富硒铜锌牧草对奶牛抗氧化功能的影响

利用富含硒、铜、锌、锰牧草喂饲处于亚临床微量元素不足的奶牛,研究奶牛血中硒、铜、锌、锰元素含量及抗氧化指标的变化。结果表明：奶牛血中铜、锌、硒元素含量有显著的增加,血清GSH-Px、SOD、CP、T-AOC等抗氧化指标有较明显的提高。     

叶面喷施微肥对牧草、奶牛微量元素代谢的影响

试验采用含硒、锌、铜、锰等元素的微肥对牧草进行叶面施肥，研究通过这种施肥途径对牧草品质的影响。同时采用此种牧草饲喂奶牛，研究这种牧草对奶牛血液中相应元素含量及奶牛生产水平的影响。结果表明，牧草中硒、锌、铜、锰的含量有显著的提高；奶牛采食这种牧草90d后，血液中硒、锌、铜的含量显著提高，生活水平有所增长。     

农户舍饲奶牛血清钙及游离羟脯氨酸水平测定

采用氯胺T比色法和EDTANa_2滴定法,对重庆市农户舍饲奶牛不同泌乳阶段血清中游离羟脯氨酸与血清钙的水平进行 测定,旨在调查试验条件下奶牛血钙代谢情况以及骨营养不良发生的可能性。结果显示: 在农户全舍饲条件下,血清钙含量Ⅱ组显著低于Ⅴ组、Ⅵ组,其它各组间差异不显著;Ⅰ～ Ⅵ组血清羟脯氨酸含量分别为2.32±0.37μg/ml、2.36±0.59μg/ml、2.02±0.54μg/ml、1.90±0.44μg/ml、1.98±0.45μg/ml、1.79±0.18μg/ml,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组与Ⅵ组差异极显著。采样后2-3个月内进行临床观察,血清游离羟脯氨酸水平与骨营养不良发生率呈现一致性变化。而钙磷摄入不足,比例不当是主要原因。     

氟中毒对鸡体内羟脯氨酸代谢的影响

为探讨氟对鸡体内羟脯氨酸代谢的影响,选取４００只１日龄蛋鸡,随机分为４组,每１００只。每Ⅰ组为正常对对照组,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在饲料中添加不同水平的氟化钠,使日粮中氟的呈分别为３００,６００,１２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ,实验期为１６０ｄ。定期采集血样,测定血清中氟和羟腈氨酸的含量,进行临床观察。结果表明,成功地复缺点出了鸡慢性氟中毒模型;氟中毒定期采集血样,测定血清中氟和羟腈氨酸的含量均高于对照组,且血清中氟含     

壳聚糖对奶牛血清钙、磷和羟脯氨酸含量的影响

选择40头中国荷斯坦奶牛，随机分为对照组和试验1、2、3四个组。每头每天分别在各组日粮中加入0g、2g、4g和6g壳聚糖，连续饲喂35d。每周测定一次血清钙、磷和羟脯氨酸的含量。结果奶牛血清钙和羟脯氨酸的含量差异不显著(P＞0．05)，添加6g/d壳聚糖，血清磷在4周后显著升高(P＜0．05)。表明：壳聚糖不影响奶牛血清钙和血清羟脯氨酸的含量。在日粮中添加6g/d壳聚糖4周以后，有利于促进机体对磷的吸收。     

上海部分牧场高产奶牛血清锌铜铁平均值测定

微量元素对生命现象有巨大的影响。在牛的生长、发育、繁殖、生产、衰老甚至生命、死亡的各个阶段都起着十分重要的作用。奶牛对必需微量元素的缺乏或不平衡都会产生复杂的综合反应,出现各种疾病,并影响调节生命活动的各个环节,结果使幼畜生长发育缓慢,成年家畜生产力和繁殖力降低,带来较大的经济损失.我国地域宽广,土壤中微量元素含量不均衡,各地之间差异很大。土壤中微量元素的有无与多少直接影响饲料中各种微量元素的含量。美国 NRC资料报道,饲料中无机成分的差异可达±30%.奶牛的饲料主要是植物性的,这对奶牛体内微量元素含量水平影响较大.上海地区奶牛的饲料来源较广,变动大,由于测定奶牛饲料中的各种微量元素含量有一定难度,故而测定奶牛血清中的必需微量元素具有实际意义.     

牧草品质对奶牛安全健康生产的影响

饲养健康的奶牛并生产安全质优的牛奶,除了精饲料的适宜补充外,牧草品质在奶牛生产潜力发挥方面所起的重要作用不容忽视。在奶牛生产中,尚需深入了解牧草品质对产奶量、牛奶品质、繁殖率、健康安全及经济效益等的影响。     

优质牧草对奶牛养殖的影响

奶牛的特殊消化结构和功能,决定了奶牛以食草为主。但是有些养殖场往往忽略了这点,更重视精料的饲喂,这样反而对奶牛的产奶性能及健康造成了不利的影响。因为奶牛作为反刍动物,能够高效的利用牧草中的纤维成分作为营养和能量的来源满足产奶所需,所以奶牛的养殖要注重优质牧草的使用,合理搭配粗精料的饲喂比例。     

人工种植乐食牧草对奶牛产奶量的影响

乐食，原产于澳大利亚，是一种高品质、高产量的牧草新品种。2003年3月受西安市种子公司的委托．我区首次引入乐食牧草，于2003年5月20日在任留乡南韦村小范围进行种植，8月1日-8月10日进行奶牛饲喂试验，获得了明显的增奶效果，试验结果报告如下：     

热应激对奶牛血液中内毒素含量和抗氧化指标的影响

选用16头健康的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为两个处理（夏季组和冬季组）,每个处理8个重复,每个重复1头牛。当夏季组奶牛牛舍温湿度指数（THI）〉72的时间连续达到15d,冬季组牛舍THI〈72的时间连续达到15d时,颈静脉采血15mL制备血清,检测血清中内毒素、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）的活性,以及丙二醛（MDA）的含量。结果表明：夏季热应激可导致奶牛血清内毒素、MDA含量极显著升高,SOD和GSH-Px活性极显著和显著（P〈0.05）下降。     

Tuberculosis and brucellosis prevalence survey on dairy cattle in Mbarara milk basin (Uganda)

We determined the prevalence of tuberculosis and brucellosis reactors in the dairy herds in the Mbarara district of Uganda in 2002. This is one of the most important dairy-production areas of the country and includes both pastoral and agro-pastoral zones. A total of 340 (of 11,995) randomly selected herds were tested for tuberculosis, using the intradermal tuberculosis-skin test and 315 (of 10,562) herds tested for brucellosis using the serum Rose Bengal test.

The herd prevalence for tuberculosis reactors was 74.1% (95% confidence intervals 69, 78), the individual-animal prevalence was of 6.0% (5.6, 6.5) and within-herd range was 1–50% (up to 100% if suspicious reactors were included).

The herd prevalence for brucellosis was 55.6% (50, 61.2) individual-animal prevalence 15.8% (14.8, 16.7) and within-herd range 1–90%.

The reactor prevalence increased with the age of the animals for both tuberculosis and brucellosis.

Tuberculosis reactor prevalences were higher in animals from the agro-pastoral zone. However, the individual-animal and herd prevalences of brucellosis seroprevalences were higher in the pastoral zone.     

Prevalence and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in Dutch dairy cattle herds based on bulk tank milk testing

Despite cattle herds can harbor Coxiella burnetii, risk factors for C. burnetii presence in dairy cattle herds are largely unknown. Therefore, C. burnetii herd prevalence and risk factors for bulk tank milk (BTM) positivity were investigated. In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire was filled out by the farmer and BTM from 301 farms was tested by ELISA for presence of C. burnetii antibodies and PCR for presence of C. burnetii DNA. Risk factors were identified by univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Antibodies to C. burnetii were detected in 81.6% (CI: 77.2–85.9) and C. burnetii DNA in 18.8% (CI: 14.4–23.1) of the BTM samples. Herd size (OR = 1.1 per 10 cows), cleaning the bedding of the cubicles at most every other day (OR = 2.8) and purchase of cattle from at least two addresses (OR = 3.1) showed a significant and positive association with ELISA positivity and use of an automatic milking system a negative association (OR = 0.3). Risk factors for PCR positivity were purchase of cattle from at least two delivery addresses (OR = 3.2), presence of cows with ticks (OR = 2.0), use of an automatic milking system (OR = 0.2) and presence of goats or sheep on the farm (OR = 0.4). Biosecurity and general hygiene seem associated with introduction and spread of C. burnetii in dairy herds.     

日粮中添加蛋氨酸锌对奶牛生产性能和相关生化指标的影响

选择12头中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,A组为对照组(基础日粮),B、C和D组分别在A组基础上添加120、280和380 mg/kg蛋氨酸锌,研究其对奶牛生产性能和相关生化指标的影响。结果表明:B、C和D组的日均泌乳量分别比A组提高了1.28kg(5.65%)、1.59 kg(7.02%)和1.66 kg(7.33%),均差异显著(P<0.05);4%标准乳量分别提高了0.98 kg(4.73%)、1.22 kg(5.89%)和1.16 kg(5.60%),均达差异显著水平(P<0.05);乳脂率、乳糖、非脂乳固形物含量均差异不显著(P>0.05);乳蛋白分别提高了4.56%、7.02%和7.72%,均差异显著(P<0.05);乳锌含量分别提高了1.05μg/mL(36.59%)、1.59μg/mL(55.40%)和2.08μg/mL(72.47%),均差异极显著(P<0.01);体细胞数分别降低了1.64×104/mL(5.65%)、3.23×104/mL(11.12%)和3.89×104/mL(13.39%),均差异显著(P<0.05);平均干物质采食量分别提高了0.19 kg(0.98%)、0.29 kg(1.51%)和0.32 kg(1.66%),均差异不显著(P>0.05)。经济效益分析表明,C组每牛日均比A组增收3.42元,最为理想。     

棉子糖对草鱼生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

为了研究棉子糖对草鱼生长和血清生化指标的影响,选取初均重(69.51±6.29)g的草鱼288尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复16尾鱼.对照组饲喂基础饲料,试验组分别饲喂含200、400、800、1200和2000 mg/kg棉子糖的试验饲料,试验期为70 d.结果显示:与对照组相比,1)添加棉子糖能够提高草鱼的特定生长率,降低饲料系数,其中1200 mg/kg组与其余各组差异显著(P<0.05);2)各试验组蛋白质沉积率均有所提高,但无显著差异(P>0.05);脂肪沉积率除400 mg/kg组外,其余各试验组均显著升高(P<0.05);尤以1200 mg/kg组的蛋白质沉积率和脂肪沉积率最高;3)各试验组血清甘油三酯含量显著升高(P<0.05),高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白含量均显著降低(P<0.05).由此得出:1)棉子糖能够提高草鱼对饲料的吸收利用,增强鱼体对脂肪的吸收并节约蛋白质,从而促进草鱼生长;2)棉子糖可以明显的起到调节草鱼脂质代谢的作用.     

Effects of feeding roasted safflower seeds (variety IL-111) and fish oil on dry matter intake, performance and milk fatty acid profiles in dairy cattle

Safflower seed has the highest concentration of linoleic acid among 80 oilseeds but little information exists on the effective use of SS for lactation cows. It was hypothesised that a diet supplemented with an Iranian SS variety (IL-111) in combination with fish oil (FO) would result in higher concentrations of trans-18:1 (including vaccenic acid) and conjugated linoleic acids in milk fat than feeding an unsupplemented control diet. Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding diets containing: (i) Control: (C); (ii) 25 g of roasted SS IL-111 (RSS); (iii) 20 g FO and (iv) 25 g RSS + 10 g FO (RSS + FO) per kilogram of dietary DM on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, milk production and fatty acid profile. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design study. The experiment had four periods of 21 days. Milk Fat percentage was lower (p < 0.01) with FO supplementation and averaged 19.0 and 21.5 g/kg milk with FO and RSS + FO compared with 30.3 and 32.5 g/kg with C and RSS. Feed intake also was lower (p < 0.01) with FO vs. C (23.1 vs. 24.5 kg/day) but feeding RSS resulted in greater feed intake compared with other treatments (26 kg/day). Despite lower feed intake with FO, milk production did not change from controls but feeding RSS + FO resulted in greater milk yield than controls (42.6 vs. 39.3 kg/day). Ruminal pH was greater (p < 0.01) in cows fed FO than other treatments. Supplemental FO alone or in combination with RSS resulted in dramatic increases (p < 0.01) in c9,t11-18:2 in milk fat (12.7 and 13.2 g/day vs. 5.8 and 7.02 with C and RSS). It was surprising to note that 25 g/kg RSS can improve feed intake.     

Effects of a dietary complex of humic and fulvic acids (FeedMAX 15) on the health and production of feedlot cattle destined for the Australian domestic market

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a dietary humic and fulvic acid complex, FeedMAX 15, on the health, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and carcase characteristics of feedlot cattle. DESIGN: Cattle, in eight pens of 125 animals each, were fed either a diet containing a humic and fulvic acid complex (FeedMAX 15, FeedMAX Industries, Toowoomba, Queensland) or the same diet without the additive. Control or FeedMAX 15 diets were allocated to each pen at random. Individual cattle were allocated alternately to control or treatment pens based on order of presentation. Comparisons of disease incidence, mortality, feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, fat depth, dressing percentage, meat colour, fat colour and marbling were made at the conclusion of the feeding period. RESULTS: No differences were found between cattle fed FeedMAX 15 and cattle not fed the additive in entry body weight (P = 0.99), exit body weight (P = 0.91), dressing percentage (P = 0.66), P8 fat depth (P = 0.57), meat colour (P = 0.67), marbling (P = 0.70), all diseases (P = 0.64), bovine respiratory disease (P = 0.91), or mortalities (P = 1.0). Cattle fed FeedMAX 15 reached the market specifications for body weight and fat depth in fewer mean days (P = 0.0001), had a greater average daily gain (P = 0.05), a lower feed conversion ratio (P = 0.05) and whiter fat (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Feeding the humic and fulvic acid complex, FeedMAX 15, at 0.055 g per kg body weight per day, can increase growth rate and feed conversion efficiency in feedlot cattle.     

Effects of human recombinant granulocyte colony stimulating factor (HR-GCSF) on the hemogram of lactating dairy cattle

Mastitis commonly occurs in the dairy cow and results in an influx of granulocytes into the mammary gland. Presently, colony stimulating factors have been isolated. One factor, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), has been identified and reproduced using recombinant DNA technologies. In an experiment, lactating bovine were given a bacterially-synthesized human recombinant granulocyctic colony stimulating factor (Hr-GCSF) at a specified dose rate to monitor and characterize their hematological responses. Doses of HR-GCSF were administered subcutaneously and blood samples collected from the tail vein into vacutainer tubes. Results of the study indicated a toleration by the bovine for the HR-GCSF for the tested period, and that the HR-GCSF can stimulate a sustained elevation of circulating neutrophils.     

饲料铜水平对黄鳝生长、组织铜蓄积和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探究黄鳝对饲料中铜的需求量及铜在黄鳝组织中的蓄积规律,为确定黄鳝配合饲料中铜水平和保障黄鳝食品安全提供依据。试验以五水硫酸铜为铜源,采用等对数间距的形式在基础饲粮中分别添加0、10.0、36.8、135.7、500.0 mg/kg的铜,实测饲料铜水平分别为14.21、23.95、37.01、135.63、499.63 mg/kg,在相同的养殖条件下投喂初重为(62.09±1.07)g黄鳝60 d后测定生长指标、形态参数、体成分、组织铜蓄积量和血清生化指标。每种饲料投喂4个养殖箱(重复),每个养殖箱投放30尾黄鳝。结果显示:随着饲料铜水平的升高,黄鳝的增重率、特定生长率均为先升高后降低,饲料系数则表现为先降低后升高,在饲料铜水平为37.01 mg/kg时,增重率、特定生长率及饲料系数均表现最佳。饲料铜水平对黄鳝全鱼、肝脏、肠道、脾脏及皮肤铜蓄积量有显著影响(P<0.05),而对肾脏和肌肉铜蓄积量无显著影响(P>0.05),且各组黄鳝肌肉铜蓄积量均维持在较低水平。黄鳝不同组织铜蓄积量表现为肝脏>肠道>脾脏>全鱼>皮肤,其中499.63 mg/kg铜组肝脏铜蓄积量超过国家食品中铜安全限量标准(50 mg/kg)。饲料铜水平对黄鳝血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)及溶菌酶(LZM)活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。随着饲料铜水平的升高,黄鳝血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu-Zn SOD)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)先升高后趋于平稳,其中血清GPT活性表现为135.63、499.63 mg/kg铜组显著高于14.21、23.95、37.01 mg/kg铜组(P<0.05),血清Cu-Zn SOD活性和T-AOC表现为37.01、135.63、499.63 mg/kg铜组显著高于14.21、23.95 mg/kg铜组(P<0.05)。由此得出,摄食适宜铜水平的饲料可提升黄鳝机体的抗氧化能力,铜摄入不足或过量均会降低黄鳝的生长性能。铜主要蓄积于黄鳝肝脏及肠道,摄食高铜饲料会引发黄鳝肝脏铜蓄积量超标,并存在肝脏损伤风险,但对肌肉的食用安全性未见显著影响。以饲料系数及增重率为评价指标,60~95 g的黄鳝对饲料中铜的需求量为44.29~45.84 mg/kg。     

不同形式铜对雄性梅花鹿血清生化指标及营养物质消化率的影响

本文旨在研究不同形式铜对雄性梅花鹿血清生化指标及营养物质消化率的影响,进而筛选出在梅花鹿日粮中铜的最适宜添加形式.选取20头2年生梅花鹿随机分成4组(A组、B组、C组和D组),按照能量相近、营养物质一致、铜添加量均为10 mg/kg(铜离子)的基础下,研究硫酸铜(B组)、柠檬酸铜(C组)和蛋氨酸铜(D组)3种铜源对雄性梅花鹿血清生化指标及营养物质消化率的影响.试验结果表明:1)蛋氨酸螫合铜组对干物质、粗蛋白质及钙的消化率高于另外3组(P>0.05);蛋氨酸螯合铜组对磷的消化率极显著高于其对照组和硫酸铜组(P<0.01);2)蛋氨酸铜组血清铜含量极显著高于另外3组(P<0.01),毛中铜含量高于基础日粮组和硫酸铜组(P<0.05),粪中铜含量低于硫酸铜组和柠檬酸铜组(P<0.01);3)不同铜源影响总蛋白质、白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05),各组间血糖含量差异不显著(P>0.05);4)蛋氨酸铜组铜蓝蛋白活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于基础日粮组(P<0.05).结果表明,梅花鹿饲粮中最适宜的添加铜源为蛋氨酸铜.