喜旱莲子草浸提液对萝卜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

喜旱莲子草是我国的一种重要入侵植物,目前对农田生态系统的危害严重。因此研究其不同部位浸提液对农作物萝卜种子萌发和幼苗的影响,以探寻喜旱莲子草的化感作用。结果表明:1)喜旱莲子草不同部位浸提液对萝卜种子的萌发和幼苗的生长产生了显著的影响,其中叶浸提液的抑制作用最大,其次是茎,抑制作用最小的是根浸提液;2)喜旱莲子草影响萝卜种子的萌发、苗高、根长、叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量。3)萝卜的萌发和幼苗的生长都随浸提液浓度(0~50mg/L)的增加抑制作用增加。这些结果暗示,喜旱莲子草对农作物的影响通过其根生长,从而造成营养物质的吸收降低,其合成体内所需的可溶性蛋白质含量、降低光合作用所需的酶,同时降低植物叶绿素含量,减少其对光能的吸收,降低其光合作用,从而对邻近植物产生抑制。     

珍稀药用植物白及植株氮磷钾吸收累积规律研究

为了解白及氮磷钾吸收累积规律,以白及不同生长时间植株为研究对象,对白及块茎、根及地上部位进行研究,检测白及不同部位的氮磷钾含量,讨论其干物质累积规律,探讨白及氮磷钾吸收累积规律。结果表明:干物质累积量规律,白及地上部位为8月7月9月10月,块茎为8月10月7月9月,根为10月8月9月7月。随生长时间,块茎中全氮含量逐渐升高,全磷含量缓慢增加后基本保持不变再增加;根中全氮先降低后逐渐升高,全磷先降低后趋于平稳;地上部位中全氮含量先降低后升高再降低,全磷含量逐渐降低;全株的全氮含量先降低后升高,全磷先基本维持不变后在10月增加;块茎、根、地上部位及全株中全钾含量变化不明显。全氮、全磷及全钾主要分布在地下部位,且随时间的增加,地下部位全氮、全磷和全钾分配比重在增加;除地上部位,白及块茎、根及全株的全氮全磷全钾的吸收累积量在10月均最高;白及为喜氮植物,7月到9月白及对磷的吸收累积量最小,而10月白及对钾的吸收累积量最小。     

花生芽白藜芦醇的影响因素及分子结构研究

研究种子、水质和不同取材部位对白藜芦醇含量的影响,并初步探讨花生芽内白藜芦醇的分子结构类型。采取紫外分光光度法测白藜芦醇含量,首先选择2种花生种子,一是到成熟期收获的种子,一是成熟期后延期半月收获的种子,对比二者萌发后白藜芦醇的含量;花生芽培养期间,使用纯净水和配制的营养水,对比花生芽内白藜芦醇含量的变化;生长初期,取1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 cm长的胚轴及子叶测其含量;酶解花生芽2,3,4,5 cm胚轴,检测酶解后白藜芦醇含量。结果表明,酶解后的白藜芦醇比酶解前含量增加;胚轴在3 cm时含量最高,子叶在胚轴1 cm时含量最高;水质对白藜芦醇无明显影响,而延长收获期,对白藜芦醇含量有明显影响。白藜芦醇有糖化形式存在,花生芽培养用纯净水,使用延期收获的种子,选取3cm左右到胚轴或整株,即可得到经济实效的花生芽。     

磷肥对玉米杂交制种增产提质的生理作用

通过田间试验，测定了在施用不同数量磷肥条件下，玉米杂交制种的种子产量变化，得出在北方白浆土中等肥力条件下，施P2O5 50—250kg／hm^2范围内，可使玉米杂交制种的种子产量比对照增产20．0％。39．4％。施P2O5 150kg／hm^2时，种子增产达到显著水准，是其最佳施用量的试验结果。同时，测定了子粒品质、植株光合作用性能、根系伤流强度、子粒灌浆速度、植株与子粒中氮磷钾含量的变化。证明了定量施用磷肥对玉米杂交制种的产量和质量具有显著的影响和生理功效。其生理学机理在于磷能影响光合作用和根系活力，从而影响氮磷钾等营养物质的吸收、输送、供应和积累，并影响到种子产量和品质。这一结果符合植物生理学关于“磷作为植物体内成分并调节植物生理功能”的一般原理，为在玉米杂交制种中合理施用磷肥提供科学依据。     

2种生境盐胁迫下碱蓬的响应差异研究进展

碱蓬是一类具有耐盐碱等特点的盐生植物,对盐渍土有较好的生物修复功能。从盐胁迫下碱蓬的种子萌发、生长发育、光合特性、色素含量、离子含量和吸收等相关指标出发,综述了碱蓬在内陆盐碱地和潮间带2种生境下对盐渍响应差异的研究进展,旨在阐述2种生境下碱蓬对盐渍响应生理机制的异同,揭示其不同的耐盐机制。     

人工种子的研究与开发

人工种子,又称合成种子、超级种子,是指将植物离体培养产生的体细胞胚或其类似物,经过有机化合物的包埋而形成的一种类似于天然植物种子结构的颗粒体。它由三部分组成,即体细胞胚(或其类似物)、人工胚乳和人工种皮,分别执行自然种子三部位的功能。用人工种子来代替自然种     

石果红山茶和红花瘤果茶的种子特性及生物学意义

调查检测了石果红山茶和红花瘤果茶种子的千粒重、含水量、吸水率、种皮透水性、生活力和营养贮藏物质。结果表明:1)2种山茶种子为大粒种子,种子大小和色泽差异不明显,石果红山茶和红花瘤果茶种子千粒重分别为1 557.88g和1 425.60g;2)种子含水量在25%～29%之间,红花瘤果茶含水量高于石果红山茶;3)石果红山茶的种皮是阻碍种子吸收水分的重要因素,红花瘤果茶种皮对种子吸水影响不明显;4)石果红山茶种子质量较好、活力强,红花瘤果茶种子质量差、活力低;5)石果红山茶脂肪含量显著高于红花瘤果茶,但其淀粉含量和可溶性蛋白质含量低于红花瘤果茶,可溶性糖的含量差距不明显。实验表明,2种山茶植物的种子特性因生境差异而变化,且具有重要的生物学意义。     

粗柄独尾草不同部位种子特性对不同生境的响应

以新疆准噶尔古尔班通古特沙漠南缘的粗柄独尾草(Eremurus inderiensis)为研究对象,通过划分不同破碎化程度斑块(强、中、弱),并根据植株花序轴高度将其分为长度相等的上部、中部和下部3个部位,研究不同斑块之间植株不同部位粗柄独尾草种子大小以及萌发特性.结果显示:1)随着生境破碎化程度的逐渐加强,各部位的种翅宽没有显著变化,而种子千粒重及种子长和宽均呈减小趋势;2)种子数量在整个植株、植株上部和中部均随着生境破碎的增强显著降低,而植株下部的种子数量在各斑块之间差异不显著;3)生境破碎化弱的植株不同部位种子萌发率均最高,破碎化中的植株上部种子萌发率显著高于破碎化强的,而在植株下部萌发率与之相反.生境破碎化对植物有较大影响,为适应变化生境破碎化和最大程度地繁衍后代,植株不同部位的种子特性会产生相应变化.     

植物吸收运转氨基酸的分子机制进展

氨基酸作为含氮的小分子有机化合物是植物生长和发育所必需的营养物质,吸收和利用土壤中的氨基酸,也是其获得氮源的方式之一,不同种类的氨基酸吸收后在植物体内也具有不同的生理效应。生物膜上具有转运氨基酸的载体蛋白,根据各自对不同的底物选择性和亲和力不同分为三大家族,其家族蛋白成员在植物体的不同部位及发育时期表达不尽相同。本综述了植物对氨基酸吸收与转运的分子机制,及氨基酸在植物生长发育过程中的重要功能。为今后利用植物氨基酸转运蛋白提高植物对土壤氨基酸吸收的研究提供理论参考。     

党参种子扦样技术研究

党参为特大中药材品种,其种子交易量逐年增大。加强种子检验,保证种子质量对于保证药材生产安全至关重要。由于目前并没有统一的检验规程与质量标准,党参种子的质量监控很难有效实施。种子扦样是种子检验的第一步,能否扦取到代表性的样品数量直接影响到种子检测结果。国内目前关于党参种子检验技术的研究已经很多,但是对于扦样技术的研究还未见报道。本文在国内首次对党参的扦样技术与方法开展了研究,对种子批的重量、检测指标及数量规定进行了探讨,以期为贵州省乃至全国各地大规模调种党参种子,正确扦取种子样品提供技术保障。     

种子水分对小麦种子萌发与休眠调控的研究

选用京冬6号冬小麦品种为研究材料，研究花后15DAA、20DAA、25DAA、30DAA（DAA：花后天数）种子的水分含量与其发芽率的关系。结果表明：种子水分对不同成熟度小麦种子的休眠与萌发均有调控作用，干燥降水可显著提高种子的发芽率，且充分干燥可使不同成熟度的种子完全处于可萌发状态；伴随种子成熟度的不断提高，种子休眠和萌发的界点水分值有下降趋势，使种子发率达到80％以上的种子水分含量为：15DAA：45％；20DAA：43％；25DAA：39％；30DAA：34％。     

Seed Priming Increases Crop Yield Possibly by Modulating Enzymes of Sucrose Metabolism in Chickpea

The number of seeds and seed yield per plant were higher in chickpea crops raised from water and mannitol (4 %) primed seeds in comparison with the control non-primed crops. In primed plants, an enhanced acid invertase activity in the apical part of the main stem and the part immediately below it at 100 and 130 days after sowing (DAS) might result in an increased availability of hexoses to these plant parts. In addition, decreased acid invertase activity at the point of initiation of branches and in the internodes of stem observed in primed plants indicated restricted hydrolysis of sucrose during its transport through the stem, resulting in its more supply to the actively growing sinks. The activities of sucrose-cleaving enzymes, i.e. invertase and sucrose synthase (SS) in podwall of primed plants were higher at 110 DAS. At 140 DAS, a stage of rapid seed filling, increased activities of SS and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) were observed in seeds of primed plants. Increased SPS activity in seeds of primed crop could meet the increased assimilate requirements of the developing seeds. Higher activity of SS in seeds of primed crop may facilitate seed filling. These data suggest that enzymes of sucrose metabolism play an important role in increasing the yield of chickpea crops raised from primed seeds.     

甘蓝型油菜成熟角果内源激素对带壳种子发芽的影响

以甘蓝型油菜品系832、780、1-1、1-13、8-6为材料,进行了田间带壳种子发芽调查、室内模拟降雨带壳种子发芽试验、种子发芽试验、不同浓度ABA处理的种子发芽试验,并利用HPLC测定了鲜果壳和种子的吲哚乙酸(IAA)、细胞分裂素(CK)和脱落酸(ABA)的含量。结果表明,各供试甘蓝型油菜品系带壳种子发芽率存在极显著差异,而不带壳种子的发芽率在第5 天以后没有显著差异。油菜成熟角果的果壳ABA含量与带壳种子发芽存在显著负相关（r＝－0.8941）,带壳种子发芽主要受果壳所含ABA的抑制;外源ABA能明显抑制种子发芽。     

驼绒藜属牧草种子生理学特性的研究--营养成分、植物激素与种子活力相关性分析

本论文对驼绒藜属植物种子的生理学特性进行了研究,包括种子的活力、种子的营养成分、激素水平等内容,同时对种子的劣变机理进行了探讨.驼绒藜属牧草种子在营养成分及激素含量上存在种间、生态型间及株龄间的差异,相关分析表明,种子含糖量及内源激素与种子活力相关性均不显著,种子氮、磷含量与种子活力有显著的相关性.对驼绒藜属植物种子短命和劣变原因的初步分析,认为是由遗传和环境两方面的原因所至,一是由于驼绒藜植物属于高数量低营养种子类型,种子自然寿命较短;二是由于种子发育过程中自然环境恶劣,造成种子营养不良,发育程度较差;三是由于贮藏条件不适宜,尤其是含水量较高,造成种子劣变加速.     

瓜尔豆发育过程中碳水化合物含量的变化

研究了瓜尔豆生长发育过程中叶片、种荚及籽粒中蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性的变化、糖类物质的组成及其含量的动态变化,以揭示可溶性糖的合成对瓜尔豆胚乳中半乳甘露聚糖和淀粉积累的影响。结果表明,进入开花期（播种后45 d）后,叶片、种荚和籽粒中SS和SPS活性均呈降低趋势。籽粒中的SS和SPS活性呈正相关,且显著高于叶片和种荚中相应酶活性。叶片中葡萄糖（Glc）含量高于蔗糖（Suc）。种荚中可溶性糖含量与Suc含量均呈单峰曲线,在籽粒直径5 mm时达峰值,两者呈正相关。Suc是种荚中暂存含量最多的可溶性糖,但其含量与SS和SPS活性无显著相关性,它主要来自叶片。种荚中Suc含量与籽粒碳水化合物总量（可溶性糖+多糖）呈负相关,它是籽粒碳水化合物合成的重要物质来源,还与籽粒库的建成有关。随种子发育,籽粒可溶性糖含量呈逐步下降趋势。籽粒发育前期,叶片同化物以Suc的形式运输并大量积累在种荚中,当籽粒直径达5 mm后迅速由种荚卸载至籽粒。但卸载期籽粒Suc含量较低,且显著低于种荚,说明籽粒Suc迅速转化为其他可溶性糖,并进一步用于多糖合成。籽粒直径为4 mm至5 mm时是种荚由“源”到“库”转换的临界期,这时籽粒中淀粉积累较迅速,半乳甘露聚糖在籽粒直径达5 mm后进入迅速积累期。     

Partitioning of Biomass, N and S in Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) by Nitrogen and Sulphur Nutrition

Response of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) to sulphur applied ca. 0, 30, 90 and 150 mg kg^-1 and nitrogen applied ca. 0, 100 and 200 mg kg^-1 soil were studied on a Typic Camborthids in greenhouse. Nitrogen and S application had a significant (P < 0.01) main and interactive effect on seed yield and dry weight of leaves and stem. Cumulative N and S contents of sunflower seeds, stem and leaves were significantly (P < 0.01) affected by N and S application. Sulphur transport and accumulation in sunflower seeds was increased with S application. There were significant (P < 0.01) correlations between seed yield and N and S content of sunflower plants. Critical S concentration (%) in 60 days old plants was 0.36 for 95 % relative yield of the maximum. Application of 90 mg S kg^-1 with 200 mg N kg^-1 resulted in the highest seed yield and maximum total S and N contents in sunflower leaves, stem and seeds. Relative increase in sunflower seeds yield at higher levels of N and S was more than that of dry weight of stem and leaves.     

反义TRX s基因对转基因小麦籽粒硫氧还蛋白还原活性的影响

以转反义TRX s基因小麦纯合系为材料,分析了转基因小麦TRX h活性和清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白和麦醇溶蛋白各组分及其还原状态的变化。结果表明,不同成熟期转基因小麦籽粒和胚乳中TRX h活性平均比对照降低76.2%和14.2%,其籽粒中的清蛋白、球蛋白、麦醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白巯基含量平均比对照分别低41%、44%、14%和13%,胚乳中分别     

Exogenous Abscisic Acid Application During Grain Filling in Winter Wheat Improves Cold Tolerance of Offspring's Seedlings

Low temperature seriously depresses seed germination and seedling growth in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, wheat plants were sprayed with abscisic acid (ABA) and fluridone (inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis) at 19 days after anthesis (DAA) and repeated at 26 DAA. The seeds of those plants were harvested, and seed germination and offspring's seedling growth under low temperature were evaluated. The results showed that exogenous ABA application decreased seed weight and slightly reduced seed set and seed number per spike. Under low temperature, seeds from ABA‐treated plants showed reduced germination rate, germination index, growth of radicle and coleoptile, amylase activity and depressed starch degradation as compared with seeds from non‐ABA‐treated plants; however, activities of the antioxidant enzymes in both germinating seeds and seedling were enhanced from those exposed to exogenous ABA, resulting in much lowered malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂ concentrations and production rate. In addition, the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II was also enhanced in ABA‐treated offspring's seedlings. It is concluded that exogenous ABA treatment at later grain‐filling stage could be an effective approach to improve cold tolerance of the offspring during seed germinating and seedlings establishment in winter wheat.     

Zinc seed priming improves salt resistance in maize

Salt stress is a major yield‐limiting factor in crops by reducing nutrient uptake and plant growth. Under salt stress, decreased water and nutrient uptake results in nutrient imbalance in plants. In addition, at high pH in saline conditions, solubility of minerals is also reduced leading to low availability of certain nutrients. Perspectives to overcome these limitations by Zn seed priming were studied with maize plants exposed to NaCl as salt stress. Maize seeds were primed for 24 hr in deionized water and 4 mm ZnSO₄·7H₂O solution (ZnP) and subsequently air‐dried at room temperature before further use. The DTZ (diphenylthiocarbazone) staining method was used for showing Zn²⁺ localization in the seeds. Zn²⁺ and other nutrient concentrations in unprimed, water and ZnP seeds and maize plants were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP‐MS). Maize plants (cv. Sun star L.) were grown for 3 weeks in complete nutrient solution with or without salt stress (100 mm NaCl) under glasshouse conditions. Seed Zn²⁺ contents were increased after ZnP treatment by 600%. In maize seeds, most of the primed Zn²⁺ accumulated in the outer tissues (particularly, aleurone layer) of maize seed. Zn priming decreased the injurious effects of salt stress on plant growth. Under salt stress conditions, biomass production of plants from ZnP treatments was 25% higher compared to water priming treatment. Zn seed priming also improved mineral nutrient status of plants grown in both control and salt stress conditions. Plants from ZnP treatments also showed higher accumulation of Na⁺ in the shoots. This offers perspectives for using Zn seed priming for improving early seedling development and plant nutrient status of maize under salt stress conditions.     

烟草种子萌发期间可溶性蛋白质含量与游离氨基酸含量的相关性研究

为了解烟草种子萌发时可溶性蛋白质含量与游离氨基酸含量之间的关系,研究以烤烟K326种子和白肋烟TN86种子为材料,采用紫外分光光度法,探索了烤烟K326种子和白肋烟TN86种子从萌发时第0小时至第336小时共十六个时期的萌发过程中,可溶性蛋白质含量及游离氨基酸含量的变化规律。结果表明：烤烟K326种子可溶性蛋白质含量高峰,在第96小时达最大值,而白肋烟TN86种子可溶性蛋白质含量高峰,则在168小时达最大值;烤烟K326种子和白肋烟TN86种子游离氨基酸含量最大值,均在第336小时;两种类型烟草种子萌发期间种子中可溶性蛋白质含量与游离氨基酸含量之间均呈极显著正相关。