。部分中草药、白刺根的浸提液对肉苁蓉种子萌发有一定的促进作用，但GR24、寄主梭梭根浸提液对肉苁蓉种子萌发没有促进作用。试验结果证实，肉苁蓉种子存在休眠现象，种子萌发的启动，除了需要有较长时间的后熟过程，必须有来自寄主根系的某种萌发刺激信号。肉苁蓉种子的休眠及萌发特性和非寄生植物及一些寄生植物有很大不同。     

华北、日本落叶松球果不同发育时期特性比较

为了解决华北落叶松和日本落叶松球果种子难以区分的问题,明确落叶松在合子胚形成后,球果特性变化,确定球果种子的各种特性和落叶松胚性愈伤诱导率的相关性关系,找到华北和日本落叶松诱导体细胞胚的最佳取材时期,以华北落叶松和日本落叶松球果为试验材料,比较不同发育时期的2种落叶松球果纵径、球果横径、球果纵横径比、种子纵径、种子横径、种子纵横径比和合子胚长7个表型指标的差异。同时,进行不同发育时期2种落叶松合子胚的胚性愈伤诱导试验,并对各指标分析相关性。结果表明：华北落叶松球果横径和种子横径在不同发育阶段一直大于日本落叶松。在各个时期的落叶松球果和种子的纵横径比,日本落叶松均显著高于华北落叶松。在相同的培养条件下,每个时期的华北落叶松胚性愈伤诱导率都大于日本落叶松的胚性愈伤诱导率,在7月27日采集的华北落叶松获得了最高的胚性愈伤诱导率,为78.89%。由相关性分析可知,落叶松胚性愈伤诱导率与球果横径呈显著的正相关。研究为今后大力发展落叶松的体细胞胚诱导研究,提供了重要的第一手数据,为中国落叶松优良无性系快速繁殖、遗传改良以及人工种子生产等方面奠定坚实的基础。     

胡萝卜,根芹,小麦的人工种子在无菌及有菌条件下的发芽成苗

用海藻酸钙凝胶包裹胡萝卜、根芹与小麦的体细胞胚制作的人工种子在无菌和有菌条件下皆可发芽成苗.     

半夏快速繁殖技术的研究进展

半夏是一种常用中药材,其相关的医药产业快速发展,导致野生资源储量急剧减少。半夏种源缺乏,种质退化,是半夏无法形成规模化种植的原因。本文对近年来其快速繁殖体系的建立情况进行了综述,分析了影响半夏组织培养结果的主要因素包括培养材料、培养条件、培养基、添加物以及培养途径等。对组织培养目前存在的一些问题进行初步探讨,对半夏人工种子的前景进行了展望。     

Somaclonal and chromosomal effects of genotype, ploidy and culture duration in Asparagus officinalis L.

Chromosome and morphological variations of embryogenic calli-derived plants of gynogenic haploid, diploid, triploid and tetraploid asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) were investigated. Artificial tetraploids were produced using colchicine treatment of seeds of diploid cultivar, ‘Poultom’. ‘Haidel’ (2X) was crossed with the artificial tetraploids, from which one gynogenic haploid, one diploid, 6 triploid, 3 mixoploids were obtained. Embryogenic calli were first obtained from crown buds, subsequently induced to form somatic embryos, and after 30 days, induced to germinate. Chromosome variation in embryogenic calli-derived plants increased with increasing duration of subculture, particularly when low ploidy levels of plants such as haploid and diploid were used as explants. Approximately 80% of haploid-derived plants showed morphological variations such as dwarfness and abnormal morphological characteristics, although no differences were observed in cladodes and stem characteristics between other polyploid-derived plants and their parents. The data presented here would supply important fundamental information for commercial mass-propagation using somatic embryogenesis. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘薯胚性细胞悬浮培养系的建立

地甘薯胚性细胞悬浮增减系的进行了研究。将１２个基因的长约０．５ｍｍ的茎尖培养在含有０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ或２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ２，４－Ｄ的ＭＳ培养基上，形成了胚性愈伤组织。胚性愈伤组织的形成率因基因型和２，４－Ｄ深度不同而很大差异，为０－７５．７％。一方面，将胚性愈伤组织继续增减在含有２，４－Ｄ的ＭＳ培养基上，它们形成了处于各发育时期的体细胞胚。将具有体细胞胚的胚性愈伤组织转移到ＭＳ基本培养基上，体细胞胚发育成     

Colchicine, trifluralin, and oryzalin promoted development of somatic embryos in Ilex paraguariensis (Aquifoliaceae)

A protocol for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of Ilexparaguariensis St. Hil. from embryos cultures was developed. Heart stage zygotic embryos were removed from seeds of immature, light green fruit and treated with antimicrotubule agents (0.1; 0.2, and 0.5% colchicine for 24 and 48 h; 1; 10, and 20 M of either trifluralin, - trifluoro- 2,6-dinitro-N,N- dipropyl-p-toluidine, or oryzalin, 3,5-dinitro-N₄, N-dipropylsulphate during 48 h). The embryos were cultured aseptically on quarter-strength Murashige and Skoog medium containing 3% sucrose, 0.65% agar (1/4MS), and 0.46 M zeatin. Cultures were incubated in darkness at 27 ± 2 °C. All thetreatments provoked a diminution of the number of germinated embryos and in some of the treated embryos somatic embryogenesis was induced. Somatic embryo maturation and conversion into whole plants could be achieved by culturing the embryos on 1/4MS lacking hormones and incubated at 27 ± 2 °C, 14 h photoperiod (116 mol m^-2s^-1). Mostof the plants regenerated from somatic embryos appeared morphologically normaland grew under greenhouse conditions. Only 2 plants out of 152 studied contained the tetraploid number of the chromosomes (2n = 4x = 80), meanwhile the rest of the plants had the normal diploid number of chromosomes (2n =2x = 40). Somatic embryos with abnormal morphology were also observed.     

激素对橡胶树次生体细胞胚成熟培养的影响

为提高橡胶树循环培养的次生体细胞胚再生植株频率,建立完善的橡胶树高频次生体细胞胚再生体系,以长期离体培养的未成熟次生体细胞胚为材料,研究了不同激素（ABA、NAA、GA3、6-BA, KT）及浓度对次生体细胞胚成熟的影响。结果表明,0.05 mg/L NAA促进次生体细胞胚成熟的效果较为明显,平均获得了27.33个成熟胚状体。ABA最佳处理浓度为1.0 mg/L,平均获得24.33个成熟胚状体,升高或降低ABA的浓度均会导致成熟体细胞胚数的降低或生根体细胞胚数的增加。GA3处理浓度较低时(0.2~0.4 mg/L),次生体细胞胚未能进一步发育成熟,成熟体细胞胚的数量为0个, GA3最佳处理浓度为1.0mg/L。高浓度的6-BA和KT皆不利于次生体细胞胚的成熟,以0.5 mg/L 6-BA和1.0 mg/L KT组合效果最佳。     

Trueness-To-Type and Yield Components of the Banana Hybrid Cultivar FHIA-18 Plants Regenerated Via Somatic Embryogenesis in a Bioreactor

Summary A population of 1,500 plants of the banana hybrid ‘FHIA-18’ (AAAB), regenerated from somatic embryos, which were multiplied in bioreactors, showed similar characteristics to plants propagated from shoot tip cultures both in the acclimatization stage and in field experiments carried out in Cuba. The plants originating from somatic embryos were similar to the plants obtained from shoot tips with respect to plant height, diameter of the pseudostem and number of suckers. Both groups of plants obtained from in vitro cultures were significantly different to the plants obtained from suckers during the flowering period of the mother plants, which was shortened by two months. The greater plant height and diameter of the pseudostem in the plants coming from somatic embryos and shoot tip is due to the effect of in vitro culture, and this was observed in different banana and plantain cultivars. During the second cycle of evaluation, the plants coming from the three propagation methods studied in this work had similar growth habits without significant differences in the majority of the morphological parameters evaluated. These results confirm that the difference obtained during the first cycle between the distinct populations is attributed to temporary changes. The original characteristics of the cultivar were evident from the second cycle of culture. Only 0.13% somaclonal variant was observed in the plants coming from somatic embryogenesis. These percentages are low taking into consideration that other propagated methods accept up to 5% variants in field conditions.