Distribution Characteristics and Control Measures of Nitrogen Composition in Urban Stormwater Runoff from Different Underlying Surfaces

Nitrogen composition in urban stormwater runoff from five underlying surfaces was studied and discussed. It is shown that the highest EMCs of TN(Total Nitrogen) came from urban traffic road(i.e. 10.6 mg/L), and the lowest was from campus catchment areas(i.e. 2.4 mg/L). Meanwhile, EMCs of NH3-N from traffic road and commercial district (i.e. 3.4~4.6 mg/L) were much higher than that from concrete roofs and tile roofs(i.e. 1.2~1.6 mg/L). Although PEMC10 of TN was greater than EMCs, the proportion of nitrogen was still similar. Nitrogen in stormwater was predominantly dissolved (73%~82%), with DIN (Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen) the abundant form (63%~82% of TN). The highest concentrations of nitrogen species form commercial district, concrete roofs, campus catchment and tile roofs were NO3-N, which made up of 39%, 39%, 44% and 52% of TN respectively. However, it was NH3-N that had greatest concentration in runoff from urban traffic road, and the ratio of NH3-N /TN was as high as 43%. The removal of TN could be enhanced through improvement of stormwater management measures. The key factor was that conditions to drive nitrification must be created, retention time of stormwater runoff in treatment systems should be increased and material with low nitrogen content should be selected as construction media.     

闽江流域地表水质季节性变化特征研究

依据2007-2008年闽江流域11个断面不同季节地表水有机污染指标的跟踪监测数据,对闽江流域地表水质的季节性变化特征进行了初步研究。结果表明,地表水体中有机污染指标存在明显的季节性差异。COD浓度随季节变化以7月和11月较高,年内变化范围5.0 mg.L-1～28.0mg.L-1;NH+4-N浓度则1月、 3月较高,年内变化范围0.18 mg.L-1～2.97mg.L-1;TN和NO-2-N浓度均以11月较高,年内变化范围分别为0.81 mg.L-1～3.23mg.L-1和0.01 mg.L-1～0.15mg.L-1;TP浓度1月、11月较高。但COD、NH+4-N、NO-2-N、浓度均以9月较低。而且,COD、NH+4-N、NO-3-N 与TN;NH+4-N与TP之间存在显著正相关。相对而言,闽江流域水质随季节变化以秋季较好,冬、春季较差。     

巢湖沿岸圩区稻季营养盐的输出特征研究

巢湖流域沿岸分布着很多圩区,人们在圩内进行各种农业活动,圩区营养盐的输出是造成巢湖流域非点源污染的重要因素。为了解圩区农业非点源营养盐的输出特征,笔者通过在巢湖流域河网地区选择比较典型的圩区,于2014年水稻生长期进行了较系统的野外调查观测、取样和室内水质分析,探讨在自然降雨-径流的条件下圩区各类营养盐的浓度变化及输出特征。2014年稻季共进行了9次排水,排水量总计73.09 mm,径流系数为0.37,9次排水事件总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的平均浓度分别是3.42、0.22 mg/L,圩区水体处于富营养化水平。降雨-径流强度是影响营养盐浓度变化的重要因素,稻季生长期内TN和TP的输出量是0.28、0.017 kg/hm2,占稻季施肥总量的1.7%和0.16%。径流量是影响营养盐输出总量的关键因素,同时施肥量和施肥至排水事件的间隔天数也是是影响营养盐输出的重要因素。     

人工湿地处理农业径流研究

为了处理农业径流的污染,本研究采用水平潜流人工湿地对农业径流进行处理试验,以减轻河流污染。结果表明,进水流量2.5m3/d运行条件下,水平潜流人工湿地有较好的处理效果。潜流人工湿地CODcr、TN、NH4+-N、TP的平均去除率均分别达到49.65%,51.37 %,56.24% 和59.12%;潜流人工湿地系统的出水CODcr、TN、NH4+-N、TP平均含量分别达到Ⅱ类水质的含量,Ⅴ类水质的含量, ,Ⅱ类水质的含和Ⅳ类水质的含量。通过对人工湿地处理系统影响因素分析表明：进水流量的控制非常关键,适宜的进水流量处理效果最佳。     

刺苦草对富营养化水体净化作用的研究

以刺苦草植株为试验材料,通过对不同时期水中氮、磷、pH等的测定,研究其对富营养化水体的净化效果,为利用水生植物净化富营养化水体提供理论依据。结果表明:刺苦草对富营养化水体的TN、TP、NH4+-N、COD的去除率分别为66.64%、90.02%、91.94%、71.17%;pH从7.7降至7.43;DO从6.956 mg/L回升至16.406 mg/L,透明度达到55 cm。由此证明,刺苦草可作为净化富营养化水体的优良生物材料之一。     

养殖池塘利用水葫芦与EM菌协同净化水环境的研究

为了研究水生植物与微生物构建的协同净化体系对集约化养殖水体的净化效果,笔者通过在池塘水体中移植水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes),并添加浓度为3.0×1010 cfu/m3的EM菌液,研究了水生植物-微生物协同净化体系对集约化养殖水体的净化效果。结果表明,水生植物-微生物协同净化体系对总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4⁺-N)、亚硝氮(NO2^--N)、总磷(TP)、COD净化效果均显著优于EM菌液组(P＜0.05)。经协同净化后的水体中TN、TP水平降至淡水养殖池塘排放水一级标准,NH4⁺-N水平降至0.6 mg/L以下,而NO2^--N水平则降至0.1 mg/L以下。从各处理组对污染物的去除情况来看,水生植物-微生物协同净化体系对水质净化效果与净化体系使用时间呈现较好的正相关关系,在前8天对TN、NH4⁺-N、NO2^--N、TP去除速率较快。表明,在集约化养殖池塘中采用水葫芦与EM菌液构建的水生植物-微生物协同净化体系能够有效去除水中N、P等营养物质,并且水葫芦覆盖面积为20%比覆盖面积10%处理组更具有生态效益。     

Performance Study of Constructed Rapid Infiltration in Three-Gorges Reservoir Region

The hydraulic loading and wet/dry(W/D) ratio,which are two important indexes in the constructed rapid infiltration,can affect the removal effect.Presently,the domestic experimental reports about the hydraulic loading and(W/D) ratio aiming at the Three-Gorges Reservoir Region is rather scarce.This article studies some pertinent hydraulic loadings and W/D ratios suitable for the Region.The authors emphatically research the effect of CRI treating COD,TN and TP in the sewage under four hydraulic loadings and three different W/D ratios.It is suggested that when the temperature is ascending,the W/D ratio can be risen to some extent.The variations of loading and ratio can affect the COD,TP removal effect a little,but affect the TN removal effect much.The experimental conclusions can provide evidence to the application of constructed rapid infiltration in the Three-Gorges Reservoir Region.     

水力停留时间对人工湿地运行的影响

通过室内模拟水平潜流式人工湿地和水平均匀布水方式观察人工湿地出水水质,设置了4 个实验方案,分析其对COD、TN和TP 的去除效果,以确定最佳水力停留时间。结果表明：水力停留时间为3 天时湿地对COD、TN和TP的平均去除率分别是54.04%、65.83%和80.79%;当水力停留时间为2 天时湿地对COD、TN和TP的平均去除率分别是75.93%、74.97%和77.34%;当水力停留时间为1 天时人工湿地对COD、TN和TP的平均去除率分别是73.19%、56.20%和73.36%;当水力停留时间为0.5 天时人工湿地对COD、TN和TP 的平均去除率分别是46.46%、34.91%和47.04%。若只关注人工湿地出水水质,采用水力停留时间为2天时,可以保证其出水水质达到《地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838—2002)》Ⅴ类标准。     

贵州中部喀斯特山区水稻田面水N、P浓度变化及污染评价

为了探讨喀斯特山区水稻土中N、P的迁移转化规律及对地表水环境的影响,选择贵州中部普定县喀斯特山区代表性的水稻土为对象,研究喀斯特山区水稻田面水中N、P浓度的变化及其与土壤中N、P含量的关系。结果表明：喀斯特山区水稻田面水中总氮(TN)浓度范围为1.39~15.81 mg/L,其中NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度分别为0.57~13.35 mg/L和0.15~1.37 mg/L,其浓度的变化与土壤中碱解氮含量有一定的正相关性;田面水中总磷(TP)的浓度范围为0.027~0.324 mg/L,其浓度变化与土壤有效磷含量有显著的正相关性。田面水中TN和NH4+-N浓度超过地表水Ⅴ类水体的标准限值,农田排水氮的迁移对周围地表水体质量会产生明显的影响。     

人工湿地系统对农业面源污染TN/TP的消减作用——以安吉县深溪河小流域为例

为了解在浙北山区小流域特定的自然条件下,人工水塘-湿地复合系统对农业面源污染的治理效果,通过连续采样和跟踪监测的方法,研究了安吉县深溪河小流域内人工水塘-湿地耦合系统对农业面源污染中TN和TP等污染物的削减效果。结果表明：2012年5—10月中张溪人工水塘进水TN浓度为3.7~6.4 mg/L,对TN的去除率为9.9%~63.4%,且去除效果受进水TN浓度的影响较大;中张溪人工渠进水TN浓度在2.5~5.1 mg/L之间,对TN的去除率为5.0%~48.1%;洪家村人工塘和深溪村人工塘对农田水TP去除率均在30%以上,且在人工塘进水TP浓度较高的时期,去除效果较好;洪家村深溪河下游湿地对污染水体TN、TP的净化效果较好,对TN的去除率为25.0%~96.0%,对TP的去除率为21.8%~98.1%。该区人工水塘-湿地复合系统全年平均TN去除率达到60.4%,最高达到86.8%,平均TP去除率为78.6%,最高达94.9%,对深溪河流域面源污染的治理具有较好的效果。     

A Study of Residential Grey Water Treated by Subsurface Horizontal Constructed Wetland

Ceramsite and natural zeolite were used as mixed substrates in subsurface horizontal constructed wetland which is planted with Yellow flag to investigate the treatment efficiency of real residential grey water, Inflow rate was 50l/d, HRT was 2d. The wetland reduced COD, NH3-N, TN, TP and turbidity from 164mg/l,4.3mg/l,5.2mg/l,0.44mg/l,82.4NTU to 70 mg/l, 1.07 mg/l, 2.07 mg/l, 0.33 mg/l, 7.27NTU, removal efficiency was respectively 57.32%,75.19%,60.26%,24.24%,91.18%,and have a good performance in COD,NH3-N,TN, turbidity treatment. Used synthetic grey water to study different HRT effect of wetland. Increasing HRT could be increase the wetland ability of COD, NH3-N removal. When the HRT was 3d, the wetland had the best decontamination effect. The removal efficiency of COD,NH3-N,TN,TP,turbidity was respectively 68.46%,81.75%,66.67%,34%,86.91%.     

HRT Effects on Biological Nutrient Removal in Spiral Up-flow Reactor System

Overall effects of HRT ( 11 h, 9 h, 8 h, 6 h ) on the Spiral up-flow reactor (SUFR) system are analyzed. The results of the operation under different HRT condition shows that the removal efficiencies of COD, TN and TP decreased not obviously with decreasing HRT when HRT is longer than 8h. Anaerobic retention time, anoxic retention time and aerobic retention time were 1.51 h,2.25 h and 4.24 h,respectively. The removal efficiencies of COD, TN and TP is kept over 93%,87% and 90.2%, respectively. Although the removal efficiencies changed obviously when the HRT was 6 h. Anaerobic retention time, anoxic retention time and aerobic retention time are 1.13 h,1.69 h and 3.18 h,respectively. COD-removal efficiency is always up to 85%, the removal efficiencies of TN and TP is kept over 76% and 72%,also has upper removal efficiencies. It is indicated that the SUFR system, which is similar to plug-flow-reactor, has strong stability and can compensate negative effects of increasing hydraulic loading.     

Effects of Purification Highly Salty Reuse Water Quality by Three Plants in TEDA Landscape River

The effects of purification highly salty reuse water quality are studied by three plants-scirpus tabemaemontanii Gmel, Typha and Canna indica Linn in Tianjin-Economic and Technology Development Area Landscape River. The resuits show that hydraulic retention time has obviously influence on the effects of purification highly salty reuse water quality. Moreover, removal rates of all kinds of contamination vary with HRT, such as removal rate of COD, TN, NH3 - N, NO3-N, TP, PO4-P is 14.47 % -45.09% 25.50% -71.00% ,39.96% -82.47 %, 27.21% -74.41%, 38.91% -90.01%, 38.55% -92.01% respectively. Both the three plants grow and effects of purification of the highly salty reuse water treatment systems operate very well while concentration of TDS is about 4 500 mg/L in the water; pH of effluent water plants is lower than influent. Removal rates of Phosphorus by Scirpus tabernaemontanii Gmel and Typha are higher than its by Canna indica Linn when the HRT is sameness. The reason that Scirpus tabernaemontanii Gmel and Typha are planted with wetland while Canna indica Linn grows in water, at the same time phosphorus is removed from water because of the function of soil adsorption and so on. The rates of removal contaminations else are invariable by the three plants.     

江西省不同流域种植业中面源污染现状分析

种植业的面源污染,按流域尺度的研究可以宏观反映某一地区的面源污染现状。因此,本研究基于江西省的农业面源污染普查数据,比较了不同流域内种植业的氮磷化肥用量和面源污染情况。结果表明：江西省各流域种植业中化肥量呈现出赣江流域>抚河流域和鄱阳湖流域>信江流域>外河流域>饶河流域和修河流域,其中以赣江流域最高,其氮肥和磷肥占全省的比例分别为51.7%和51.2%。面源污染物的排放量也呈现出赣江流域较高,其COD、TP、TN、NH3-N分别占全省排放总量的62.3%、56.3%、53.4%和53.4%。COD、TP、TN、NH3-N的排放强度也分别比全省增加了47.5%、26.5%、21.8%和14.8%。因此,赣江流域是江西省种植业的面源污染防治和化肥减施行动的关键的治理流域。     

武河湿地水体富营养化状况分析

对山东省临沂市武河湿地的实地考察及水样采样,并对水体中的N、P、COD、BOD等水质指标进行测定与分析,试验结果证明武河人工湿地对TN、COD、BOD的去除率分别为55%、76%与70%,对P的去除率较低。武河湿地8个采样点的TN平均浓度为26.55 mg/L,TP平均浓度为0.125 mg/L。根据Thomas的水体富营养化程度划分标准分析,武河湿地水体的总磷与总氮含量均处于“富”级富营养化程度,所以武河湿地水体富营养化程度整体较高,对污水处理潜力未能得到充分发挥。     

四川省农村生活非点源污染负荷估算及评价研究

研究旨在明确现阶段四川省农村生活非点源污染状况,及对农村生活非点源污染控制提供依据。笔者依托输出系数模型,考虑农村生活垃圾、生活废水和人体粪尿污染物三方面,从污染物产生、输出到入河三阶段建立了农村生活非点源污染负荷估算模型。在模型支撑下,估算了2012年四川省各地级市（州）农村生活非点源污染物中TN（总氮）、TP（总磷）和COD（化学需氧量）的负荷量,并对TN、TP和COD的负荷总量、来源比例进行分析,同时结合地表水三级水质标准(GB 3838—2002),计算了农村生活非点源污染中TN、TP和COD的入河贡献率。结果显示四川省农村生活非点源产生负荷 TN 421070 t,TP 91122 t,COD 2023186 t;输出负荷TN 120675 t,TP 26298 t,COD 419969 t;入河负荷TN 44499 t,TP 5780 t,COD 142049 t。各地市州中,南充、达州和成都产生、输出负荷最大;宜宾、南充和达州入河量最大。全省农村生活非点源污染TN、TP和COD的入河贡献率总体不大,仅遂宁、内江入河TN负荷对水体污染的贡献率超过地表水三级水质标准100%。随经济发展,四川省农村生活非点源污染部分区域较为严重,对其控制不容忽视。研究采用的方法可为其它区域的农村生活非点源污染负荷估算提供参考和借鉴。     

鱼腥草种植对吉富罗非鱼养殖池塘污染物的影响

为研究浮床栽培鱼腥草(0、5%种植面积)对吉富罗非鱼养殖池塘污染物的(水质和底泥)影响,测定了TOC、COD、Chl、TN、NH_4~+-N、NO2--N、NO_3~--N、TP、PO_4~(3-)-P等水质指标和底泥中TOC、TN、TP指标。结果表明:与对照组相比,5月份鱼腥草塘浮床区和敞水区TOC、TN、NH_4~+-N显著下降,敞水区Chl显著下降;6月份浮床区和敞水区COD、Chl、TP、PO_4~(3-)-P显著下降,浮床区NO_3~--N显著下降;7月份浮床区和敞水区COD、Chl、TN、TP显著下降,且浮床区TOC显著下降;8月份浮床区和敞水区TN、TP显著下降,浮床区TOC、COD,敞水区Chl显著下降;9月份浮床区和敞水区TOC显著下降,且浮床区Chl,敞水区COD、TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N显著下降;10月份浮床区和敞水区COD、Chl、TP显著下降,浮床区NH_4~+-N和敞水区TN显著下降。鱼腥草种植塘6月份TOC、TN、TP显著降低,7、9月份TN显著降低。鱼腥草能显著降低吉富罗非鱼养殖池塘水体中COD、TN、TP指标和底泥中TOC、TN、TP指标,且能显著提高其总产量、成活率,降低其饵料系数和相应的生物学指标。     

稻田田面水氮磷素动态特征研究

为了合理运筹施肥,防控农业面源污染,通过独立排灌系统的田间试验,设计了6个不同氮肥水平,研究了施肥后水稻田田面水氮素和磷素的动态变化特征。结果表明,施肥后田面水中的总氮(TN)、NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度随着施肥量的增加而增加,随着时间的推移三者的浓度呈现上升后下降的趋势,7天后趋于稳定;施入基肥后,NH4+-N浓度在第2天达到峰值后迅速下降,第3天即下降到峰值的25.69%~36.80%;NO3--N浓度远远低于NH4+-N浓度,3个施肥时期峰值分别为8.87 mg/L、1.91 mg/L和1.50 mg/L,且出现在施肥后第3~5天。田面水NH4+-N/TN随着施氮量的增加而增加,且在施肥后第2~3天达到峰值后下降。不同施氮量,相同施磷量处理条件下,田面水中TP浓度随着施氮量增加而增加;施肥后第1天,田面水中TP浓度达到峰值3次施肥后TP浓度峰值逐渐降低。     

潜流人工湿地基质因素对农业径流净化作用的研究

为了研究人工湿地基质在处理农业径流中的作用,对农业径流人工处理湿地中的基质展开研究。结果表明:人工湿地基质能够吸附水中一定的污染物质,成熟基质基质具有很强的污染物降解能力,对水中污染物的去除发挥重要作用。湿地基质对实验农业径流的COD、TN、TP和NH4+-N的去除率分别为41%,50%,49%和%52%。出水中CODcr、TN、TP、NH4+-N含量分别达到Ⅱ类水质的含量,Ⅴ类水质的含量, Ⅴ类水质的含量,类水质的含和Ⅲ类水质的含量。     

浮床虎杖对不同浓度铵盐的降解效果

本研究旨在探究浮床虎杖对不同浓度氨氮的降解效果。通过室内大桶构建浮床虎杖,添加不同浓度组铵盐(0,1,5,10 mg/L)测定TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N、TP等水质指标。结果表明第5~13天4种不同浓度铵盐TN浓度下降,第17天升高;10 mg/L铵盐组NH4+-N浓度第5~13天下降;敞水区5和10 mg/L铵盐组NO3--N浓度先升高后降低,根系区分别在第5天和第9天达到峰值;10 mg/L铵盐组NO2--N浓度第5天升高至峰值第13天降至0;对照组TP浓度高于其他铵盐浓度组。浮床虎杖可在第9~13天内能造成TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N浓度下降,起到降解不同浓度铵盐的效果,但TP浓度降至0需要更长时间。