Investigating light-use efficiency across a jack pine chronosequence during dry and wet years

Light-use efficiency (LUE) is the ability of vegetated canopies to use light for photosynthesis. Together with remote sensing estimates of canopy cover and meteorological inputs, LUE provides a physical basis for scaling carbon uptake processes from the stand to the global scale. A better understanding of the factors that control LUE will result in improved global estimates of carbon uptake from the terrestrial biosphere. To examine factors that control variability in LUE in stands of different ages during dry and wet conditions, we measured LUE in a chronosequence of four jack pine stands (recent clearcut (age 1-3), regenerating (age 8-9), immature (age 29-30) and mature (~90 years old)) during one normal (2002), one very dry (2003) and two very wet (2004, 2005) growing seasons in Saskatchewan, Canada. Cumulative CO(2) fluxes decreased significantly at all sites during the drought year of 2003, as did mean LUE. Canopy foliage at the recently regenerating jack pine site increased by 19% between 2002 and 2003. Foliage growth rate was reduced by 6% between 2003 and 2004, and foliage biomass decreased by 6% from 2004 to 2005. Over the four years studied, LUE was greatest at the mature jack pine site and lower, but similar, at the other three sites. Mean growing-season LUE varied with mean soil water content at each site, except at that of the newly regenerating stand where soil water had little influence. Mean daily vapor pressure deficit typically had the greatest influence on variability in LUE at all sites. Diffuse versus direct radiation also had significant but varying effects on LUE in jack pine stands of different ages.     

British forestry: 70 years of achievement

After a brief review of changes in major demands for wood before1900, data for the woodland area in Great Britain at intervalsthrough the present century are tabulated. Tables show how thetargets for productive woodland area set in 1915 and renewedin 1943 have been achieved. The main increase in gross woodlandarea occurred after 1945. The state forest service for Great Britain, the Forestry Commission,wasformed in 1919; as a result of its vigorous land acquisitionand afforestation policy, at 31.3.96, it owned or leased 35per cent of the British woodland area. Government support for private forestry has been through grantsboth for rehabilitating felled woodland and extending areasplanted; grants have been paid mostly through the Forestry Commission. The most recent Government policy statements on forestry lookto further substantial increases in the woodland of Britain,reflecting the influence both of membership of the EuropeanCommunity and cognisance of global environmental and resourceneeds.     

The small-scale forestry group 1986–2006: an overview on the group activities during the last 20 years

This paper documents the history of the first 20 years of the Small-scale Forestry Group of the International Union of forest Research Organisations (IUFRO). The origins of the Small-scale Forestry Group can be traced back to the ‘Five Year Report 1982–1986, IUFRO Division 3 Forest Operations and Techniques’ where ‘Division 3 took the initiative to intensify research in the area of Small-scale Forestry by promoting a new project group P 3.04 ...’. In 1986 this group was founded during the IUFRO World Congress in Ljubljana. The emergence of the Small-scale Forestry Group reflects the expanding interest in small-scale forestry as a field of study and its increasing social and economic importance. This paper describes and critically assesses the how the Group has developed during the last 20 years, and reviews the activities which have been undertaken, and makes some forecasts about the future of the Group. The key impression is that the Group has been remarkably active, and has achieved much more than could have been predicted at the time it was formed.     

桤木幼龄林直径结构规律分析

林分直径结构规律的研究是森林经营的基础工作。以湖南省湘西地区花垣县桤木幼龄林标准地数据为基础,分析了其直径结构特征。利用四种分布函数对其直径结构进行拟合,同时对四种分布函数进行了卡方检验。通过拟合结果及卡方检验得出,湘西桤木幼龄林符合正态分布和Weibull分布,不符合对数正态分和伽马分布。利用Richards模型、Logistic模型及传统的三次方程模型对湘西桤木幼龄林株数累积百分数和相对直径关系进行拟合,结果表明:Richards模型、Logistic模型的拟合效果优于三次方程模型,并具有生物学意义。     

1958—2017年太湖流域气温及降水变化研究

太湖流域位于我国长江中下游平原河网地区,是受全球气候变化和人类活动影响最显著的地区之一。该文利用太湖流域范围内的21个气象站点的长期观测资料,运用趋势系数、气候倾向率等方法分析了该区域的气候时空变化规律。结果表明,1958—2017年该区气温有显著上升趋势,平均气温以0.293℃/10a幅度升高。各月气温均呈上升趋势,但是冬、春季升温最为剧烈,达0.362℃/10a;夏、秋季最弱,为0.222℃/10a。由于最冷月平均温度升高比最热月大,所以导致气温年较差减少。气温升高存在显著的区域差异,东部地区增温剧烈,气温倾向率大于0.4℃/10a;最小的气温倾向率位于西南部地区,小于0.25℃/10a。流域降水总体呈增加趋势,平均年降水量倾向率为3.026mm/10a,东部地区和无锡、常州地区降水增加显著。全球变化及城市化的影响是导致流域气温和降水地区差异的主要原因。     

母梅花鹿弃仔原因及处理

梅花鹿有较高的经济价值和药用价值，现已推广人工饲养，在人工饲养时，会遇到产仔后的母梅花鹿弃仔现象，如不及时处理，会影响仔鹿的成活率。对于这种现象发生的原因及处理措施及预防提出以下建议：１发生原因１．１梅花鹿产仔时，如有人尤其是陌生人的靠近，会产生恐惧感，会抛弃仔鹿，拒绝让仔鹿吮乳。１．２外界环境干扰，如：噪音、巨大响声等。２处理措施２．１首要方法是让仔鹿能吃上亲生母鹿的初乳，因为初乳能增强仔鹿抗病能力，且能促进胎粪的排出，让母鹿与仔鹿单独在同一个产圈内，加深对仔鹿印象，仔鹿出于本能，会接近母鹿并…     

Analysis for dry and wet years with the WIMISA model of tree-crop competition for windbreak systems in the Sahel

A modelling approach was chosen for analyzing the effects of competition between windbreaks and crops for soil water and radiation in the Sahel. The model has a high spatial and temporal resolution to account for the heterogeneity in a windbreak-cropping system. The model was parameterised for millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.), the tree species Bauhinia rufescens Lam. and soil characteristics and weather data of Sadoré, Niger. Simulations were run for two wet years (1992 and 1993) and for a dry cropping season (1989). Simulations showed a strong yield reduction up to 2 m from the windbreak due to shading and/or water competition. For Sahelian sites with no access to groundwater, competition for water between trees and crops is likely to occur in the beginning of the rainy season. Water competition was surprisingly highest in the wet year 1992, intermediate in the dry year 1987 and lowest in the wet year 1993. Simulation results indicate that light and water competition depends on rainfall distribution and the period between the seasonal onset of tree and crop growth. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of CCC and daminozide on growth of silver birch container seedlings during three years after spraying

Applications of growth retardants, daminozide and CCC (chlormequatchloride), were studied in order to determine their effects on morphology and post-planting growth of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) container seedlings. Daminozide was sprayed once (on 28 June at concentrations of 1.0 – 6.0 g l^–1) and CCC was sprayed twice (on 29 June and 27 July at concentrations of 0.5–3.0 gl^–1). Height growth, morphology of seedlings at the end of the growing season, the shoot and root growth potential the following spring and field performance during the following seasons were measured. During the first summer in the nursery, both daminozide and CCC retarded height growth,but daminozide was more effective. The effects of compounds on stem diameter during the summer of application were small. Neither of the compounds affected the field performance of seedlings. The most suitable applications for retardation of height growth, without negative effects on other morphological variables, were 4 g l^–1 (32 mg per seedling) for daminozide and 2 g l^–1 (16 mg per seedling), sprayed in two applications, for CCC.     

近50年首都圈沙尘暴的变化趋势及其与气候因素间的关系

利用线性回归和spear-man秩相关分析方法,对首都圈沙尘暴近50年来的变化趋势及其与气候因素间的关系进行了研究,并由此得出研究结论。     

The evaluation of the synergetic degree of ecology economy society system of China forestry during the last decade

Ecological ravages, environmental pollution, and the developmental problems of regional ecology, economy, and society are not geographical restrictions. The synergistic development of the ecology-economy-society system in forestry was quantitatively assessed by system theory and synergistic dynamic models, illustration of the metering principle and corresponding theory, assessing and quantizing synergistic development status of ecology-economy-society system, and the orderliness of the subsystem of the last decade. The orderliness of the ecology and ecological subsystems developed unstably with an increasing trend. The eco-environment construction and eco-conservation achievement of forestry in China are effective and need to be maintained. The industry structure should be improved to promote the growth of the forestry economy. The society subsystem development is increasing but is not at a high level, which indicates that the public demand to ecological service was not satisfied. The theoretical analysis and numerical examples show that the development of the forestry system has a good development state. The synergy changes of forestry system in the 0 to 0.951 range, which is in the intermediate degree of synergy during this period. It still needs much improvement on efficiency of synergy. The orderliness and the relationship among the subsystems of forestry should be improved in future.     

我国人造板工业"十一五"展望

分析和预测"十一五"期间我国人造板工业在总量上将以高于同期国民经济3%～5%的速度增长,在企业重组、板种结构、产品质量、规模调整等方面,将凸显出产品结构快速升级、创新能力明显增强、名牌产品从无到有、企业效益稳步提高的全新局面.     

Analysis on the daily courses of water potential of nine woody species from Cerrado vegetation during wet season

IntroductionAS the concept of water pot6ntial (% was introduced by Saltyer (1967), there were some argumentson it among some physiologist. Some physiologistsopposed it beCause they believed Tvalue might notbe the beSt parameter for describing physiologicalprocesses. However, this concept has been accept6dand used by most plant physiologists for many years(Kramer 1988, Schulze et al. 1988, Passioura 1988,Boyer 1989).ACcording tO our experience (Prado et al. 1994,1995), we believed-t.hat th…     

Oospore viability and variation in zoospore and hyphal tip derivatives of the hybrid alder Phytophthoras

Oospore viability, oospore germinability, and phenotypic variation among zoospore and hyphal tip derivatives of the standard and natural variant types of the hybrid alder Phytophthoras were investigated. Oospore viability in the standard hybrid, estimated by the tetrazolium bromide method, was low (≈ 31–36%). No germination was observed in more than 4000 oospores, although germination did occur in the Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora citricola and Phytophthora cambivora controls. This is consistent with the known meiotic irregularities in this hybrid. Mean oospore viabilities in the natural variants were significantly different (p < 0.001), ranging from approximately 24% in the UK variant to approximately 75% in the Dutch variant. Again, no oospore germination was observed. Zoospore and hyphal tip derivatives of the standard hybrid and of the Swedish and Dutch variants resembled the ‘parent’ isolate in phenotype. The derivatives of the German and UK variants, however, often differed from the parent type. Those of the UK variant were extremely and continuously variable in colony patterns, growth rates, temperature–growth relationships and fertility levels. Although these results do not support the view that the natural variants arise as genetic breakdown products of the standard hybrid, this possibility cannot yet be excluded. The apparent inviability of the oospores suggests that the mycelium and zoospores are mainly responsible for the survival and spread of the alder Phytophthoras in the field.     

南方日本落叶松中小径材培育效益初报

以长岭岗林场21,22a生两块日本落叶松人工林作研究对象,用3次间伐和皆伐获得的木材经济效益为依据,计算得出南方高山地区营造的日本落叶松人工林中小径材的经营初步效益,22a生日本落叶松人工林从间伐到皆伐的效益达到5．31万元／hm2,投入产出比为1．00：98．30;21a生日本落叶松人工林从间伐到皆伐的效益达到4．65万元／hm2,投入产出比为1．00：37．79。探讨分析了南方高山地区营造的日本落叶松人工林中小径材的经济效益,为南方高山地区经营日本落叶松中小径材提供参考依据。     

Ecophysiological characteristics of Taiwan alder (Alnus formosana) seedlings adapted to the subtropical region

We investigated several ecophysiological characteristics of seedlings of a low-elevation (100-200 m) and a high-elevation (2000-2400 m) population of Taiwan alder (Alnus formosana Makino) from subtropical Taiwan. Both populations had a wide optimal temperature range for photosynthesis, and there was little difference in the optimal temperature range for photosynthesis between populations. Photosynthetic rate (P(N)) was near maximal from 20 to 35 degrees C when seedlings of both the low-elevation and the high-elevation populations were acclimated at a day/night temperature of 30/23 degrees C. When seedlings were acclimated at a day/night temperature of 20/10 degrees C, P(N) was near maximal over the range 15-35 degrees C in the low-elevation population and 15-30 degrees C in the high-elevation population. Compared with nine other tree species native to Taiwan, Taiwan alder had a high P(N) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) under well-watered conditions. Reflecting its higher transpiration rate, Taiwan alder had a significantly greater leaf-air temperature difference than camphor (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl), a co-occurring lowland tree species with leaves similar in shape and size to those of Taiwan alder. Despite higher g(s), high root and shoot hydraulic conductances enabled Taiwan alder to maintain higher leaf water potentials than camphor under well-watered conditions. We conclude that both photosynthetic characteristics and water relations are important factors enabling Taiwan alder to adapt to a wide temperature range, thereby ensuring its success at both high and low elevations in subtropical Taiwan.     

Dodder transmission of alder yellows phytoplasma to the experimental host Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle)

The alder yellows phytoplasma (ALY) was transmitted to the experimental host Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle) via dodder (Cuscuta odorata) bridges from naturally infected alder trees. The identity of the dodder-transmitted phytoplasma has been confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified ribosomal DNA.     

Enhancing the regeneration of compacted forest soils by planting black alder in skid lane tracks

Soil compaction due to the use of heavy machinery for timber harvesting has become a widespread problem in forestry. However, only few studies deal with the regeneration of compacted forest soils. In the present study, we examined the potential of accelerating soil regeneration by planting black alder trees (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) in skid lane tracks. In 2003, seedlings were planted into the rut beds of severely compacted skid lanes in two Swiss forest sites. In addition, some of the ruts were filled with compost. In 2009 and 2010, we assessed the success of these measures by analysing physical parameters of soil structure (bulk density, total and coarse porosity and air permeability), root densities and tree growth. Tree growth was exceptionally strong on the skid lanes. Total and coarse soil porosity and air permeability showed significant increase in planted skid lanes as compared to untreated control subplots, approaching values found for untrafficked soil in the immediate vicinity. All soil physical parameters were closely correlated to root mass density. Compost application enhanced tree growth and soil structure regeneration on one site, but had a retarding effect on the other site. Planting black alders has great potential as an environmentally friendly measure to accelerate the structural regeneration of compacted forest soils in temperate humid climates.     

Production of alder (Alnus jorullensis) to meet fuelwood demand in the Sierra of Ecuador

Diameter and height measurements of alder (Alnus jorullensis syn. A. acuminata) were taken in 16 stands of known age in sierran Ecuador. Stem volume was estimated based on these measurements and an empirical equation developed in Costa Rica. An empirical relationship between stem volume and tree age for alder in Ecuador was then developed. Managing alder on 1 hectare of farmland and 1 hectare of pasture land on a 20-year rotation with one thinning at 10 years would yield a total tree volume of 372.8 cu m, which would provide wood for fuel, construction, and other wood products. Actual fuelwood consumption for Saraguro, Loja, Ecuador was calculated to be 3.5 m³/year per household.

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Resumen Se tomaron mediciones de diametro y altura del aliso (Alnus jorullensis sin. A. acuminata) en diesiseis rodales de edad conocida en la Sierra del Ecuador. El volúmen del tallo fué estimado utilizando estas mediciones, y una ecuación empírica desarrollada en Costa Rica. Posteriormente fue desarrollada una relación empírica entre volúmen del tallo y edad del árbol para el aliso en Ecuador. El manejo del aliso en una hectárea de tierra agrícola y una hectárea en terreno de pastizal con una rotación de 20 años con un raleo a cada 10 años dará un rendimiento total de volúmen de árbol de 372.8 m³, lo cual dará leña para combustible, construcción, y otros productos de madera. Se calculó que el consumo real de leña para Saraguro, Loja, Ecuador es de 3.5 m³/año por casa.

     

Influence of an indigenous European alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn) rhizobacterium (Bacillus pumilus) on the growth of alder and its rhizosphere microbial community structure in two soils

Europeanalder seedlings were inoculated with a suspension of the putative plant growthpromoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Bacillus pumilus (CECT5105), or left non-inoculated (controls) in two different soils, and grownundercontrolled conditions. Soil A showed a thick texture, slightly acidic with ahigh mineral nitrogen content, while soil B showed a thin texture, basic andwith a lower nitrogen content. At each sampling time, over an 8-week period,shoot and root systems of the plants were measured, nodules counted, and shootand root length and surface were determined. In addition, changes in themicrobial rhizosphere structure were evaluated by the phospholipid fatty acid(PLFA) profile extracted directly from the rhizosphere soil. The increasesdetected in shoot surface were significant only in soil A, while the rootsystemwas affected in both soils. In soil A, inoculation with B.pumilus caused a perturbation that subsequently disappeared, whilethe rhizosphere community structure was seriously altered in soil B. Allbiometric parameters were enhanced to a greater extent in soil A, in which theinoculum did not alter the existing rhizosphere communities and nutrientavailability was better.