栽培因子对甘蓝型杂交油菜二次分枝产量、数目和角果数的影响

运用五元二次正交旋转组合设计 ,研究了播期、密度、施氮量、施磷量、施钾量对甘蓝型杂交油菜二次分枝产量、二次分枝数、二次分枝角果数的影响。结果表明 ,5个栽培因子与 3个目标性状间不存在多因子的数学关系。分析各单因子对目标性状的影响发现 ,播期和施磷量对二次分枝产量的影响分别达到极显著和显著水平 ,密度和施氮量对二次分枝数的影响分别达到极显著和显著水平 ,各因子对二次分枝角果数的影响未达到显著水平。二次分枝角果数与二次分枝数间 ,二次分枝产量与二次分枝数、二次分枝角果数间 ,群体产量与二次分枝角果数、二次分枝产量间均呈极显著正相关。     

密度及施氮量对短季直播棉花产量和纤维品质的影响

在油后短季直播条件下,研究了种植密度、株行距配置、施氮量对于棉花群体产量性状和纤维品质各指标的影响。试验结果表明:施氮量对于提高棉花群体成铃数具有重要意义。密度对于提高籽棉产量和皮棉产量具有至关重要的作用。三种因素分别对籽棉产量和皮棉产量有极显著影响,交互作用对产量的提高也有极显著影响。施氮量180 kg/hm2处理的群体具有较高的上半部纤维长度、伸长率和断裂比强度。高密度比低密度群体具有相对高的整齐度指数;等行距处理比宽窄行处理整齐度指数高。     

滇型杂交粳稻高产栽培技术研究

采用4因素3水平正交试验设计(2005年)和2因素3水平随机区组设计(2006年),以滇杂31、滇杂32、滇杂35为试验材料,以品种、秧龄、施氮量、施氮方法和栽插密度为试验因素(研究内容),对滇型杂交粳稻高产栽培技术进行试验研究.结果表明,品种、施氮量、秧龄、密度4个因素不同水平之间的产量差异达显著或极显著水平,不同施氮方法之间的产量差异不显著,各因素对滇型杂交粳稻产量影响大小排序是施氮量>秧龄>品种>施氮方法,秧龄与密度交互效应>秧龄>密度.各因素对滇型杂交粳稻产量的影响主要通过改变有效穗数、每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数来实现,对结实率影响较小,除品种因素外,施氮量、秧龄对千粒重会产生一定影响.提出滇型杂交粳稻高产栽培技术:适期播种,培育适龄壮秧,适宜秧龄35～40 d;每公顷施纯氮270 kg,氮肥宜重底早追;每公顷栽30万穴,每穴插1～2个基本苗.     

不同地力水平上施氮量对花生植株性状及产量的影响

三年21处农村基点氮肥效应试验研究结果表明:氮肥有明显促进营养生长效果。不同地力水平上,花生的主茎高、侧枝长、总分枝数均与施氮量呈显著或极显著正相关。氮肥施用过多,使营养生长和生殖生长失调,单株结果数减少,导致荚果产量降低。低肥田块,亩施标准氮肥(硫酸铵、含氮21％)以38.1公斤为宜,中肥地力田块,亩施标准氮肥11.9—23.8公斤可获得较高产量和经济效益,高肥地力情况下,氮肥效果不明显。     

不同施氮水平对两系杂交油菜两优586产量及经济性状的影响

不同施氮试验结果表明，施纯氮225kg/hm^2是两系杂交油菜两优586的最佳施氮肥水平，产量达到2396.55kg/hm^2。产量构成因素以单株有效角果数对产量影响较大，每角粒数对产量影响较小。随施氮量的增加，单株一次有效分枝数增加，每角粒数变化较小，千粒重 单株有效角果呈先增后减的趋势。     

优质高产杂交水稻新组合宜香1577配套栽培技术研究

采用3因素5水平多元二次正交旋转组合设计,研究宜香1577产量与移栽密度、施氮量和施钾量3因素间的关系,建立了各因素与产量的数学模型,确立了宜香1577高产栽培的移栽密度、施氮量和施钾量的优化方案.结果表明,宜香1577具有较大的丰产潜力,在肥力中上田采用"培育壮秧、适当密度栽插和足氮、足钾"的栽培策略,适宜密度为17.20万～20.26万穴/hm2,施氮量(纯氮)为172.4～189.5 kg/hm2,施钾量(K2O)116.8～163.5 kg/hm2.     

密度、施氮量对两系杂交小麦品种绵杂麦168主要品质性状的影响

为了探索两系杂交小麦品种的高产优质栽培措施,就两种密度(6万及12万基本苗/667m~2)、3种施氮量水平(5、10、15 kg N/667m~2)及其互作对绵杂麦168部分品质性状的影响进行了研究.结果表明,除密度与施氮量对容重、密度对弱化度、密度与施氮量互作对形成时间的影响不显著外,密度与施氮量及其互作对降落数值、粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、吸水率、稳定时间,密度与施氮量互作对容重,密度与施氮量对形成时间,施氮量及密度与施氮量互作对弱化度的影响都达到极显著水平;除吸水率与降落数值外,密度为6万基本苗/667m~2的品质性状优于密度为12万基本苗/667m~2的.无论是在低用种量(6万基本苗/667m~2)或者常规用种量(12万基本苗/667m~2)下,绵杂麦168的各品质性状均有随施氮量的增加而改善的趋势,绵杂麦168各品质性状(除吸水率、湿面筋含量外)在施氮量为15 kg N/667m2下都能达到中筋小麦标准.同时对各品质性状的相互关系进行了分析,结果表明,弱化度与其余品质性状都呈极显著负相关;粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间这五个性状间互呈极显著的正相关.综合考虑用种成本、产量与品质等因素,绵杂麦168的高产优质栽培应在配合其他栽培措施的基础上,以密度6万基本苗/667m~2、施氮量15 kg纯氮/667m~2为宜.     

密度和施氮量对超高产冬小麦群体质量和产量形成的影响

为明确种植密度和施氮量对超高产冬小麦群体质量和产量形成的影响,以冬小麦品种石麦18为材料,于2013-2014年度在河北省藁城市进行了密度(基本苗150万、225万、300万和375万·hm-2)和施氮量(180、240和300kg·hm-2)的二因素裂区试验。结果表明,小麦各生育时期群体总茎(穗)数随密度的增加而增加,但4种密度下都取得了较高的穗数。越冬前至开花期叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均随密度的增加而增加,但基本苗为150万和225万·hm-2时开花后LAI和干物质积累量都高于基本苗300万和375万·hm-2。各生育时期(除起身期外)不同施氮量之间总茎数差异不显著。干物质积累量随着施氮量增加呈增加趋势,高施氮量下开花后LAI衰减较慢。密度对产量及其构成因素的影响均显著,施氮量仅对千粒重和产量的影响显著;密度与施氮量对千粒重和产量有显著的交互效应。基本苗150万·hm-2、施氮量240~300kg·hm-2处理的小麦产量最高,分别为10 308.65和10 221.98kg·hm-2。因此,建议在低密度下适当增施氮肥。而从节本增效考虑,在高密度下应适当减少氮肥投入,以实现小麦的高产高效。     

打顶方式和栽培密度及施氮量对湘西烟叶可用性的影响

以提高湘西烟叶产量和工业可用性为目的,研究打顶方式、栽培密度及施氮量对烟叶农艺性状、经济性状及烟叶品质的影响.结果表明,施氮量对烟叶产量的影响差异显著,打顶方式、栽培密度及二者的交互作用对烟叶化学成分的影响差异极显著.采用现蕾打顶、栽培密度为1.1m×0.5m、施氮量为97.5 kg/hm2或112.5 kg/hm2的栽培方式时,能提高烟叶产量和工业可用性.     

密度和施氮量对垄膜沟播春玉米干物质积累和产量的影响

2012、2014年,以玉米杂交种沈禾201为试验材料,探讨垄膜沟播条件下种植密度和施氮量对植株干物质积累和产量的影响。两年试验结果表明,在抽雄期和灌浆期,玉米个体干物质积累量随密度的增加而减小,随施氮量的增加而增加;群体干物质积累量随密度和施氮量的增加而增加。种植密度和施氮量对玉米群体产量的综合影响呈开口向下的凸面体,2012年施氮量对群体产量的影响大于密度处理,2014年施氮量对群体产量的影响小于密度处理。通过对产量方程模型寻优,得到超过平均产量的管理方案,2012、2014年种植密度分别为69 727~84 818株/hm~2、39 880~51 778株/hm~2;施氮量分别为342~478 kg/hm~2、223~413 kg/hm~2。在试验区特定的生态环境条件下,适宜的种植密度和中高施氮量可显著增加垄膜沟播春玉米产量。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.