Droplet Dynamics and Initial Field Tests for Microencapsulated Pesticide Formulations Applied at Ultra Low Volume Using Rotary Atomisers for Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers

The physical properties and field efficacy of microencapsulated acridicides (ME) were investigated to determine their suitability for application at Ultra Low Volume (ULV) rates in Sahelian conditions. Microcapsules were not damaged during application using Micronair AU7000 rotary atomisers. Drop size was dependent upon microcapsule size, smaller microcapsules tending to form dense aggregates within large droplets. The aggregation effect was counteracted by larger microcapsule sizes and by dilution of the concentrated formulation. There was a tendency for microcapsules to land dry at increasing distances from the point of application and at high temperatures and low humidities. In the field in Mali (W. Africa) diluted ME formulations were found to be suitable for ULV application by Berthoud C8 hand-held sprayers, vehicle-mounted Micronair AU7000 pest control kits and helicopter-mounted Beecomist rotary atomisers. ME formulations of fenitrothion, chlorpyriphos and diazinon all suppressed grasshopper populations in annual grassland and were as effective as fenitrothion applied at the standard ULV rate. The spatially heterogeneous and shifting nature of the grasshopper populations prevented the relative efficacy or persistence of the different products to be quantified and the potential for reduced environmental impact could not be tested.     

微囊化溶剂对吡唑醚菌酯微囊悬浮剂应用性能的影响

利用安全溶剂替代农药制剂中的有毒溶剂符合农业可持续发展的要求，乳油中有害溶剂替代已经颇具成效，而微囊剂型中的溶剂替代也应该引起重视。本文先通过比较油酸甲酯和150# 溶剂油对油相稳定性的影响以确定溶剂的种类和用量，采用界面聚合法分别以油酸甲酯和150#溶剂油为溶剂制备了9%吡唑醚菌酯微囊悬浮剂，之后考察了两种制剂的释放性能、抗光解性能和田间应用效果。结果表明；以油酸甲酯为溶剂，当原药与溶剂质量比为1 : 2时，所得的吡唑醚菌酯微囊为球形，平均粒径为2.92 μm，与以150# 溶剂油为溶剂制备的微囊相比，在快速释放液中，20 min时前者中吡唑醚菌酯的累积释放率为92%，后者仅为50%。在模拟紫外光强度下，在100 min时，以油酸甲酯作溶剂的微囊中吡唑醚菌酯含量比以150#作溶剂的微囊中吡唑醚菌酯的含量高30.59%。田间药效试验结果表明，在施药后32 d，用以油酸甲酯为溶剂制备的9%吡唑醚菌酯微囊悬浮剂处理比以150# 溶剂油为溶剂的微囊悬浮剂处理和250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油处理对花生叶斑病的防效分别高16.59%和29.34%。表明溶剂对农药微囊制剂的稳定性和应用性能均存在影响，应该优化筛选。本研究可为农药微囊制剂的精细化加工提供理论依据。     

毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂的制备及微囊化条件的优化

以脲醛树脂为壁材,采用原位聚合法制备了20％毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂,探讨了影响微囊粒径大小及分布的因素,优化了微囊化条件,并就其与毒死蜱乳油对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga幼虫的毒力进行了对比。结果表明,选用苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚乳液(SMA)为分散剂(质量分数为总体系的2.5％),乳化条件为1 500 r/min搅拌30 min,60 min内调节体系pH值至2.5,反应后期升温至45℃,在此条件下制备的毒死蜱微胶囊外形较好,平均粒径为8.9 μm,分散系数为0.182 6,包封率高达99.54％。毒力测定结果表明,乳油和微胶囊对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫的初始LC50值分别为2.05和 3.02 μg/mL;而在自然环境中放置32 d后,乳油对该虫的毒力下降较快,LC50值为100.23 μg/mL,而微囊悬浮剂毒力仍保持较高水平,LC50值为15.63 μg/mL。表明毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂兼具速效性高和持效期长的优点。     

可降解聚碳酸亚丙酯-毒死蜱微胶囊的制备及缓释性能评价

以聚碳酸亚丙酯(PPC)为壁材,聚乙烯醇-1788(PVA-1788)为连续相稳定剂,采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备了包裹毒死蜱的可降解微胶囊。测定了PVA-1788的质量分数、PPC的质量浓度以及PPC与毒死蜱的质量比对微胶囊性能的影响。采用土壤悬浊拟环境实验法评价了PPC的降解性能;通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、广角X射线衍射(W-XRD)、激光粒度分布仪和高效液相色谱(HPLC)等表征了PPC-毒死蜱微胶囊的性能,同时采用柱层析法探讨了其缓释性能。结果表明:PPC具有生物可降解性;PVA-1788质量分数、PPC质量浓度以及PPC与毒死蜱的质量比对微胶囊的性能有显著影响,当PVA-1788的质量分数为1.0%、PPC的质量浓度为110 mg/mL,PPC与毒死蜱的质量比为1∶2时,可获得球形规整、粒径较小、包封率与载药量较高的微胶囊,其平均粒径为7.3 μm,载药量为16.75%,包封率为89.34%。缓释性能研究结果表明,PPC微胶囊对毒死蜱具有明显的缓释效应, 27 d的累积释药率达86.87%。     

土壤环境因子对毒死蜱两种剂型持效性的影响

以暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela幼虫为生物试材,研究了含水量、温度和泥炭质量分数3种土壤环境因子对毒死蜱30%微囊悬浮剂(CS)和30%乳油(EC)持效性的影响。结果显示:在相同土壤介质环境下,毒死蜱乳油的持效期随土壤含水量的提高而缩短,同时土壤含水量的提高减缓了微囊悬浮剂囊内有效成分的释放;在土壤中其他影响因子相同时,土壤温度越高,毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂和乳油的持效期越短;土壤中的泥炭对毒死蜱的吸附作用使得其对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的初始毒力降低,同时也延长了毒死蜱在土壤中的持效期。对于3种土壤环境因子的不同处理,除泥炭质量分数为1.0%的处理中毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂和乳油对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的持效性相差不大外,其他各处理中毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂的持效性均优于乳油。     

冬青油微囊悬浮剂的制备及其杀蚜活性研究

以脲醛树脂为壁材,采用原位聚合法制备了20%冬青油微囊悬浮剂,同时研究了芯/壁材质量比、反应温度、搅拌速率、pH值及乳化分散剂等因素对微胶囊形成的影响,对所制备微胶囊的性能进行了表征,并测定了其缓释性能及其对菊小长管蚜Macrosiphoniella sanborni(Gillette)的田间防治效果。结果表明:当芯、壁材质量比为3:2、添加质量分数为3%的分散剂[30%苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物(SMA)与Tween-80按质量比为1:1混合]酸酐共聚物(SMA)与Tween-80按质量比为1:1混合]、乳化搅拌速率为800 r/min、在120～150 min内将pH值调至2.0,在60～70 ℃下固化反应1 h时,可制备出形貌较好、平均粒径为7 μm左右的冬青油微胶囊。失重法测定结果表明,其缓释性能良好。田间试验结果表明,采用20%冬青油微囊悬浮剂在有效剂量300 g/hm2下进行常量喷雾处理,施药后第11天其对菊小长管蚜的防效仍维持在90%以上,具有较长的持效期。     

Attract-and-kill strategy. Laboratory studies on hatched larvae of Culex pipiens

The attract‐and‐kill strategy is a new pest management technique that presupposes the intelligent combination of an attracting agent (e.g. pheromone) and a killing agent (e.g. insecticide). In the present study, the potential combination of the microencapsulated synthetic oviposition pheromone 6‐acetoxy‐5‐hexadecanolide with an insecticide has been tested. Initially, polyurea microcapsules containing 6‐acetoxy‐5‐hexadecanolide, the synthetic mixture of diastereomers of the oviposition pheromone of the mosquito species Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), were studied. Laboratory bioassays were performed to confirm the bioactivity of the microencapsulated pheromone on the oviposition activity of Culex pipiens L. biotype molestus Førskal (Diptera: Culicidae) with the aim of determining the optimum dose for oviposition response. Its effect was dose dependent, revealing an optimum dose of 300 mg of dried microcapsules. Attractancy over time was also studied. The microencapsulated pheromone was found to be sufficiently attractive to gravid female mosquitoes for a period of 40 days. Finally, the combination of the synthetic pheromone with the control agent temephos showed both an acceptable oviposition activity and sufficient larvicidal effect. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Termite control with microencapsulated permethrin

Bait methods with microencapsulated active ingredients are proposed for controlling local populations of subterranean termites. The foraging workers will take up the microcapsules, transport them to the nest and pass them to their nestmates. In laboratory tests microencapsulated formulations of permethrin had lethal effects on Heterotermes indicola Wasman and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) depending on the amount of active ingredient applied. The time interval between the application of the capsules and the occurrence of insecticidal effects could be modified by changing the wall thickness of the capsules. Tests revealed that the microcapsules were transmitted from donors to recipients by trophallaxis. Microencapsulated formulations from which the solvent used during the manufacturing process had been removed did not reveal any repellent effects in several tests.     

Mobility and persistence of isazofos in granular and microencapsulated formulations in two soils,using field lysimeters

Field lysimeters were used to assess the mobility and persistence of microencapsulated and granular formulations of the soil insecticide, isazofos, in Plainfield sand, and the microencapsulated formulation in Vittoria loam soil, using two moisture regimes, rainfall and supplementary watering. Mobility and persistence comparisons were made with an earlier lysimeter study which used emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and granular formulations of isazofos in Plainfield sand. Isazofos mobility in Plainfield sand increased in the following order for the tested formulations: microencapsulated < granular ≦ EC. Atrazine, which was applied as a suspension concentrate to all lysimeters as an internal reference, appeared to exhibit retarded disappearance rates during initial stages of the study when in the presence of granular isazofos in the rainfall treatment. The degradation of isazofos was faster in Vittoria loam than in Plainfield sand for the microencapsulated formulation in the field lysimeters (only formulation tested), and for all three formulations in a laboratory study.     

毒死蜱·高效氯氰菊酯的微胶囊化及其对蛴螬的防治效果

用原位聚合法制备了毒死蜱·高效氯氰菊酯复配微囊悬浮剂(CS),研究了表面活性剂对微胶囊化过程的影响,并考察了产品对蛴螬Anomala corpulenta Motsch的田间防治效果。结果表明,SUR-1(植物皂素和明胶等比例组合物)是较为理想的成囊助剂,当其质量分数为0.2%时两种农药的包覆率可达98%以上,囊形均匀、圆滑,囊径和囊壁厚度适中,但其用量不宜过高,当其质量分数为0.4%时,毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯的包覆率分别仅有74.2%和68.1%,同时,释放速率也显著下降。20%毒死蜱·高效氯氰菊酯CS在有效成分含量(下同) 600 g/hm2用量下,对蛴螬60 d的防效可达70%以上,而毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯乳油在土壤中的降解较为迅速,当施药剂量分别为1 440和33.75 g/hm2时,60 d的防效分别仅为32.3%和2.5%。     

土壤温、湿度对两种微胶囊杀虫剂毒力的影响

以华北大黑鳃金龟幼虫为生测对象,在常规毒力测定的基础上研究土壤温、湿度对35%辛硫磷和30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂毒力的影响。结果显示:35%辛硫磷微囊悬浮剂对华北大黑鳃金龟幼虫的毒力高于30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂,约是其毒力的3～9倍;在试验湿度和温度范围内,35%辛硫磷和30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂对供试幼虫的杀虫效果随着温度的升高而逐渐增强;在相同温度条件下,2种微囊制剂在含水量为10%的土壤中杀虫效果高于含水量20%的土壤。     

Deposition,mobility and persistence of sprinkler-irrigation-applied chlorpyrifos on corn foliage and in soil

The insecticide chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) was applied to sweet corn (Zea mays L.) by chemigation, injecting either an emulsifiable formulation or technical chlorpyrifos dissolved in soybean oil into 0·25 cm or 1·27 cm sprinkler-applied irrigation water. Half of the plots treated with chlorpyrifos in 0·25 cm water were immediately irrigated further with 1·27 cm water without chlorpyrifos. Half the plots treated with chlorpyrifos in 1·27 cm water were irrigated with another 1·27 cm water without chlorpyrifos 10 days later. Neither the volume of water used to apply the insecticide nor subsequent irrigation affected chlorpyrifos residues on the corn foliage or in the soil. Chemigation of the soybean oil solution resulted in three times more chlorpyrifos on the foliage than chemigation of the emulsion formulation, apparently because of greater adhesion of the oil droplets to the foliar surface. Chlorpyrifos residues in foliage declined with an initial half-life of one day. Chlorpyrifos on or near the soil surface declined with an initial half-life of approximately four days.     

灰飞虱对杀虫剂抗药性的研究进展

灰飞虱对杀虫剂产生抗药性是其近年来暴发频繁的重要原因。本文综述了国内外关于灰飞虱抗药性的研究成果,包括灰飞虱抗药性的发展、交互抗性、抗性机理、抗性遗传及生物适合度等。田间灰飞虱种群对多种药剂产生了不同程度的抗药性,其中对新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉和昆虫生长调节剂噻嗪酮产生了高水平到极高水平抗性(抗药性倍数分别为44.6～108.8倍和超过200倍),对有机磷类药剂毒死蜱和乙酰甲胺磷(抗药性倍数分别为10～12.6倍和9～13倍)、氨基甲酸酯类药剂甲萘威和残杀威(抗药性倍数分别为29.8～45.3倍和40.1～131.5倍)和拟除虫菊酯类药剂高效氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯(抗药性倍数分别为7.8～108.8倍和12～21倍)产生了中等水平到高水平的抗药性,对氟虫腈、阿维菌素和噻虫嗪没有产生抗药性(抗性倍数5倍)。长期大面积使用化学药剂是灰飞虱产生抗药性的重要原因。因此,必须加强灰飞虱的抗性治理,以延缓其抗药性进一步发展。     

温度响应型吡唑醚菌酯微囊的制备与性能表征

以N-异丙基丙烯酰胺（NIPAM）和丙烯酸丁酯（BA）的共聚物为壁材,采用乳液聚合法制备了温度响应型吡唑醚菌酯微囊。通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、激光粒度分析仪和紫外分光光度计等对该微囊的形貌、粒径、包封率和载药量进行表征,同时采用透析袋法探讨其释放性能,并以斑马鱼为试材测定其对水生生物的急性毒性。结果表明:吡唑醚菌酯微囊呈球形,平均粒径为1.04 μm,包封率为78.30%,载药量为15.66%。吡唑醚菌酯微囊具有明显的温度响应性特征,其低临界溶解温度（LCST）为28.2℃,当环境温度高于28.2℃时能够快速释放活性成分,而低于该温度时其释放行为受到抑制。吡唑醚菌酯微囊对斑马鱼急性毒性的LC50（96 h）值为有效成分4.48 mg/L,较吡唑醚菌酯原药的提高了90倍以上,因此能够显著提高吡唑醚菌酯对水生生物的安全性。     

阿维菌素脲醛树脂微胶囊的制备及其缓释性能

以脲醛树脂为囊壁材料,采用原位聚合法制备了阿维菌素微胶囊。探讨了甲醛-尿素摩尔比(F/U)、溶剂、分散剂、消泡剂对微胶囊形态和粒径分布的影响,测定了阿维菌素微胶囊的释放特性。结果表明:当甲醛-尿素摩尔比为1.75,甲苯∶ 氯苯=3∶ 4为溶剂,分散剂亚甲基二萘磺酸钠质 量分数为1.5％,有机硅消泡剂X-10C质量分数为0.7%时,能够制备出形态良好、平均粒径4.07 μm、 包封率 98.89％,贮存稳定性良好的阿维菌素微胶囊;红外图谱分析表明,阿维菌素被包封于脲醛树脂囊壁内;释放规律符合一级动力学方程,阿维菌素微胶囊的t50是阿维菌素原药的3.4倍,说明阿维菌素微胶囊具有较好的缓释性能。     

The interactions between routes of exposure and physicochemical properties of four water-dilutable permethrin formulations in relation to their activities against Trichoplusia ni (Hubner)

A series of laboratory experiments were undertaken to compare the activities of four water-dilutable permethrin formulations against the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). The formulations used were “Pounce 3.2 EC”, “Ambush 2.0 EC” and two novel formulations (containing evaporation retardants) supplied, for comparison, by Roussel Uclaf Environmental Health Ltd, Berkhamsted, UK (formerly Wellcome Environmental Health Ltd). Bioassays were developed to investigate the activity of the insecticides via topical, residual and residual/dietary routes of exposure. The test insects were exposed to insecticide droplets, of 200 μm diameter, either directly or indirectly (on cabbage leaves or parafilm) using an on-demand droplet generator. Following exposure to insecticide, the test species were confined in petri dishes and mortality assessments were made at 24 h after treatment. The results were analyzed using probits. The results indicated that up to 15-fold differences in activity between formulations may occur when exposure is via residual contact on an artificial waxy surface (parafilm). The novel formulations were found to be far more active than the standard EC formulations. These differences in activity were significantly correlated with the dynamic surface tension and droplet spread upon cabbage leaves of the formulations. The results are discussed in terms of the bioavailability of pyrethroids upon waxy surfaces and also in terms of the potential for manipulating the pick-up of pesticides from plant surfaces.     

8%氯氰菊酯微囊剂防治松褐天牛药效试验

室内用8%氯氰菊酯微囊剂对松褐天牛成虫进行毒力测定,选出致死率较高的浓度为100倍稀释液。用该浓度进行室内药液持效试验,第20 d接虫死亡率可达89.7%。     

初次油水比对高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂理化特性的影响

采用界面聚合法制备了以聚脲树脂为囊材的15%高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂。在制备过程中,以油相质量与初次用水质量相比得到初次油水比,探究了不同初次油水比对高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂理化性质的影响。设定4个不同初次油水比 (R_i) 处理,分别为R_i = 1 : 0.55、1 : 0.69、1 : 0.83和1 : 0.97,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、激光粒度分布仪对所制备微囊的形貌进行表征,并测定包覆率与贮藏稳定性。结果显示:当Ri分别为1 : 0.83和1 : 0.97时,所制备的15%高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂成囊质量高,微囊形貌好,微囊包覆率90%以上,粒径3~4 μm (D₉₅),贮存稳定性合格。本研究可为制备高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂提供参考。     

Comparison of efficacy, absorption and translocation of three glyphosate formulations on velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Growth analysis, absorption and translocation studies were conducted to compare a 1-aminomethanamide dihydrogen tetraoxosulfate (GLY-A) formulation of glyphosate with two isopropylamine (GLY-IPA-1, GLY-IPA-2) formulations of glyphosate on velvetleaf. The two isopropylamine formulations differed by the presence of a surfactant in the formulation, GLY-IPA-1 containing surfactant whereas GLY-IPA-2 did not. Four- to six-leaf velvetleaf was treated with GLY-A and GLY-IPA-1 and GLY-IPA-2 (0, 50, 67, 89, 119, 158, 280, 420, 560 and 840 g AE ha(-1)) with and without ammonium sulfate (AMS; 20 g L(-1)). GLY-A and GLY-IPA-2 included a non-ionic surfactant (2.5 mL L(-1)) in the spray solution at all herbicide concentrations. No additional surfactant was added to GLY-IPA-1. The IC50 value for GLY-A was 88 g AE ha(-1) compared with 346 and 376 g AE ha(-1) for GLY-IPA-1 and GLY-IPA-2 respectively in the absence of AMS. When AMS (20 g L(-1)) was added to the spray solution, the estimated IC50 values were 143, 76 and 60 g AE ha(-1) for GLY-IPA-1, GLY-IPA-2 and GLY-A respectively. Absorption of 14C-glyphosate into the third leaf of five- to six-leaf velvetleaf was three- to sixfold greater 72 h after treatment (HAT) when applied as GLY-A compared with GLY-IPA-1 and GLY-IPA-2 respectively in the absence of AMS. AMS (20 g L(-1)) increased absorption of 14C-glyphosate in all glyphosate formulations two- to threefold, but differences among the formulations remained. Approximately three- and sixfold more 14C-glyphosate applied as GLY-A had translocated out of the treated leaf compared with GLY-IPA-1 and GLY-IPA-2 respectively by 72 HAT. Adding AMS (20 g L(-1)) increased translocation of 14C-glyphosate out of the treated leaf approximately 2.5-fold for all three formulations. The increased efficacy of GLY-A versus GLY-IPA-1 and GLY-IPA-2 on velvetleaf is due to the greater rate of absorption and subsequent translocation of glyphosate out of the treated leaf. AMS increased the efficacy of all three formulations by increasing absorption and translocation of glyphosate in the plant.     

嘧菌酯微囊的制备及其性能表征

以生物可降解的壳聚糖(CS)和DL-丙交酯为原料,利用开环聚合法合成了可降解的壳聚糖-聚乳酸接枝共聚物(CS-co-PLA),并以其为壁材,以嘧菌酯为芯材,以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为连续相稳定剂,采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备了不同粒径的嘧菌酯微囊,研究了芯壁材质量比、PVA质量分数、油水相比例、剪切速率及时间对微囊形态、粒径及分布、包封率和载药量的影响,测定了典型微囊的缓释性能,探讨了微囊制备工艺条件及粒径调控方法。结果表明:在PVA质量分数为1%,m(嘧菌酯):m(CS-co-PLA)=1∶4~1∶1,V(油相)∶V(水相)=1∶10,剪切乳化时间为5 min时,在3 000~18 000 r/min之间通过调节剪切速率,可制备出形状规则、粒径在280 nm~4.5μm之间并具有良好缓释性能的嘧菌酯微囊;其中剪切速率是影响微囊粒径的主要因素。